In the second half of the 17th century, George Rákóczy the II-nd tried to obtain the Polish throne and he made the Romanian princes, Constantin Şerban and Gheorghe Ştefan, to help him, in 1657. This was the sparkle which rekindle the wish of Ottoman Empire to be the master of the Central and South-Eastern Europe. First the Turks occupied the fortress Oradea (1660) and the Tatars stroke Transylvania during the intrerregn, ended in 1661. After that, came the Ottoman campaign in Hungary. in 1663/1664, which was the opportunity for the german princes, ostile to emperor Leopold the I-st, to make an alliance with the France, a traditional rival of the House of Austria. The Hungarians consider that the new alliance could give them the opportunity to gain the independence from the Austrian rulers. After all the imperial army obtain the victory and the Ottomans were defeated. The peace treaty negotiated, aimed to end quickly the hostilities, and all the Europe, especially the Hungarians, consider that the Emperor made a big mistake to gave to the Ottomans such good conditions, when they were defeated. One of the motive of such a hurry was the French menace to the Ryne border, but the most important was the political situation from Hungary, where the nobility made a true surrounded, which threated the domination of the Austrians in the kingdom. The peace of Vasvar (1664) was concluded in very good terms for the Ottoman Empire, which kept all the conquests from the campaign, included the right to organize a new vilayet (county) of Oradea, in the north-west of Transylvania. The moment of the Vasvar peace had a tremendous importance for all the events wich continued, in the next decades. This was the beginning of a long hostility, between the Hungarian nobility and the Viena Court. This hostility ended with the Transylvanian-Ottoman alliance, in 1683, for a unified Hungarian Kingdom, under the Ottoman rule.
More...Keywords: Transylvania; Ungaria; Middle Age; Crusade; Transylvanien; Saxons
Nowadays it is believed that the Crusades, the hunger, epidemics and had the social discontent as a basis, the triggering factor of the Settlements in southeastern Europe constituted. During the Crusades, the Kingdom Hungary and better known by the Crusaders as a country with many Temptations and unlimited opportunities discovered. Unfortunately remains unknown to which extent the German settlers of the King Geisa II for the settlement in Hungary / Zips / Transylvania were called for the journey to the Kingdom of Hungary affected by the positive propaganda, the Crusaders following the passage of Hungary after their return to the Arpadenreich gamacht had. In any case the contact was established with the quotas for the Crusaders Arpadenkönige that seeks a positive campaign had to make - see, in this Sense, the messages that they as a country of all possibilities and in full Development momentum mention - a great opportunity for a successful to conduct settlement in the tract. The previously portrayed raises its reiteration that the mobility of the Crusades in the The case of Transylvania, an excitation factor in triggering the immigration represented, because the coincidence between the moment of implementation of each Crusade and that the settlement waves due to the "musical chairs" had taken place, would be too large. If participated in the first two crusades Arpadenreich the more passive had crossed it in the Third Crusade (1189-1192) to an active stage of, although his support was modest. Whether the Third Crusade, a new Einwanderugswelle had caused, can be difficult to answer because, as is known, the Main feature of this crusade, the modest participation of the people was what rather the flourishing economic situation in the country of origin was due. The highlight Hungary's participation in the crusade took place between 1213-1218. During this time King Andrew II finally decided to fulfill the obligations inherited from his father and took place in the preparations for the fifth crusade. Not coincidentally gave the Arpadenkönig in this context - the basis of reciprocity - financial support 1211 in the German knights Burzenland located. The establishment of the Teutonic Knights in Burzenland was ultimately a result of the involvement of Arpadenkönige and of course the papacy in the crusades, the latter was at the church-administrative and spiritual conquest in the eastern part of Europe interested. The time of the settlements under the Arpad was thus tied to the history of Kreuzüge first connected. The Arpadenkönige knew how it without a direct Participation, but with the commitment and support of the papacy, which on the offensive of Catholicism in the East was interested in the inflow of the Pilgrims, the Hungarians crossed on his way to Jerusalem should benefit; so had the end of the Crusades, the Kingdom of the greatest profit.
More...Keywords: Romania – NATO – UE chart; current geopolitical and geostrategic context; security architecture; European construction; Euro-Atlantic structures; North Atlantic Treaty Organization responsibility
Romania has acted to promote a balanced attitude and identify ways of solving the problems in relations between states through a pragmatic approach consistent with the values of the other member states of the Euro-Atlantic community. It has been a producer of security which has assumed a greater role in ensuring stability in the Black Sea region, managing to maintain a risk-free zone in a region marked by numerous conflicts. Romanian State is a protection element that has confirmed its obligations through dynamic actions, supporting the efforts of democratic countries, to end the political difficulties and economic disparities existing within the current international system.
More...Keywords: Balochistan; South Asia; Gwadar; Pakistan; mineral resources; China-Pakistan
The importance of this province derives mainly from its geographical position and mineral resources. In addition to providing access to Central Asia and the Caspian resources for the United States, China, Europe and the Indo-Pacific countries, its rich reserves of iron, copper, gold, uranium and other energy reserves have always kept up the interest of the world’s key players, from the 19th century “Great Game” – the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia up to the current conflict between the United States and China over the same region of Central Asia. In addition to these stimulating factors, Balochistan has also a fairly long coastline which includes Gwadar – a small port on the coast, strategically located between the three major regions of the world: the oil-rich Middle East, the densely populated South Asia and the mineral resources rich Central Asia.
More...Keywords: International Law; world order; borders; cyber space; terrorism; ISIS; international relations; China;
This paper focuses on the close connection between the current world order and the international law rules.Starting from punctual crises developed in the last years on the international scene,the analysis converged into a single conclusion related to the current state of international law rules, or to the level of compliance accepted by the international law subjects, no matter if they are states, liberation movements, or terrorist movements which tend to be perceived as liberation movements.
More...Keywords: guerre hybride; diversion; roumain-moldave;
L’effort de la République Moldavie d’obtenir vraiment son Independence et même la réunion avec sa patrie-mère, n’a été jamais accepté par la Russie. L’Empire de la Russie n-a renonce encore a cette région divine et, en commencent avec les années 1989-1990, a déclenché contre lui un guerre compliquée, un guerre de type hybride, en utilisant presque tout l’arsenal de forces, moyens et actions – économiques, politiques, de diversion, ethniques, séparatistes, terroristes, et mémé militaires etc. Cette guerre hybride se déroule aujourd’hui aussi et, en dépit de la conscientisation d’une grande partie des roumains-moldaves de l’Est de Prut, obtient encore du succès.
More...Keywords: Rodica Groza; Greta Monica Miron; Mihai-Octavian Groza; Elena Damian; Sebeş; Romania 100;
This is a book review of:Rodica Groza, Mihai-Octavian Groza, Elena Damian, Dicţionar: 100 de personalităţi sebeşene, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Argonaut, 2018, 128 p.
More...Keywords: Oliver Jens Schmitt; Romania from 1918 to 2018; Orthodox ethno- nationalism; authoritarianism; Romanian secret services; Romanian Army; Romanian Orthodox Church; Romanian Academy;
This text discusses the latest book published by Oliver Jens Schmitt – România în 100 de ani: bilanțul unui veac de istorie. This volume proposes a critical review and analysis of the time period ranging from the crystallization of the political entity which became known, after World War I, as Greater Romania, to the recent official celebra-tions of this historical occurrence. In his analysis, the author follows an approach informed by democratic and liberal values. This perspective obviously goes against the grain of the nationalist tendency exhibited by many local historians. In his work, Schmitt strove to analyze and examine the defining features of Romanian statehood and nation-building during the last century, emphasizing in particular the state-society interactions. The author identifies three main periods in the history of contemporary Romania, i.e., the interwar years, the Communist period, and the post-1989 era. His periodization is mainly constructed on the basis of political and ideological criteria. Schmitt focuses his attention on the crucial moments of historical ruptures and discontinuities from the last century: the creation of Greater Romania in 1918; the establishment of King Carol II’s royal dictatorship in 1938; the major territorial losses of 1940 and the emergence of General Ion Antonescu’s dictatorial regime; the trajectory leading to the gradual seizure of power by the Communist Party, following the events of 23 August 1944; the transition towards a democratic political system, inaugurated in December 1989. The Romanian political system, its nature, its essential features, its supporters and its fundamental dynamics are of central signi-ficance to Schmitt’s analytical framework. The author’s conclusion is clear: authorita-rianism, in various guises, represented the dominant political regime in Romania until 1989. In this sense, Schmitt explicitly refers to the dictatorships successively established by King Carol II, the Iron Guard, the military led by Antonescu, and the Communists. According to Schmitt’s interpretation, from an ideological point of view, the main defining feature of the authoritarian state in Romania during the past century was Orthodox ethno-nationalism. The nationalist discourse glorified the authoritarian state, which was ultimately based on several key institutions subordinated to it or closely identified with its purposes, to the point of almost totally merging with the state apparatus, e.g., the secret services, the Army, the Romanian Orthodox Church, and the Romanian Academy. Orthodox ethno-nationalism thrived and reproduced itself, through these institutions, throughout the past century. Regardless and beyond all the political changes, theabove-mentioned institutions survived, while the continuities in their evolution proved to be more important than the ruptures. Present-day Romania is passing through a favorable moment of its history. After becoming a member of prominent international “clubs” based on shared interests and values (NATO and the European Union), the country witnessed an important and growing societal support for the democratic system, rather than for various forms of nationalism and authoritarianism. There is a solid and strong civil society, coupled with extended and widespread personal connections, while the new media outlets offer unprecedented opportunities for acquiring information and for the critical assessment of and attitude towards the current political, economic, and cultural realities. Romania’s present is hopeful and, in comparison, surely better than everything that had defined its development during the previous century, both internally and externally.
More...Keywords: Great Union; Romanian Orthodox Church; peasant ownership; patriotism; religious factor;
The Great Union celebrated on 1 December 1918 represents the collective effort of the entire Romanian people, an effort which, corroborated with the support and acceptance of the Great Powers, crowned a millenary wish of the Romanians, the union of all in one national state. Promoting the ideas of national unity, the civic spirit, and especially the desire of patriotism, an important support for the Romanian state was given by the Romanian Orthodox Church, which through priests, monks and hierarchs not only preached the sacrifice, but gave the example of sacrifice by the priests and the mourners of the nation. The religious factor was exploited by war propaganda, having deep roots since the War of Independence. Encouraging the population to serve the noble cause of the liberation of Transylvania, had both patriotic and religious support, as well as economic – the promise of appropriating those who will fight. The present paper seeks to highlight in a systematic, objective and chronological manner the main moments of the active involvement of the clergy in support of the Romanian army and in the life of the Romanian society in the context of the Great Union.
More...Keywords: World War I; Transylvanian soldiers; Romanian soldiers; Transylvanian press;
The article presents the manner in which the Great War was narrated through the letters sent from the front by the Romanian soldiers and published in the main political newspapers from Transylvania. Being written in exceptional times and created in the proximity of the historical event they narrate, thus having the authority of the direct experience, these letters represent significant clues for the intensity of mobilization and national solidarity in the early phase of the military conflict, for the process of ethnical identification in multicultural armies with many wavering loyalties and especially for the peculiarities that the voices of the Romanian soldiers from Transylvania brings the Great War in writing.
More...Keywords: Vasile Alecsandri; writer; Mircesti; death;
In the article the author reports about the death of the writer Vasile Alecsandri, in Mircesti, after a serious illness. There have been hundreds of condolence telegrams from all classes of society. The telegrams of Queen Elizabeth, Princess Elena Cuza, Theodor Rosetti, I. C. Bratianu, G. Cantacuzino, etc. are recorded.Many speeches have been spoken. After the talks ended, students at the University of Bucharest took the coffin on their shoulders and, in the sound of marching, they took him to the grave. Among the wreaths could be read on the ribbons: Carmen Silva, Council of Ministers, Romanian Commune, Romanian Athenaeum, Romanian Academy, Galati Town, Sturdza Family, Vasile Alecsandri High School in Galati, Bucharest Conservatory, Junimea Society, Iasi City etc.
More...Keywords: Conference; NATO; Afghanistan;
National Conference
More...Keywords: Putna County; WWI; war effects; everyday life;
Cet article present les luttes entre les armees roumaines et allemand au tenitoire de l'ancienn departament de Putna; la situation de population rurale et urbaine; evacuation des villages; refugiees; le deplacement des autontees locales au village de Sascut; les epidemies provoquees de la guerre, la propagande communiste. D'autre chapitres sont dediees aux batailles de Mărăşti et de Mărăşeşti et les conditions de l'armistice de Focşani (1917).
More...Keywords: Battle of Fariskur; Fifth Crusade; Sexual Health; British Colonial Army; West Africa; Prostitution; Japan's Occupation; Costa Rican wars; Second Indochina War; military medicine; Finland;
Revista de istorie militară nr. 3 – iulie 2021
More...Keywords: Sergeant Neculai Diaconu; memorabilia pages; Oituz battles;
Tatăl meu, Nicolae Diaconu, fiu de ţărani, s-a născut în com. Făgeţel, jud. Olt. El avea cinci clase primare, pe care le-a absolvit în satul natal. Armata a făcut-o la Regimentul 2 grăniceri, iar în timpul războiului de întregire naţională a luat parte la luptele din sudul Moldovei.
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