Keywords: Toponimi; hidronimi; strukture; narodna etimologija; falsifikati; elaboracija; semiotika;
U radu se raspravlja o nekim toponimima i hidronimima, elaboriraju se njihove strukture i njihova semiotika, njihova folklorna sadržina, ukazuje se na falsifikovanje i zloupotrebu u politićke i propagandne svrhe, što je protivno pravoj nauci.
More...Keywords: Abyssinians; Copts; Jerusalem; Deir es Sultan; Monastery; Kamame; Church;
The area where Christ fell after he was crucified and forced to walk for miles is used as ninth pause during pilgrimage ritual. Deyrussultan (Deir el Sultan/Deir es Sultan) where a conflict between Abyssinians and Copts occurred is located in this pause. Deyrussultan is composed of small reclusion places. The matter of Deyrussultan, an interesting and severe struggle between Abyssinians and Copts can be comprehended by analyzing its historical depths. As it can be seen in this study a satisfactory solution for the matter of Deyrussultan Monastery for both parties cannot be found.
More...Keywords: hagiography; saints; relics; early medieval time; Adriatic Sea; routes; ports
In the article the narratives concerning the lives of the saints and translations of theirs relics are analyzed in order to establish through saints’ and relics’ itineraries dissemination of theirs cults on the Adriatic littoral. Although modest in numbers examined texts shows presence of the saints on the Adriatic shores in early Christian period, migration of the saints’ relics from Pannonia and Dalmatia in Rome and Constantinople due to the barbaric invasions, and important new cultural stratum at the beginning of the 9th century, when most of the Adriatic re-entered in the byzantine political sphere
More...Keywords: Tărnovo; Euthymius; hesychasm; Stefan Lazarević; Despotate; Constantine of Kostenets / Konstantin Kostenechki; Gregory Tsamblak; cults of saints
The arrival of Gregory the Sinaite to Mount Athos (c. 1326) and his relocation to the borderland between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, where he founded a monastery in Paroria, marked the beginning of a new chapter in the evolution of spiritual life. Gregory’s hesychast ideas attracted a substantial number of disciples from various nationalities, some of whom went on to become prominent representatives of spiritual life in their respective milieus (Patriarch Kallistos of Constantinople, Patriarch Euthymius of Tărnovo). These ideas rapidly spread among South Slavs. The writings of Patriarch Euthymius, the founder of the Tărnovo Literary School, soon became well known in the Serbian milieu and were often copied. After the fall of Tărnovo (1393) many followers of Euthymius’s literary ideas relocated to Serbian lands. Following the Parorian traditions of Gregory the Sinaite, in Serbian lands they established a series of smaller monastic communities, where they pursued translation and intellectual work; these communities are usually referred to as pustinja (desert, hermitage) precisely to emphasize their wish to avoid contacts with the wider community, both monastic and secular. Among them two names are particularly noteworthy: Constantine of Kostenets / Konstantin Kostenechki and Gregory Tsamblak. Both had enviable reputations as men of letters even before they came to the Despotate. As a layman, Constantine was close to Despot Stefan Lazarević and spent time at his court; he wrote the Explanatory Treatise on the Letters and the Vita of Despot Stefan Lazarević. Upon his arrival in Serbia Gregory became the hegoumenos (abbot) of the Dečani Monastery and penned the Service and Vita of the monastery’s founder Stefan of Dečani, as well as the Account of the Translation of the Relics of St Paraskeva from Tărnovo to Vidin and Serbia. By the end of the 14th century, a new literary genre emerged in Serbia – the paraklesis, which was based precisely on the Tărnovo literary models. Forced to leave Tărnovo and Bulgaria, the refugees who had arrived in Serbia brought the traditions of the Tărnovo Literary School and thereby had a significant impact on the development and spirit of Serbian literature in the first half of the 15th century.
More...Keywords: South Danubian Romanian dialects; Aromanian dialect; Megleno-Romanian dialect; Istro-Romanian dialect; morphological and syntax dialectal system;
Romance Concordances and Balcano-Romance Convergences in the South-Danubian Romanian Dialects. Phonetic, Morphological, and Syntactic Aspects. This paper proposes to emphasise the linguistic similarities of South-Danubian Romanian dialects (Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian) spoken in Albania, Croatia, R. of North Macedonia, Greece and Romania from the perspective of Romance and Balkan elements. We will take into consideration lexical aspects, from the point of view of linguistic contact with Balkan languages, as well as Romance elements that define these historical dialects of common Romanian. Our exposition is based on the broader theme of the relationship between genealogic (Romance features inherited from Latin, speaking of concordances in the Romance languages) and areal (convergences between the Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian dialects of the Romanian language and the languages spoken in the Balkan area). Through the presence of the Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian dialects of Romanian in the Balkans, creating a bridge between Romània and Balkan, a convergence was attained on the one hand with the Romance languages, and, on the other, with Greek, Albanian North Macedonian as Balkan languages.
More...Keywords: war damage; cultural goods; Osijek-Baranya County; architectural heritage; Homeland War;
From the beginning of the open Greater Serbian aggression against Croatia in summer 1991, Osijek-Baranya County was exposed to the attacks of the JNA (Yugoslav People’s Army) and Serbian forces. Osijek was attacked almost on a daily basis and the north eastern area of the county, Baranya, was occupied by the end of August 1991 and stayed occupied up until the end of the process of the peaceful reintegration of the Croatian Danube River Basin in January 1998. During the aggression against Croatia the JNA and Serbian forces had occupied by the end of 1991 nearly one third of Croatia and with the intention of annihilating all traces of the existence of the culture of one nation and its continuity in these territories damaged and destroyed its historical buildings and cemeteries. The area of the Osijek-Baranya County suffered during the Homeland War immense destruction of the architectural heritage and sacred monuments as well as of movable cultural property which had been alienated and partially destroyed. War damage to 388 cultural monuments, over an area of 545,097 m2, was assessed at HRD 451,506.000 (HRK 232,203.085,71) or DEM 64,501 million (EUR 33,436 million).
More...Keywords: Christ genealogy; church "St. Dimitar ”; Arbanassi
The paper deals with the 1621 composition of the Tree of Jesse from the murals at the Church of St Demetrius in Arbanassi, from the identification of the representations contained therein to an analysis of its potion within the iconographic programme of the church and among the post- Byzantine examples of this representation. Here the Tree of Jesse is unconventionally placed in the space above the apse at the altar of the naos. The team of painters has used the Christ’s genealogy at the Church of Sts Peter and Paul in Veliko Turnovo as a reference point. The specific position and the structure of the composition at St Demetrius are, however, an outcome of a long-gestated concept. Between the lowest register, where the representation of Jesse is central, and the band, where the Virgin is central, three horizontal bands are pieced out around the representations of David, Solomon and Melchizedek. In the centre of the arch thickness, Archangel Gabriel descends to the Virgin, thus representing the so-called Annunciation ‘through the ear’. On the west profile of the arch, the disciples are depicted, separated by a representation of the sitting Christ crowning the entire composition. The figure of Melchizedek, the archetype of Christ, and the vegetal code of the Tree establish a connection with the Eucharistic subject, developed in the apse. The Annunciation associated with the Conception corresponds to the representation of the Virgin in the conch, replacing the scene of the Annunciation traditionally painted on the chancel arch. The disciples upon the arch refer to the subject of the founding of the Church, which is further developed in the scenes upon the south and the north walls of the naos. The composition of the Tree of Jesse at the altar of the Church of St Demetrius is symbolically reminiscent of the prehistory, while at the narthex, the Last Judgement visualises the End Times. The entire 1621 iconographic programme is a product of a single concept, from the most sacral area in the east at the altar to the „ profane” east wall of the narthex.
More...Keywords: miraculous icon; Dohiar Monastery; Sliven; Dohiar convent; miracles of the Mother of God; Nicodemus of Mount Athos
In the Art Gallery “Dimitar Dobrovich” in Sliven an icon of the Virgin Gorgoepikoos (Skoroposlushnica), painted in 1818, is kept. The central representation, according to its inscription and iconography, is a copy of the homonymous miracle-working icon of the Docheiariou monastery on Mount Athos. The Virgin with Christ is surroundedby six medallions with depictions of the miracles, made by the Virgin and her miraculous icon. In two of these scenes there are represented also the archangels Michaeland Gabriel. In the lower part of the icon there is a depiction with the ktetors of the Docheiariou monastery - the monks Euthymios and Neophytos, as well as a dedicatory inscription of 1818, which is not wellpreserved. All the inscriptions of the icon are in Greek. To date there are no other known depictions of the miracles of the Sliven’s icon. It seems that they are related to an unpublished manuscript of the Docheiariou monastery, which was used by Nikodemus the Hagiorite in his bookSynaxarion. Among the settlements, where the fame of the Virgin Gorgoepikoos was spread, Nikodemus the Hagiorite refers also to the town of Sliven. The icon is related with the metochion of the Docheiariou monastery in Sliven, established at the end of the 18th century. The mentioned in its dedicatory inscription person, named Ioannikios, is probably the same name monk of the Docheiariou monastery, who was oikonomos of the metochion at the beginning of the 19th century.
More...Keywords: Serbs; Sarajevo; Bosnia; art; 16th century; 17th century; Islamic influence;
En étudiant l'architecture monumentale serbe du moyen âge avancé, on mentionnait très rarement: Vinfluence islamique. Pareillement on passait outre, comme sur un phenom ena peu important, dans l'étude d ’autres aspects de l'activité artistique. Or. après avior constate l'existence des elements islamiques dans la décoration de nos manuscrits et des livres imprimés dans la langue écrite et parlée, dans un grand nombre de metiers artistiques, de la musique populaire, dans l'urbanisme- et dans une certaine mesure dans les coutumes, il est très logique d'aborder l'étude des influences islamiques dans l’architecture monumentale. La Bosnie, où. après l'activité architecturale de Gazi-Isabeg et de Gazi-Husrefbeg, on sent l'activité de la pa tri archie orthodoxe restaurée de Peć. peut le prouver le mieux par ses matériaux. Presque toutes les constructions dos monastères orthodoxes portent sur elles, surtout dans la plastique architectonique, des fragments caractéristiques pour la construction turque. Ainsi, a Sarajevo, entre des métiers et des arts, on trouve dans la ivieille église serbe trois objets massifs de pierre - de vieux chandeliers (de la deuxième moitié du Xve siecle). Un vieux baptistere et l'auge de la vieille elements plastiques de la decoration sarrasine. La plastique architectonique de l'eglise du monastère Moštanica de la quatrièm e décade du XVIe siecle, est l’exemple le plus éloquent de la force des influences islamiques. Celles-ci s'y manifestent non seulement dans les formes du portail, des fenêtres, du chapiteau, de la niche et de la cachette, mais aussi dans les types des fausses coupoles au-dessus de la pripratah De la meme époque date la plastique décorative du monastère Papraće, qui lui aussi porte les caractéristiques du stylo islamique. Les cadres de ses fenêtres un peu abaissés dans la masse du m ur sont voûtés en arc sarrasin et les guirlandes du toit des konhis du choeur se term inent par la même a rca ture plastique. Sur l'eglise du monastère Ozren de pareils details datent d'environ 1578 dans le naos, de 1608 sur les murs du nartex ultérieurement achevé. Le diapason des elements islamiques qui apparaissent dans l'architecture du monastère Lomnica et dans la partie occidentale de la façade de la vieille église serbe à Sarajevo de 1658 est beaucoup plus modeste.
More...Keywords: Memories; Franciscans; Christianity;
Kada se govori i piše o nobelovcu Ivi Andriću često se citira Ljubu Jandrića autora knjige Sa Ivom Andrićem. Može se reći ono što Nijemcima znači Eckermannovo djelo Razgovori s Goetheom tu važnost i značenje ima Jandrićevo djelo Sa Ivom Andri ćem. U njemu autor prati Andrića kroz razgovore s njim od 1968. do 1975. godine. U knjizi je i jedna zabilješka, Beograd, 16. maj 1974., gdje autor priča Andriću, između ostalog, o svom putu u Travnik, a upravo su tada u toku bili radovi na obnovi kuće u kojoj se rodio naš nobelovac.
More...Keywords: the Bogomils; oral transmission; Biblical exegesis; preaching, symbolism
The oral biblical exegesis and oral transmission, or the unwritten tradition, represent pillars in the circulation of texts and ideas since the very dawn of Christianity, both in orthodox and heterodox circles. Namely, this vast topic encompasses the concepts related to the concepts of the written sources and the spoken word, and their interrelation, and, furthermore, to the symbolism of the ear, Logos, and secret teachings (arcana). The role and impact of the oral transmission will be examined on the example of the Bogomils, and this paper will re-assess the importance and function of the oral transmission of the Bogomil doctrine. Therefore, the Biblical exegesis will also be analyzed in that key, and the question of the Bogomil preachers will be addressed. More broadly, the oral transmission of the Bogomil teachings can be observed as one of the modi operandi that the Bogomils resorted to in the aim of propagating their ideas, as well as possibly their interpretative manner to approach the Scriptural material and parables.
More...Keywords: Wine and wine growing culture; Slavonija; Srijem; Branja;
Review of: Hrvoje Pavić - Vino I vinogradarstvo u povijesti Slavonije, Srijema I Baranje - Zbornik radova znanstvenog skupa s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem (…), Slavonski Brod – Erdut, 2020., uredio Milan Vrbanus, 632 stranice
More...Keywords: Montenegro; Russia; Prince Nikola Petrović; Nikolay II Romanov; Serbian-Montenegrin identity; visual culture;
The process of the creation of the national states in the Balkans in the 19th century was followed by the political reforms and revitalization of church life, that had been suppressed in the Ottoman period. During the 19th century, Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians, in different periods, have staged uprisings, waged independence wars, gained autonomy, then sovereignty, and were internationally recognized. During their liberation fight, these countries have been supported by the great European powers, above all by Russia, whose assistance was particularly directed towards Bulgaria, the Principality of Serbia and the Principality of Montenegro, aiming to emancipate the Balkan Christians. Following the 1876 – 1878 wars, the 1878 San Stefano Treaty and the Berlin Treaty, the Balkan countries were recognized as fully sovereign states.
More...Keywords: Marash; Foreing school; Protestant; Armenian; Missionar;
This study aims to explain the situation and development of the educational institutions of foreign missionaries operating in the Marash Sanjak at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, by using Ottoman archive documents. Within the framework of this subject, the situation of foreign schools established in Marash Sanjak was determined in the light of new sources, and analyzes were made. At the end of the 19th century, communities belonging to different religions lived together in the Marash Sanjak. A significant part of the non-Muslim population in the sanjak lived in the district center of Marash. Non-Muslims constituted approximately 20% of the population of Maraş city. The most crowded group among non-Muslim communities was Armenian communities. Foreign and minority schools were generally established in areas with a dense Armenian population. For this reason, most of those who received education from these schools were Armenian children. By the beginning of the 20th century, many schools of varying degrees were opened in the Marash Sanjak under the auspices of France, the USA, the United Kingdom, and Germany. These schools were largely under the control of Armenian communities. The schools established by foreigners in Marash Sanjak were less in number than the schools established by non-Muslim minorities. Foreign schools and orphanages were established in the city center of Marash in the sub-districts and villages of the center. Vocational training was given in orphanages opened by missionaries. Foreign schools were financed by foreign states and missionary organizations. The schools operated without obtaining a license from the state could not be inspected for a long time.
More...Keywords: war against Croatia; war; Serbian aggression;
The demographic development of a given area is conditioned by numerous factors; sometimes as the consequence, at other times as the cause of socio-economic events and changes (and more often disturbances). Changes in the dynamics and structures of a population are often the result of disturbances in social and economic development, and if they are abrupt and sudden, then the adverse consequences are more evident and pernicious. In this sense, the events of war especially cause great disturbances in demographic development, for they provoke numerous direct (immediate) and indirect demographic losses which, in the future, can damage and limit the stable population development of an area considerably. It is well known that war always alters the demographic picture of a given area, in the sphere of the natural, spatial (migrational) and general movement of a population, as well as in the sphere of demographic structures, be they age-sex, socio-economic, ethnic, confessional, etc. (Wertheimer-Baletic, A., 1992). The war against Croatia, in Croatia, from 1991 to 1995, as well as several years’ occupation of a significant portion of Croatian state territory (1991-1997), aggravated enormous material destruction. But more importantly, the war also exacerbated vast human casualties - some twenty thousand people killed, thousands wounded, tens of thousands of displaced persons. These are only approximate indicators of the demographic damage inflicted against the Croatian population during Greater Serbian aggression. In this article, we shall attempt to demonstrate one of the most significant ethno-demographic aspects (frameworks) of the war against Croatia; for by familiarising ourselves with it we will be able to disclose the cause of these consequences of war and occupation, and their motives from 1991 to 1997.
More...Keywords: postbyzantine art; kastorian artists; Mlado Nagoričine; Michael from Linotopi; the Dormition Church in Zervat; Byzantine; art; cultural studies; Medieval studies;
The frescoes of the St. George Church in Mlado Nagoričino (North Macedonia) have repeatedly attracted the scholars’ attention, but so far the circle of monuments close to these paintings has not been accurately identified. The article deals with attribution a number of preserved images to certain workshops whose works are known from other ensembles. There are three different styles in the painting, which can be attributed to three different painters (or a group of painters). Apparently, the same artists who painted the church of the Slimnitsa monastery worked in the naos. This conclusion is consistent with the observation of Macedonian researchers. The other two styles apparently belong to Greek painters who can be associated with the artist Michael of Linotopi. He worked in the first third of the 17th century and painted many churches in the Balkans. One of the closest analogs of the St. George Church painting in Mlado Nagoričino are the frescoes of the Dormition Church in Zervat (Albania) and the katholikon of the Makryaleksi monastery (Greece), where Michael worked. Both the similarity of the handwriting of the inscriptions and the proximity of the physiognomic features of the some saints’ faces pointed that way. However, the style of these frescoes does not exactly match the painting of St. George’s Church. Since the analogs given in the article are rather approximate, the frescoes of the St. George church in Mlado Nagoričino cannot be attributed to the activities of the Michael’s workshop with certainty. However, it can be argued that the painting in Mlado Nagoričino was done by painters who were part of the entourage of this artist.
More...Keywords: Civil War in Croatia; Republic of Srpska Krajina; football; first football championship; Glina; Banija; Dinara; Šparta; Hajduk Mirko; Begovača
The article describes the circumstances that led to the revival of sports events in the territory of the Republic of Srpska Krajina in the second half of 1992, temporarily interrupted due to the war. First competitions started in football, by far the most popular sport. After the first part of the competition had ended according to the regional principle, the winners of the five regional competitions met at the final tournament in Glina at the beginning of August 1993. The title of the first champion of RSK was taken by the host team, Banija from Glina, ahead of Šparta from Beli Manastir. The paper was written on the basis of press and publications from Krajina and sports press from Serbia, relevant literature, material from Croatian archives and published memories.
More...