The Monastery Plaka in Karyes
Manastir Plaka u Kareji
Keywords: The monastery Plaka; Karyes;
More...Keywords: The monastery Plaka; Karyes;
More...Keywords: CONGRESS OF THE MANASTIR ; STRING OF POLITICAL THOUGHTS ; NATIONAL ALPHABET ; Albanian writing
The Congress of Manastir and its decisions were a logical conse-quence of Albanian national awareness, of tireless and continuous work of democratic patriots for freedom, independence, culture and social prosperity, of their centennial endeavors for writing and cultivating Albanian language, for its single alphabet. After Albanian Prizren’s Lea-gue, this was Assembly which gathered representatives from all the provinces inhabited by Albanians, as well as from Albanian Diaspora, and with approved decisions in Manastir had become of great relevance in political, cultural and educational plan. Even though the issue was not ultimately solved, this assembly opened the path for the implementation of the alphabet, the unique one which summed up the best qualities, compared with previous ones. Finally, Albanian writing with Latin letters, would be solved ultimately by halved resolution of Albanian’s political status - by the act of the declaration of independence, of the se-cond November of 1912
More...Keywords: Congress of manastir; Albanian language standardisation; Sami Frashëri; Pashko Vasa; Hasan Tahsini; Kostandin Kristoforidhi
Selon l’auteur de l’article, le Congrès de Manastir, décida d’unifier l’alphabet, et résolut à la fois l’un des problèmes fondamentaux de la standartisation de l’albanais, la standartisation de son système phonologique. Pour mieux comprendre le rôle de ce congrès l’auteur de l’article est d’avis qu’il faudrait tenir compte de deux aspects: 1.du rapport du système phonologique issu comme résultat des décisions du Congrès de Manastir avec la totalité des micro et macro systèmes phonologiques de l’albanais ou, mieux dire l’inventaire ou la totalité des phonèmes acceptée comme résultat des décisions de ce congrès, par rapport à l’inventaire ou à la totalité des phonèmes vocales ou consonnantiques de l’albanais dialectal. 2. du rapport du système phonologique issu comme résultat des décisions du Congrès de Manastir avec la totalité des systèmes phonologiques acceptée pou rl’albanias avant le Congrès de Manastir, à travers les alphabets élaborés pour la langue albanaise, ou bien, l’inventaire ou la totalité des phonèmes acceptée par le Congrès de Manastir par rapport à l’inventaire ou à la totalité des phonèmes acceptée pour l’albanais écrit par les élaborateurs des alphabets de l’albanais avant le Congrès de Manastir. Après avoir dressé un inventaire l’auteur de l’article précise que le Congrès de Manastir a pris de la totalité des micro et macrosystèmes de l’albanais dialectal avec un inventaire de 29 phonèmes vocales, seul 7 voyelles et de 29 consonnes sur 39 appartenant à l’albanais dialectal. La standartisation du système phonologique de l’albanais composé de 36 voyelles et consonnes fut le résultat de toute une histoire d’évolutions, dont les fondements furent jetés par les alfabets utilisés et élaborés par Sami Frashëri, Pashko Vasa, Hasan Tahsini, Kostandin Kristoforidhi, etc. Le Congrès de Manastir eut le mérite de l’accepter sans le mettre en discussion et de le légitimer définitivement. En optant pour l’alphabet latin comme base de l’alphabet de l’albanais, le Congrès de Manastir conctrétisa et détermina l’orientation occidentale de la politique culturelle et linguistique nationale albanaise formulée a partir de 1879 par Sami Frashëri.
More...Sa nezaustavljivim raspadanjem Osmanskog Carstva, posebno od kraja 17. st., vidljivo je kako u povećanom obimu provincijska uprava npr. u Rumeliji pada pod uticaj mjesne aristokratije, koja je - uslovljeno svojom relativno nestabilnom pozicijom i prema sebi ravnima i prema centralnoj vlasti - davala znatne sume za finansiranje "privatnih armija". Pošto je, najprije u praksi, uzelo maha da se izdaci pokriju nezakonitim oporezivanjem naroda uspjelo im je konačno početkom 18. st. da za ovo postave zakonski zahtjev i da tokom vremna učine ovaj namet legalnim.
More...Keywords: Markov Manastir; Man of Sorrows; lamenting Virgin; Passion service; Virgin’s lament; iconography.
The frescoes of the Man of Sorrows and the lamenting Virgin in the church of Saint Demetrios at Markov Manastir(1376/77) are depicted in the western part of the naos, which is a departure from their usual location in the sanctuary. The paper, therefore, looks at the location of these frescoes in the context of the entire fresco program at Markov Manastir. What is distinct is a conceptual link between the frescoes in the sanctuary and the depiction of the Dead Christ and the Virgin on the western wall. The relationship between the Incarnation and the death of Christ is considered from a theological and liturgical standpoint. Related examples of icons whose iconographic and thematic solutions share the same conceptual tenets are also analyzed, as well as the influence of the texts read during the Passion Service on the placement of the frescoes of the Dead Christ and the Virgin.
More...Keywords: Macedonia; Bitola; mosque; Sungur Bey Mosque; Kırık Mosque
12 mosques from the Otoman Era survived today in the city Bitola, located in the southwest of Macedonia. The subjects of this study, the Sungur Bey Mosque and the Kırık Mosque, are two Otoman buildings which were demolished in the recent past for the sake of urbanization projects. The Sungur Bey Mosque was the oldest architectural build-ing from the Otoman Era in the Balkans. Its foundations, which has been preserved until today, show that it was important once for the city’s architectural development. The same destiny was shared by the Kırık Mosque, although it was in the status of cultural heritage. It was demolished and modern-looking buildings were erected instead.
More...Keywords: Albanian language; CONGRESS OF MANASTIR; unique alphabet for writing
Discussions regarding the unique alphabet for writing in Albanian language were initiated since early twentieth century, but more extensive dimensions were taken by the end of this century. In journalistic discussions on lots of issues, among which was also organizational mode, participated a great number of distinguished names of science, literature, journalism such as De Rada, A. Z. Çajupi, Sh. Kolonja, Asdreni, A. Xhuvani, Th. Sina, H. Mosi, Th. Floqi, P. N. Luarasi, Sh. Gjeçovi, F. Noli and lots of others. Only Faik Konica, who was not invited in the Congress, published in the journal Albania more then 40 papers, letters and discussions. Konica consulted regar-ding the alphabet foreign albanologists, too. He was one of the greatest objectors of the Istanbul alphabet. Special invitation for participation in the congress had received neither Asdren nor Çajup. Regardless the numerous problems associated regarding holding of the congress, he achieved to make appropriate solution in accor-dance with circumstances and conditions of the time. The Congress of Manastir didn’t succeed to solve definitely the issue of unique alphabet for writing in Albanian language, but succeeded to calm down, to close up, amortize, reconcile confronting parts and to bring a modus vivendi, while time and practice do their part, that is appropriate solution.
More...Keywords: Congress of Albanian Language Orthography; CONGRESS OF MANASTIR ; GREAT NATIONAL AGREEMENT ; National Renaissance
The Congress of Albanian Language Orthography, held 94 years after Albanian League in Prizren and 64 years after the Congress of Alphabet, even though at first sight free of political contents, actually will re-bring up topics on ideals of National Renaissance, of Prizren League and of the Congress of Manastir. Most relevant cultural nation-nal goal of National Renaissance and Congress of Manastir – establi-shment of national literary language, will be realized by this Congress. The fact of Albanian populations’ historical and civilization growth, will remind Albanians that, even though divided in several Balkan states, they are a nation, whose issue will have to be solved as an issue of a population forcedly divided. And, this way, the political relevance of this Congress becomes as important as it’s scientific, cultural and civilization relevance.The Congress of Albanian Language Alphabet will bring Alba-nians an unified alphabet, common, that is to say will bring to them a long desired mean, most important, for writing, which would be used by everyone and in each Albanian territory, a mean for easier and faster development in education, in science and in culture at large and, finally, the proof of national unity, which makes Europe aware of its existence, its rights and its propounding political and national de-mands.
More...Keywords: Ecumenical Synods; narthex; iconography; medieval Serbia
The theme of Ecumenical Synods is one of the most significant within the Byzantine iconography of narthexes and appeared for the first time in the Serbian medieval space at the Sǒpocani Monastery’s church. Subsequently this theme became almost mandatory in narthex iconography of most medieval churches in Serbia. An original feature of the narthex at Sǒpocani is illustrated by the presence, alongside the seven ecumenical synods, of an eighth local synod, i.e. the one convened by Stefan Nemanja, founder of the Nemanjić dynasty and of numerous churches in Serbia, the ruler who unified Serbians into one of the strongest medieval states. With the passing of time, due to the assembly of Serbian local synods and their importance for the Serbian state and church, the replacement of the seven Ecumenical Synods with these local assemblies was imposed for the narthex decoration. These “alterations” in the paintings at Sopoćani were made to the Ecumenical Synods depicted in the narthex and the votive panel from the nave. The innovation brought about by these synods resides not only in the theme but also in the manner of representation. The artist at Sǒpocani is distinguished by his painting technique, clearly superior to other medieval paintings from Serbia through its refined talent and noble artistic ambitions. The characters’ faces seem to glow with kindness and calm. The beautiful faces, radiating with uplifting energy, seem to obey an inner peace and harmony.
More...Keywords: monastery; Bulgarians; middle ages;
Poznate su odavno, ali slabo proučene veze Bugara sa carigradskim manastirima. U ovom smislu, poseban značaj za istraživanja ima studijski manastir Sv. Jovan Preteča. Kako je ovaj snažni crkveno-religiozni i kulturni centar vekovima predstavljao stožer carigradskog monaštva, od epohe ikonoborstva pa do kraja vizantijske epohe, očevidno je da njegovo mesto u bugarskoj istoriji predstavlja pojavu vrednu proučavanja iz više aspekata. U samoj bugarskoj literaturi ta proučavawa su započela još u XVIII veku kada je, pred kraj stoleća, jeroshimonah Spiridon Gabrovski pisao o legendarnom učešću dvojice studijskih monaha u tzv. Ćirilo-metodijevskom pokrštavanju Bugara. Na strogo naučnim osnovama, istraživanja bugarsko-studijskih veza započeo je Ivan Gošev (1886–1965), a nastavio Ivan Dujčev (1907–1986).
More...Review of: Zehra Alispahić - Bahaa΄ Taher, Tetka Safija i manastir, prevela sa arapskog Marijana Kavčić, Šahinpašić, Sarajevo, 2004.
More...Keywords: Haydar Qadi Mosque; Bitola; architectural conservation; condition assessment;
The aim of this research is to conduct condition assessment of deteriorations of Haydar Qadi Mosque in Bitola, Macedonia prior to beginning of restoration works and explain 2014-2017 restorations conducted with the budget of Directorate General of Foundations in cooperation with the Republic of Macedonia’s Islamic Religious Community, Skopje National Conservation Center and Bitola National Institute and Museum Directorate. There is a three-bay portico on northern side of the mosque, built on a square base. There are wall paintings/ decorations dated various periods inside the mosque. The mosque has been repaired and made alterations many times since it was constructed in the 16th century. Especially with the outburst of Balkan Wars in 1912 and resultant withdrawal of Ottomans from the region, Muslims fell into minority and the building was abandoned to its faith. The mosque was used for various purposes for many times. Together with broken pieces of minbar, gravestones collected all around Bitola was were piled up inside the building that was later abandoned and vandalized. Along with fieldworks conducted during the restoration process of the mosque, which constituted the primary method of the study, related literature, archival, and historical research have also been conducted during the study. The repairs were presented under following headings; consolidation/strengthening, cleaning, completion, reconstruction, conservation of decorations/wall paintings. Landscaping, and conservation of gravestones has also been explained. The basic approach in conservation applications and project works has been to preserve the original and different period additions reflecting original construction techniques, materials and architectural elements, clean unoriginal additions and structural strengthening. Pre-restoration deteriorations of building, findings and depictions related to architectural details, decorations, wall paintings discovered during the repairs have been shared with scientific world. Previous restoration interventions and the effect of historical, ethnical, and cultural identity of the region on architecture and decorations have also been evaluated. This research is also important in terms ofexchange of knowledge and experience between Turkish and Macedonian preservation experts.
More...Keywords: Monastir Province; Protestantism; Missionary; 1873-1913; Balkans; Ottoman Empire;
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the activities of the American Protestant missionaries getting into act in the Monastir Province during the period from 1873 until 1913. In this scope, the influence of the missionary activities on the social and political life of the area and the precautions taken by the Ottoman authorities against this have also been tried to be revealed.The Monastir station established in October, 1873 based on the European Turkey Mission was the station placing in the westernmost of the American Board organization. The missionaries in charge at this station opened a boarding school for girls in 1878 and also a home for orphans in 1904. Furthermore, they also got into act some places used as domicile for the purpose of health and education. In addition to the educational institutions founded by the missionaries, they also carried out activities of publishing and distributing religious books for the declaration of ProtestantismThe Ottoman Empire had to sign a treaty enabling privileges such as immunity from real property tax and customs-exemption to the French institutions in 1901. This treaty served as a precedent for other states, and, in this regard, the American Missionaries also took action in order to benefit from the same rights starting from 1903. As a result of too much insistence and political manoeuvres, the American institutions including the boarding school for girls and the home for orphans in Monastir got the rights for benefitting from the exemptions granted to other states in 1907 on condition that they should ensure the conditions in the regulation. From this perspective, the missionaries carried out their activities in order to make apparent the political dominance of the USA in the region.The sources of the present search were mainly the documents available in the Ottoman Archives. Moreover, the missionary reports providing information and comments related to the issue and other sources informing about the activities of the American Protestant missionaries in Monastir Province were considered.
More...Keywords: old printed book; Sopoćani Monastery; Novi Pazar
Истраживање старе штампане књиге у Новом Пазару има посебан и вишеструки значај и представља важан део културног наслеђа овог народа. Радом су обухваћене књиге које се чувају у библиотеци Манастира Сопоћани штампане у периоду од 1745. до 1894. године. Предмет наше анализе јесу следеће књиге: Псалтир, издање из 1745. године, потом Молитвослов из 1771. и Ирмологија 1778, Службе посебним светима из 1785, Месецослов за целу годину, 1810, Служабник из 1836, Општи минеј, 1862. и Псалтир из 1894. године. Према садржини поменуте књиге су богослужбене и припадају категорији старе штампане књиге. Овим радом покушаћемо да их представимо јавности и на тај начин пружимо нове могућности у истраживању културног наслеђа. Истраживање ове грађе веома је значајно, те се надамо да ћемо њиме пробудити интересовање шире јавности на овом простору.
More...Keywords: Christianity; Mysticism; Monastry; Asceticism; Women;
Christianity, which is close to mysticism due to its internal dynamics, has intertwined with mysticism together with its historical process. However, mysticism is a controversial issue in Christian history in some aspects, such as the mystics' thoughts as compared with church's official teachings, their ascetics lifestyle, and their supremacy over ordinary believers. Another controversial issue is the position of the woman. The position of the woman, which is indicated in the Bible as the responsible for fall from the heaven, is paradoxical in Christianity. Christianity, which is located in two wings between the sin of Eve and the sanctity of Mary, while it allowed women to hold office church duties and sacraments in the early period, as time passed by it began to push them out of the church. However, we see that women are active in mystical Christianity from the early times. Those women prefered mystical lifestyles such as ascetic life, virginity and monastic life. This study has presented women's contribution to the process of mystical development of Christianity with their short life stories.
More...Keywords: Ottoman Empire; Rumelia; Manastir; 19th century;
Review of: H. Baha Öztunç, Manastır Tanzimat Döneminde Bir Rumeli Şehri SosyoEkonomik Yapı (1839-1876), Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2020, 296 Sayfa, ISBN: 9786057819321. Review by: Cansu Adatepe
More...Keywords: Elements of Croatian Influence; Vernaculars of Boyash Roma; Beli Manastir;
The Boyash Roma from Croatia represent a specific group of Roma because their maternal language is a Romanian dialect. The present article gives basic information on this ethnic group. Because they are speakers of Romanian vernaculars, but in Croatia, without close connections to other speakers of Romanian (except in the local community), the influence of Croatian can be seen in their vernacular. This is illustrated through examples from the corpus obtained in the city of Beli Manastir.
More...Keywords: Manastir; Bitola; Macedonia; city; culture.
One of the most important city in Macedonia is Manastir (Bitola). Manastir is in the middle of the Ottoman Europe. Monastir is one of the most developed and the second fastest growing city of Republic of Macedonia. From the 19th century, it had the position of a religious center consisting of churches and religious buildings. Christians, Muslims, Catholics, Protestants, Jews, that is, people of all religions live in Manastir. The Ottoman Empire made efforts to make the settlements under its dominance regular. Cities are the most important social, cultural and economic areas in this period. Cities are different from villages in terms of religion, education, health, transportation, administration and economy. The main elements of Ottoman cities are: roads, bridges, fountain castles, hospitals, mosques, bazaars, markets, cultural centers and neighborhoods. Many social structures that meet the needs of the people have been built and cities have been given a great vitality. The most important features that distinguish cities from rural areas and villages are the magnificent structures in cities.
More...Keywords: Manastır; Inheritance records; Woman; Jewelry; Accessory;
Manastır, which is the second largest city of the current North Macedonia State, was taken under Ottoman rule after 1380 during the reign of Sultan Murad I. as it is located right in the middle of the east-west trade route called Via Egnatia between the Adriatic coasts and the Aegean Sea, it became one of the most important cities of Ottoman Rumelia within a short time. In the following decades, especially during the reigns of Murad II. and Mehmed II, Turkmen groups from the interior of Anatolia and the Taurus Mountains were settled in the region in a planned and organised manner. This led to an increase in the Turkish population in the region in a short time. As a result of this demographic movement, many mosques, inns, baths, bridges, imaret and madrasahs were built in the region, and the traditional Turkish-Islamic urban texture became dominant. The Ottoman Empire established its judicial organization in the city from the date it came under its rule and appointed a kadi here to solve the legal problems of the people. While solving all kinds of legal problems of the people, the kadi also served to transfer the cultural heritage to the present by keeping the court records. These records, known as the Şer‘iyye registers, contain a variety of subjects such as public life, central-provincial relations, regulations of local administrations, royal decrees, verdicts, deeds, berats, etc. Therefore, they have been one of the main reference sources of urban history and social history studies. In this study, inheritance records of ninety-eight women, which were scattered in the fourteen Şer‘iyye registers kept in the court of Manastır between 1700 and 1730, and in which the details of the inheritance from the deceased were recorded, were evaluated. Inheritance records contain information about deceased persons’ number of children, wealth, status, inheritance sharing, goods used, prices of goods and investment instruments. These sources, which can be evaluated in many ways in this sense, also give clues about what the jewelry and accessories used by the women of Manastır in the specified date range, what types of materials were made, and whether or not they changed according to the wealth of women, their level of welfare, and social status.
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