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For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.For the first time, this study analyses and export to the academic community the rare documents and archival materials proving that the Japanese Kabuki theatre actress Hanako realised a tour in Kingdom of Bulgaria and Transylvania (Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1911. Referring to the information from Sawada Suketaro‘s book “Little Hanako. The Strange Story of Rodin’s Only Japanese Model” the research paper tracks down and focuses on the contracts, advertisements and the critical reception who introduced unknown aspects of Japanese culture to the territory of mentioned countries from present Eastern Europe. Hanako’s presence is also set in a broad European and research context because she had an important influence on the development of Western stage practices.
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The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians. The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians.
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The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.
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Presented are two inscriptions accompanied by graffiti – drawings from the end of 9th and the beginning of the 10th century found in North-Eastern Bulgaria. It is believed that they are directly related to the spread of the cause of Cyril and Metho¬dius in Bulgaria since the mid-9th century. The first monument was discovered during archaeological excavations in the Old Bulgarian monastery near the village of Ravna, Provadiya region, east of the capitals of Pliska and Preslav. There is no doubt, there is written КΛΗΜΕΝΤΟΣ ΠΑΠΑ ΡΟΜ(Η)С (Clement Pope of Rome). Next to the sign, there is a dove against two dragons. Definitely the cult of Clement Pope of Rome, who lived in the first century, and died in exile in Chersonese, was introduced in Bulgaria by the Great Moravian students of St. Cyril and St. Methodius, who arrived in Pliska in 886. The cult was reborn after Cyril found the remains of Clement Pope of Rome on January 30th 861 at the mission in Chersonese, then took them to Rome and formally submit them to the Pope Adrian II in 867. It is remarkable that the only Eulogy to Clement of Rome, written by Clement of Ohrid himself, compares the Pope to a dove brought up by Apostle Peter himself. The second monument is the inscription in Cyrillic and Glagolitic letters from the old Bulgarian fortress near the village of Tsar Asen, Silistra, that emerged around the end of 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. It reads: “On Gospozhina day has been placed the cross. Lord have mercy on me, Manasseh monk with serf through Byzantium“. It is assumed, that Manasseh is a new, unknown by name disciple of St. Cyril and St. Methodius, who specifically warns that he comes from Byzantium, the old name of the Byzantine capital Constantinople. According to Naum’s biography, some of the Mora¬vian students of St. Methodius are sold by the German clergy in slavery. Later, with the support of the Emperor, they were purchased and received in Byzantium, and later, with the personal assistance of Prince Boris, they were brought to Bulgaria.
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An important medium of diplomacy during the Middle Ages were the dynastic marriages and a number of Princesses of Tarnovo became foreign rulers. Have they faced the dilemma of acting in the interest of their homeland or to support the policies of their ruling spouses and how much did they have the opportunity to participate actively in the power structures?
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As the consequence of changes related to the fall of the Iron curtain and the shift from the centrally planned to the market economy the hinterlands of large cities in the Czech Republic have faced significant transformations. The population migration is one of the main processes, which plays role in these changes and thanks to the data availability is able to catch the extent and nature of these changes, at least partially. The objective of the contribution is to delineate the borders of the Brno metropolitan area using the data on the population movements and then to aim at the migration relationships and their changes in this region in three time periods after 1989 (1991 – 1993; 2000 – 2002; 2010 – 2012). The analysis and assessment focus on the changes in the volumes, structure and orientation of migration between the city and its hinterland, and also on the migration between the whole metropolitan area and the rest of the Czech Republic.
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The article presents the two centenaries of Bulgarian national poet Dobri Chintulov, celebrated in his hometown of Sliven. On October 29, 1922, a great celebration was held in the city center, since then the poet has been designated as the patron of the Sliven High School, and an anniversary collection book has been published. One hundred years later, Sliven again became the center of celebrations dedicated to Dobri Chintulov. Now the emphasis is on a large scientific conference, the reports of which, reworked as scientific articles, are included in the present book-collection. A presentation of the contents of the collection book was made in this article.
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The article examines the reports for the archaeological monuments on the territory of the city of Sliven and her vicinity, left in the travelogues and descriptions by Evliya Çelebi, S. Sayger, Dr. С. F. Pоyet, August Jochmus and Georgi Rakovski, from the 17th – to the middle of the 19th century. Evliya Celebi, Sayger, Dr. Pоyet and Rakovski mention the remains of the Early Byzantine and Medieval fortress of Hisarlka, north of the city. Johmus describes the remains of one ancient road in the mountain north of Sliven, and Rakovski notes some other fortifications in the area near the city.
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The article examines Dobri Chintulov’s pedagogical activity during his teaching in Sliven. It traces the period from 1850 to 1875 when the poet lived and worked in the city. It shows the changes that occur at the school and the education of the students under the guidance of Chintulov.
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The historical narrative presents the youth of Shumen who received education in Italian educational institutions at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. They studied in today's cities of Turin, Milan, Pisa, Pinerolo and Naples. In the period from 1879 to 1912, ten young people born in Shumen studied in Italian educational institutions. Among them are the girls Penka Preslavska and Manya Dimitrova. A significant part of the Shumen graduates are realized in various spheres of activity - veterinarians, generals, professors in higher schools, artists, actors, and teachers. Graduated or not, they return to their homeland having mastered European languages and the achievements of Western European civilization. This large number, as well as the specialities chosen by them, are a vivid testimony to the aspiration of the Shumen youth to obtain higher education and to make efforts for the modernization of the Third Bulgarian State and their native Shumen.
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The aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina, by its nature, remains forever written in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina and remembered by the people who suffered it. Painful and negative things are remembered more, especially the dead, wounded, and disabled people, as well as fear, hunger, and thirst. All those who lived through it and suffered it recount and will recount the events of that era for the rest of their lives. No matter how personal the memories are, they are still important, because they bear the mark of a concrete experience, and they have a context. Future scholars will try to objectify it, but they will always lack a context that is impossible to construct even close, let alone completely, later on. Who will imagine that people in Sarajevo first lived in a besieged and blocked city? It was a big prison, and we all know, even without personal experience, what a prison means. Who will be able to comprehend the situation in which numerous citizens for months received 200 grams of rice per week, that they did not eat anything serious for months, that they did not have water, electricity, transportation, telephone, cigarettes? Some said that they could not live with it, nor could they die. Some envied the dead. The Catholic Church and its Caritas and St. Anthony’s Bread tried as much as they could to alleviate the needs of hungry people, including by providing clothes and everything else necessary for life. At the beginning of the war in April 1992, HKD Napredak also registered as a humanitarian society and developed a significant humanitarian activity in addition to cultural and social activities, even though it had just been rebuilt (September 29, 1990). It suffices to say that Napredak organised 80 concerts, 37 exhibitions, several book promotions and various events in Sarajevo alone during the three and a half years of war. “The first musical event was organised by HKD Napredak, which, during the war-time years, took the lead in organising all cultural events in the city.” Moreover, Napredak distributed together with Vrhbosna seminary 403,000 meals, under which auspices it operated and protected. Napredak itself distributed 436 tons of food and medicine worth about two million DEM (= BAM, today 1 million euros). What is important for this context is that it provided a lot of humanitarian aid to members of other nations, at the time when exclusivity was dominant. Many living witnesses can testify to this.
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Sarajevo as the capital of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina, has been subjected to the longest military siege in a more recent history. The siege continued for 1425 days. The objective of the siege as to prevent legitimate authorities of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to organize resistance and defense from the aggression executed by the Milošević’s regime against the sovereign and independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. The defense of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was organized and managed by the War Presidency on the basis of Platform for the operation of the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in time of war. The principal role in the defense of Sarajevo was with the self-organized citizens and the 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Sarajevo, as the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the biggest urban, demographic, economic, and political centre, and the city which during the siege and defence had around 350,000 residents. The 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was growing from the ashes, and its predecessors were Patriotic league and Territorial defence which with the state insignia became legal and legitimate force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Government. In the period March-April 1992, the aggressors managed to achieve a deep operational military blockade and placed the city under the siege. The city was militarily and hermetically closed. With this closure of the city, the aggressor manged to create all preconditions to begin with an open military operation aimed at terrorising and disappearance of Sarajevo. It also believed that only several weeks were required to completely take over Sarajevo. The city was destined to die. The 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established on 1 September 1992 in Sarajevo and it encompassed all the military units, established up to that moment. The aggressor intended to remove from office the state, political and military leadership in Sarajevo, establish a new marionette presidency, occupy Sarajevo, declare capitulation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and thus and retain it within the ramp Yugoslavia, namely “Great Serbia”. The 1st Corps played a key strategic role in the defence of Sarajevo, during the longest siege observed in the history, and served as a principal holder the armed resistance and fight for the defence of Sarajevo. Valter was the 1st Corps, which based its fight for the defence of Sarajevo on his paradigm. This was the fight between David and Goliath, and despite the UN arms embargo, David won. It began with the groups, detachments, brigades, followed by Tactical groups, Operational groups and finally divisions with the total manpower of over 80,000 members. During the defence of the city, the 1st Corps manged to defend Sarajevo with the bodies of its soldiers. International community has left the 1st Corps and the Army to the mercy of the aggressor. At the end of the 20th century, the 1st Corps, in such an unfair fight from the aspect of the relationship of power in the technical factor, though fair from the aspect of justice and fairness, had to dig a tunnel under the airport, before the eyes of the entire world, which is the tunnel of the international shame and the tunnel of our pride, that had a strategic relevance for the defence of Sarajevo, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. International community has stopped the war with the architecture of the Dayton Peace Agreement, although the fight to make Bosnia and Herzegovina disappear by those same retrograde political forces, which started the war, continued, becoming even stronger in their ideology. That is the reason why the international community bears a huge responsibility for the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is obliged, responsible, and it would have to do everything possible to rectify those failures made in relation to Sarajevo and Bosnia and Herzegovina by way of ensuring its permanent prosperous future and building its political systema based on principles of civil democracy, as well as multi-ethnic and secular state.
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If we observe the crime as an integral part of the social reality, then we certainly have to bear in minds its changing phases and its general incorporation into a wider picture of social movements. Therefore, my intent is to demonstrate in which way crimes have (not) followed the rhythms of labor, leisure, and public celebrations of medieval Dubrovnik, especially regarding their typology and frequency. Thus, the analysis includes crime distribution in relation to the location where the wrongdoing has occurred, together with investigation of social provenance of perpetrators and victims within this cheerless statistic of everyday life. Given the fact that the total number of the extant criminal records of the medieval Dubrovnik would be too huge “bite” for a case study of this kind, author analyzes preserved judicial records from only one year (1415).
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The topic of the paper is the analysis of the types of criminal offenses mentioned in the earliest preserved judicial notary documents of Kotor (1326 - 1337), and which are defined and sanctioned by the Statute of Kotor. Protection of interests of the community and principles of good administration were the priorities upon which the criminal justice system of Kotor was based. On the other hand, protection of private property was the most common topic because of which civil litigations were initiated.
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The central topic of the paper is focused on research of material from the archival series Capi del Consiglio de’ Dieci: Lettere di Rettori e di altre cariche (Archivio di Stato di Venezia) which contains letters, notes, and reports written by Venetian government representatives in the communes of Brač and Omiš for the Venetian Council of Ten from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The research is focused on the prevalence of offenses, incidents, and crimes in the stated material and, considering the historical circumstances and difference in development of those two communes, a comparative analysis of examples by their categories (minor offenses, exiles, verbal incidents, physical violence, murders, etc.) has been made.
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Author analyzes misdemeanors and crimes of younger minors, contained in criminal cases from the archive fund of the Royal court table in Osijek, which were conducted by the District court in Osijek from 1930 to 1945. Moreover, author has attempted to determine the patterns in which the social environment and family, proprietary, and other conditions have affected the offenders, and relate them to specific causes and motives. Similarly, the society’s response to misdemeanors and crimes is investigated through the analysis of sanctions and other measures were taken against underage offenders.
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That more than 800 benefit concerts were held in Zagreb during the First World War bears witness to the care its citizens felt toward the soldiers and their families, especially the invalids and orphans of the war. Fellowship in the Croatian national body was often emphasized with pride, but it was tied to the faithfulness of Croats to the royal crown and the Habsburg dynasty. The total predominance of Croatian national colours along with the royal colours, but the noticeable absence of Hungarian ones, even though the military units, which the people without reservation considered their own, were within the framework of the Hungarian home guards, speaks to the conditions within the lands of the crown of St. Stephen at the time.
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