Keywords: Manovich Lev; Kratky Andreas; Soft cinema; New Media
Zawojski attempts to show in his article how theoretical activity and artistic practice merge in the work of Lev Manovich. Manovich, who is primarily known as an author of "The Language of New Media", has for years made use of new media to create his art projects. The best known of them is "Soft Cinema" (made in collaboration with, i.a. Andreas Kratky) which can be treated as drawing on some trends in avant-garde and experimental cinema but also as a form of the application of the theoretical concepts originating in "The Language of New Media". Relying on the four basic ideas – algorithmic editing, database narrative, macro-cinema and multimedia cinema – "Soft Cinema" can be an example of the modern version of the expanded cinema Gene Youngblood had once written about.
More...Keywords: Van; Armenian rebellion; Aleksandra Lvovona Tolstaya
In this article, it was evaluated the impressions and the information given about Armenian rebellion at Van according to the Alexsandra Lvovna Tolstaya’s Memories (Daughter of the famous Russian author Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy) Where she came the last week of June
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Keywords: Russia; Ottoman Empire; Nelidov; Brusilov; Straits; Raid to Ottoman Bank; Austro-Hungary; 1897 Austro-Russian Convention; European Concert;
At the end of 19th. Century, Russia, in accordance with policy of Concert of Europe, was consulting her foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire with European powers. But, as a result of distrust to England, Russia doubts about that England is planning to capture Bosphorus without consulting Russia. Nelidov, Russian ambassador in Istanbul, moving under the pressure of wories of British attack to Bosphorus, wrote many report to St. Petersburg in the last years of his mission (1895-1897) recommending to capture Boshporus before the Brtish do it. Lev Brusilov, a captain of russian flot, who has been in Istanbul at the end of 1897, left very important letter behind which give us valuable information about Nelidov’s character and his view of events. We can understand the psychology of Nelidov from these letters. Russia did not attack Bosphorus due emerging problems in the Far East. On the contrary, she began to follow policy of preservation Ottoman territorial unity in negotiation with :Austro-Hungary.
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Keywords: Professor Lev Bereznyy; American historiography; modern history of China; modernization
The academic works of the Russian sinologist Lev Bereznyy offer the analysis of American research papers of the second half of the 20th century. The researcher used new methodological approaches to explore the issues related to the colonial expansion in China: “the impact of the West” and the beginning of the modern Chinese history, the paradigms of “modernization” and “revolution”. The concept presented by D.K. Fairbank was analyzed and a “fresh approach” toward some issues of Chinese history in the early modern period was considered. The new approach was elaborated by an American sinologist John K. Fairbank who saw the 19th and the 20th centuries as the era of the “great Chinese revolution”. Professor L.A. Bereznyy studied discussions of American researchers whose scientific interest was focused on the modernization of Chinese society.
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Keywords: Lev Shestov; Apotheosis of Groundlessness; Formal analysis; Subjectivism; Scepticism; Poetological components;
The study analyses poetological components and their function in relation to the thematically ideological basis of the Apotheosis of Groundlessness (1905) by Russian existentialist philosopher Lev Shestov. Firstly, the link between the importance of literary tradition, literary experience and Shestov’s philosophy is explained. Secondly, the usage of rhetorical questions is analysed in relation to the philosophy of scepticism. Thirdly, the fragmentary form of the text is studied in relation to the absence of unity. Then, the role of plots is analysed as a final component which gives the text its artistic nature.
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Keywords: Christian philosophy; existentialism; Russian religious philosophy
The article attempts to explore the religious motives in the existential philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard and his influence on the two of the world’s leading representatives of Russian religious philosophy in the twentieth century – Lev Shestov and Nikolai Berdyaev.
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Keywords: Konstantin Leontiev; polemics; “pink Christianity”; tradition; antipodes
Konstantin Leontiev presented his religious views in a programmatic opposition to the so-called pink Christianity, found in the works and statements of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Lev Tolstoy. Due to the central position of both his adversaries in the Russian literary, intellectual and cultural tradition, Leontiev’s dispute with them can be regarded as a polemic of a writer with a broadly understood communal tradition – not only with the Russian one, because in Dostoyevsky’s and Tolstoy’s thought Leontiev recognised symptomatic manifestations of much more general religious, cultural and social tendencies of his time. By unmasking the one-sidedness of the interpretation of Christianity that he criticised, he intended to restore the fullness of the Christian Truth. The huge heuristic potential of Leontiev’s perspective notwithstanding, it may be noticed that, in a sense, he himself became one of the victims of the “pink Christianity” which he combated – to the extent that he countered one interpretative one-sidedness with just another.
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Keywords: author’s self-naming; “the lyrical character”; poetry interpretation
The article is a part of a study titled “The Lyrical Character in Lev Loseff’s Poetry: Image, Name and Reflection”, concerned with three aspects: firstly, the category of “the lyrical character”, proposed to describe the author’s image in a substantial corpus of Loseff’s poems; secondly, the issue of self-naming; thirdly, the motive of the subject’s reflection in a mirror. In real life Loseff had a number of names and surnames and it is not surprising that their multiplicity found its way into his poetry. The perspective adopted in the article enables a better understanding of Loseff’s poetics as well as opens new areas for discussion.
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Keywords: Lev Shestov; Friedrich Nietzsche; rationality; ethics; philosophy; theology; love;
The article presents Lev Shestov’s reflections on Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy. We’ll hereby show in brief the novelty expressed in Shestov’s understanding of Nietzsche’s philosophy. Namely, Shestov was one of the first to notice the great significance of Nietzsche’s idea not only for the critical understanding of the European culture, philosophy and politics but also for a better understanding of theology and the Church. The Russian philosopher thinks that theology should take Nietzsche as its inspiration, particularly his criticism of the Western notion of rationality, ethics and discourse on God. In so doing Shestov didn’t fail to criticize Nietzsche’s philosophy, which will also be considered in the article. Following Shestov’s analysis of Nietzsche, we’ll evaluate and critically examine the contribution of both philosophers to the modern theology, particularly to certain theological issues, such as the relationship between the faith and reason, good and evil in the world, love for the fellow human being, and discourse on God. The actuality of their ideas in theology can be comprised in the image of the ‘Gethsemane Night’, eagerly used by Shestov himself. The term theology of ‘Gethsemane Night’ embraces the theology susceptible to suffering, to insecurity; theology never cocooned within its own systems, but one in relentless search for God, God who can only be found beyond all the human ideas and systems.
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Keywords: Review; Miloš Lichner;
LICHNER, Miloš, Lev Veľký a jeho Tomus ad Flavianum. Preklad a analýza textu, Dobrá kniha: Trnava 2014, 76 s.
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Keywords: cultural development; crisis stages; developmental potentials; pedology
The general theory of crisis stages in the cultural development of children has been outlined in the article. Nowadays such a theory seems to be extremely needed. It enables understanding of why developmental crises clearly intensify and which forms of their course favour the construction/formation or destruction of the cultural development. The formulation of such a general theory of crisis stages in the cultural development of children is of particular importance for pedagogical practices. This type of psychological reflection can become a basis of the pedagogics of the crisis stages in the cultural development of children, postulated by Vygotsky many years ago.
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The article comprises the years 1880-1910 which constitute Tolstoy’s radical departure from belles-lettres. The artistry as a form of expression loses its importance and is replaced by a parable and sentential narration. The author shows that the aim of the above is the creation of a writer as a "teacher of life” who imitates Jesus Christ.
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Keywords: Fyodor Dostoevsky; L. P. Kryzhanovsky; Karol Kryzhanovsky; N. S. Kryzhanovskaya; Troitsky; Jozef Boguslavsky; Durov; “Notes from the Dead House”; penal servitude; Omsk Military Hospital; prototype;
This publication continues the author’s research related to the Siberian exile period of the biography of F. M. Dostoevsky. Based on archival and memoir sources, the article reveals the identity of another medical doctor of the Omsk Military Hospital — resident Lev Petrovich Kryzhanovsky. It corrects the misconceptions and the erroneous conclusions about him and about the Siberian circle of the writer. The memoirs of Jozef Boguslavsky identify the namesake of the resident, an exiled Pole Karol Kryzhanovsky and his wife Natalia Stepanovna Kryzhanovskaya. She turned out to be Dostoevsky’s Omsk acquaintance, who became the prototype for the poor widow Nastasya Ivanovna in The House of the Dead. These archival documents introduced into scientific discourse elucidate a profile of L. P. Kryzhanovsky. This allows us to compare it with the profile of the resident Ya. Ya. Lovchinsky provided in the author’s previous publication and to draw conclusions about the identity of the prototype of the medical doctor in the book. In addition, the materials clarify certain details of the investigation into Kryzhanovsky’s denunciation of the chief physician Troitsky for “great commutation and indulgence for the political prisoners,” identified in Martyanov’s notes. They also describe the poor conditions in the Omsk Military Hospital, which were portrayed in The House of the Dead. All of the above provides an opportunity to fill in the gaps in the circumstances of the penal servitude of the Petrashevsky Circle members F. M. Dostoevsky and S. F. Durov.
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Keywords: communism; political terror; Karl Kautsky; Leon Trotsky; political repression;
Since its inception, the Bolshevik dictatorship has been strongly criticized by important representatives of European Social Democracy. One of these was Karl Kautsky. His book, Terrorism and Communism. A contribution to the natural history of revolution, is a critique of the Leninist view of the use of terror as a means of government. A year later, appeared the book Terrorism and Communism. A reply to Karl Kautsky, written by Leon Trotsky. For Trotsky, ”the man who repudiates terrorism in principle must reject all the idea of the political supremacy of the working class and its revolutionary dictatorship and thus repudiates the Socialist Revolution”.
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Keywords: architecture; castelology; biblicisms; late gothic; early renaissance; representation of power; Bohemian Crown
This article presents a new interpretation of the ideological message of Blatná Castle after its expansion by Benedikt Ried, commissioned by Zdeňek Lev of Rožmitál around 1520-1530. The key to deciphering the biblical code of the residence of this powerful magnate is found in two columns standing in front of the castle façade, which have not been included in previous research. Their dilapidated state, as well as residually legible profile forms and ornaments, un equivocally point to their dating back to the time of Ried’s expansion. In the history of art, they are a well- known imitation of the bronze pillars of Jachin and Boaz, placed in front of the Old Testament Temple of Solomon. The expressive oriels of the part of the castle erected by Ried may be a reference to a diagram similar to a pentagram, often appearing on the pages of codices called the clavicula Salomonis. In the beginning, they contained the instructions of the great biblical king to his son Roboam. This is reflected in the family situation of the builder, as it is generally agreed that Blatná Castle was built by Zdeněk Lev in connection with the marriage of his son Adam. References to Solomon were quite common at the time, both at Prague Castle and at theresidences of several Silesian dukes. They should not be surprising in the case of someone who, for more than 20 years (1507-1530), was the most important person in the state after the ruler (the highest burgrave of Prague Castle). Zdeněk Lev was a very active and influential politician with a Catholic orientation and nationalist, Bohemian disposition, who liked to moralize andjudge and use biblical examples or episodes from Bohemian history.
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