![The Syndrome of Verbal Immunodefficiency](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2006_19024.jpg)
The Syndrome of Verbal Immunodefficiency
Sindrom: Sindromul imunodeficienţei verbale
Keywords: straight talking; straight writing (literature);
More...Keywords: straight talking; straight writing (literature);
More...Keywords: Revolution; 1848;1849; Avram Iancu; murders;
In this study, the author reviews the boook of Ana Hancu about the revolution from 1848.
More...Keywords: Battle of Verdun; World War 1; Erich von Falkenhayn; Philippe Pétain; Meuse
The study analyses the preparation, unfolding and consequences of the Battle of Verdun (February 21st – December 18th 1916). The initiative belonged to the German High Command, which, with regards to the year of 1916, changed its strategic priorities. Erich von Falkenhayn considered that, in order to take France out of the war, a severe blow was needed on the Western Front. With this purpose in mind, he chose Verdun for its historical symbolism and value. The German concentration of forces was enormous, but with moderate success, as the French resistance fared much better than expected. The Battle of Verdun went through four major phases. The first, which unfolded between February 21st and March 1st, consisted in a swift and concentrated German offensive, which involved impressive forces, totalling 17 divisions. This massive attack failed and, from March 2nd to April 15th, 1916, there was a generalized offensive on both banks of the River Meuse, which again failed to reach its goals. This was followed by the attrition phase, between April 15th and July 1st. From July 1st until December, in the context of the Battle of Somme, of the Brusilov offensive, of the Italian counteroffensive and of Romania’s entry into the war, the confrontation entered in its last phase, that of recoil and stabilization. To a large extent, it was the Battle of Verdun that prompted Romania to enter the war alongside the Entente. Confronted with the huge pressure at Verdun, France took the initiative to negotiate with Bucharest, something that was, until that moment, left to the Russian Empire, by accepting its requests and persuading it to enter the war.
More...Keywords: "Getic horseman"; 517; archaeology; invasion; Lower Danube; Middle Danube; numismatics; Slavs migration epoch
Although dealing with historical written sources, this study is yet a part of an archaeological project. The main goal is to establish an archaeological expectancy for the field research. The starting point is the discontent about the sloppy reading of the ancient texts about Slavs migration epoch, both in Romanian and international literature. The progress of the archaeology and numismatics made possible a new criticism of the sources, throwing a light on well-known proto- Byzantine literature weakness: a poor geographical acknowledgement, abusive use of the rhetorical figures, old-fashioned names for new realities, ideological interferences in the historical facts interpretation, the exaggerations, etc. One of the main ideas is that the twentieth century research overestimated the Lower Danube strategic importance, as well as military events in the area, following the ancient texts, written by people that never walked out through Balcan Peninsula, that knew better the events from Lower Danube only because they were closer to the capital than Middle Danube (for details see CURTA 2001, p. 36-73). In fact, the main strategic problem of the Roman Empire was the Middle Danube, where the key-position from Lower Sava was impossible to keep, there where was the intersection of the powerful Germanic kingdoms as Ostrogots, Gepids, Lombards, later Avars. Other barbars came into the area for taking advantage from Roman military weakness, as Bulgars (Cutrigurs, beginning with 502; some of them became federates in the Illyrian army latest in 505) and Slavs (latest in 548). Here there are some events that had been re-evaluated: The invasion from 517 of some "Getic horseman" is repositioned on Middle Danube area, as starting point, and the raiders are not Slavs, of course, but Gepids. The first mention of the Slavs in the proximity of the Danube is connected with Chilbudios campaigns northern Danube, in 530-533. In this episode, the Slavs - as well as Antes tribes - seem to be nothing more than troops under Cutrigurs command. The plunders around Ulmetum and Adina fortresses seem to be more the result of the actions of defected federates than effective military actions, started northern Danube. Those events could be dated just before 530, as our best guess. The first mention of the Slavs as independent presence, southern Danube, is for 546, in an action that hardly could be named "military", but a mass robbery. The first significant military action, carried out apparently by independent Slav force, is marked for 550 (Procop, De Bello..., VU, 38, 1-8; 23; events dated from some scholars in 449). Therefore, the Slav significant implant in the neighboring of the Lower Danube couldn't be dated before 545. Due to the dimensions of the study, it will be published in three parts; it is to expect the second part, comprising the text commentaries up to Constantinople besiege (626), and a third part, with the conclusions.
More...Keywords: Nicolae Dumbrăvescu; Maria Alexandra Pantea; Banat; Journals;
This is a book review of: Maria Alexandra Pantea, Relatãri din Primul Rãzboi Mondial prezentate în presa ecleziasticã din Banat, Bucureşti, Editura Tritonic, 2017, 302 p.
More...Keywords: First World War; Transylvania; Romania; Sebeş; memoirs; war experience;
Remarkable personality of the town of Sebeş, coming from a family of rich peasants, Ilie Stricatu was one of those characters that have identified themselves with the native town, playing an important role both as a teacher and a scholar as well as a mayor (during the period 1927-1930 and 1932-1938). Living the experience of the Great War, he provided us with a legacy consisting of memoirs of an exceptional value, totally unknown till our days (Pe cãrãrile destinului. Romanul unei vieţi trãite/On the paths of the destiny. The novel of a lived life, published in the year 1940) which completed the well-known notes belonging to the philosopher Lucian Blaga, the scholar-priest Sebastian Stanca and to the lieutenant-collonel Ioan Guţia, coming from Sebeş. Our study presents the internal conflicts of a young soldier of the Austro-Hungarian army, who has recently graduated from the Pedagogical Institute from Sibiu and who is forced to fight for a foreign cause. In addition to this, the study outlines his struggle to cross the Carpathian Mountains and to join his co-nationals from the Romanian Kingdom, his enrollment as a volunteer in the Romanian army, the experience of the Transylvanian campaign from the autumn of the year 1916, the experience as a prisoner, the contact with the camps of prisoners and also the moment of returning home and of meeting again his family. The complete war experience of captain Ilie Stricatu can be compared to Rafila (Firuca) Sãliştean’s experience, his future wife, originary from Sebeş, who has participated in the war as a medical nurse. The notes of captain Ilie Stricatu, conserved initially in a hand-written form, then published in the year 1940 represent an important source, we could even say foundamental for the involvement and the participation of the Romanians from Sebeş in the Great War. The representations, the emotions, the experiences of the author outline a part of the internal conflicts, of the chaos and of the passions generated by the outburst of the First World War, a conflict for which the humanity has not been prepared yet.
More...Keywords: First World War; Robãneşti; Prunaru; heroism; sacrifice;
The offensive launched over the Carpathians during the night of 14/27-15/28 of August 1916 in order to win the reunification of the country was stopped at 2/16 of September 1916 as a result of the worsening situation on the Danube front. This was followed by fierce battles to defend passers in the Carpathians, Dobrogea, Oltenia, Muntenia, the battle of Neajlov-Argeş, to defend the capital, the evacuation of the leadership to Iaşi. Among the many reasons that led to this dramatic situation, the poor state of the Romanian Army equipment and training is included. These deficiencies with perennial character, unfortunately, will be compensated, during 1916, 1917 and afterwards by the spiritual heroism and sacrifice proved by the Romanian soldier, his patience and resistance to hardships of all kinds. In this context, the charges of Robãneşti and Prunaru were two of the most heroic battle actions of the Romanian army in the 1916 campaign, remaining in military history because of sacrifice shown by the Romanian soldiers in facing a superior enemy and the huge losses they have suffered. Robãneşti and Prunaru are and will be over time and times testimonies of the exceptional virtues of Romanian soldier who shone during the National Reunification War.
More...Keywords: hybrid war; Republic of Moldova; methods; political confrontations; Transnistria
The social system in the world thirty years ago could be compared to a rotten, old boat, with no perspective for salvation, ready to sink in the deep waters of the ocean. That moment marked the beginning of USSR dismantling in fifteen independent states. Starting with 1988-1990 the former Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova witnessed the emergence of the National Freedom Movement, fighting for freedom, independence, and unification with Romania, the Homeland. In order to preserve the Russian Soviet system, in the Republic of Moldova and other regions of former USSR, the Russians initiated political confrontations and military conflicts.During that period, the Russian security services, the KGB, organized a series of destabilizing events and they began a program of fighting against Republic of Moldova. Moscow made use of its forces: party officials, the KGB, the army in Odessa military district, the intelligence and counterintelligence units of 14th Army, who acted undercover preparing other agents. Russia thus started to build those illegal structures that in 1990 triggered military conflicts and finally the war.
More...Keywords: Alexander John Cuza; Prince Carol I; Furceni; Sereth; army; infantry; artillery; military-genius; cavalry; militia; soldiers;
The permanent camp from Furceni marked an important step in the modernization of the Romanian army after the Union of the Romanian Principalities, taking into account the political-military context of the time. This camp had a great importance both in terms of location, number of soldiers, equipment, weapons categories and the extent of military exercises in the area. The activities carried out within this camp contributed to the development of the fighting capacity of the Romanian troops, which was demonstrated during the battles of the War of Independence of Romania in 1877-1878.
More...Keywords: Banat; Church; bishop; persecution; national unity;
Between all the Romanian provinces that have manifested their desire for national unity in 1918, Banat, because of its diverse ethnical composition, had a special destiny. Being revendicated by two states, namely the Serbian and the Romanian one, the space between Danube, Tisa and Mureş, known usually as the historical Banat, up to an international decision, has been occupied by foreign armies. This occupation allowed different forms of manifestation of authorities, Romanian Orthodox Church being the most prominent institution that supported at the local and national level the Romanian interests on Banat.
More...Keywords: Tomáš G. Masaryk; Czechoslovak Legions; Bolsheviks; self-determination; awareness campaign; nation state; 1918;
The paper shows T.G. Masaryk's contribution to two major activities for the birth of the independent Czechoslovak Republic after WWI: setting up the Czechoslovak Legions in France (Nazdar), Italy and mainly Russia (Družina) and establishing diplomatic contacts at the highest level with the great power of the Entente, as well as with the US President Woodrow Wilson. A. Briand the French Prime Minister, Sir R. Cecil of Great Britain, the journalists Wickham Steed and Seton-Watson, the businessman Charles R. Crane are mentioned among Masaryk's contacts.
More...Keywords: MARIA ELENA MICŞA; 1940; 1941; Năsăud; adolescence;
In the present pages there is a rendition of a teenage girl diary from Năsăud,named Maria Elena Micşa, written between 1938 and 1941, during a difficult period inthe author’s short life, marked by the separation of her parents, the beginning of theSecond World War and her poor physical health.The diary, which shows a true literary talent of the author, was written inConstanţa, where Maria Elena Micşa had moved with her mother in order to find amore suitable climate to her health. Unfortunately, she will die there shortly after, in1942.
More...Keywords: The Great War; The Kingdom of Romania; the Danube battles; Turtucaia; tragic experience of war;
Sfârșitul verii anului 1916 a stârnit un val de entuziasm în societatea românească cum rar s-a mai întâmplat. Intrarea în război năștea speranțe mari, dar și temeri pe măsură. Speranțe pentru că, după doi ani de neutralitate și așteptări încordate, decidenții politici au hotărât ca țara să intre în război. Astfel, realizarea idealului național devenise aproape o certitudine, chiar dacă perspectiva era una parțială. Pe de altă parte, o stare de teamă și incertitudine plana asupra celor care ar fi preferat tabăra Puterilor Centrale și a celor care știau că Armata nu era pregătită pentru a face față trupelor deja călite și experimentate ale germanilor. Nu a trecut mult timp și temerile lor s-au adeverit într-o măsură mult mai mare. Practic, înfrângerile de la Dunăre au culminat cu tragedia de la Turtucaia, care a marcat profund societatea românească. Articolul de față dorește să prezinte imaginea acelor zile când o națiune trece de la extaz la agonie. Adevăratul chip al războiului se va înfățișa în cele mai teribile mărturii ale celor care au trăit experiența tragică a Primului Război Mondial. Va influența semnificativ această înfrângere dureroasă, în perioada următoare, spiritul unei națiuni greu încercate?
More...Keywords: Radu Șeinescu; Staff; Turtucaia; border guards; fraud;
Throughout his career, from the rank of second lieutenant to the rank of general, Radu Șeinescu had commendatory appreciations from his superiors, but also from his comrades. As commandant of the Regiment 2 Border Guard, he took part in the battle of Turtucaia, where he was taken prisoner. The lived experience was related in two memoirs, which provide us with valuable information about the first great defeat of the Romanian army. Returning from captivity, he was integrated into higher structures of the army. Unfortunately, his exemplary career has been overshadowed by allegations of fraud.
More...Keywords: Ľudovít Štúr; Slovak; Slovak literary language; romanticism;
This paper is focused on Ľudovít Štúr (28. 10. 1815 Uhrovec – 12. 1. 1856 Modra), emblematic personality of Slovaks. His prodigious activity in the field of linguistics, literature, politics, organizing the struggle for the emancipation of the people, education etc. is presented in its important points. It emphasized the role of literary language encoder (Slovak language Science, 1846) and the literary theorist (About songs and stories of Slavic nations), without being neglected his poetic creations (Songs and Singing, 1853).
More...Keywords: terrorism; security; hybrid warfare; Russian danger; terrorism; Wagner;
În prezent, pe fondul visului imperial, în contextul în care Rusia se află în plin război de acaparare de teritorii (cel din Ucraina) desfășurat cu mijloace hibride, coroborat cu un istoric recent al atentatelor teroriste rusești de mai multe tipuri, se poate pune problema unui pericol iminent asupra securității regiunii europene democrate. Astfel, analiza pleacă de la ipoteza că Europa se află în fața unui nou pericol terorist promovat de Rusia, dezvoltat pe fondul unor acțiuni de destabilizare a ordinii democratice printr-un război hibrid, cu un risc crescut asupra securității regionale. În acest sens, scopul articolului este acela de a identifica potențialul terorist al Rusiei în prezent. Obiectivele subsumate acestuia sunt de a analiza cele trei pericole în creștere care construiesc potențialul terorist al Rusiei. Prima amenințare este reprezentată de istoricul agitat al terorismului în această țară. Al doilea pericol se referă la existența unui grup militar care a realizat mai multe acțiuni teroriste în afara teritoriului Rusiei, grupul Wagner. Cel de-al treilea pericol reprezintă activarea terorismului islamist în Ucraina, prin înrolarea în armata rusă și instruirea unor luptători radicalizați din țările de religie musulmană aflate sub dominația rusească. Principala metodă de cercetare o constituie documentarea. Au fost analizate studii, articole de presă și statistici referitoare la subiectul abordat, în baza cărora s-au formulat concluzii.
More...Keywords: Soviet Factor; Czechoslovakia Events; 1968; Memoirs; General A.M. Maiorov;
Thirty years after the Prague Spring, the comprehensive bibliography devoted to that event was rounded off with a large number of works in different languages. Accounts by the participants hold a quite important place in the literature on the events in Czechoslovakia. Unlike the memoirs of the active Prague Spring players - Zdenek Mlinar and Otta Sik - Gen. A.M. Maiorov’s book is written by a man who in those days played an altogether different role, contradictory in many respects. As head of the 38th Army in August 1968, he was one of the main performers of the military invasion of Czechoslovakia, and in October the same year he was appointed first commander of the newly-created Central Army Group which had to be sent repeatedly to that Central European country.
More...Keywords: Russians; Moldovans; revolution; Union; fighters; army;
Ștefan Ciobanu, a personality of the Romanian Unification and education, was born on the banks of the Dniester River, at a time when the subjugated Romanian population of the Tsarist Empire did not have the right to learn and use their own language and culture in school and church. He succeeded, by his own efforts, to become a great intellectual, who dedicated himself to the scientific environment, to the propagation of Romanian history and to the education of his countrymen. Ștefan Ciobanu ended up studying in Russian archives, and wrote works on the Romanians of the medieval period, which are still scientific landmarks today. He studied the works of the great scholar Dimitrie Cantemir and the Russian Tsar Peter I the Great. He actively participated in the Unification process, collaborated with the great historian Nicolae Iorga, the patriot Ion Pelivan, Apostol Culea, the politician Constantin Stere, etc. Ștefan Ciobanu was a professor, minister, deputy in Chisinau and Bucharest, member of the Romanian Academy and held important state positions.
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