Keywords: manuscripts; total work of art; intermediality; icnonoclasm; universalism; south Slavic; Serbia; Byzantium
The article takes up the problem of the medieval manuscript as an example of a total work of art. Miniature painting is an example of diffusional transmittance of the various semiotic orders, which define each other and lead to the creation of a reflection of divine beauty and harmony. The text also refers to the problem of iconoclasm. Historical material from the South Slavic area shows the art of cultural borderlands, where elements based on the principle of pars pro toto are reflected in miniature painting. The intersemiotic research tradition is presented synthetically.
More...Until several years ago there existed in Bitolj (Manastir) a mosque called "Eski cami" (The Old Mosque). It was the oldest mosque in our regions and one of the oldest in the Balkans.. Its founder was Sungur bey, called Caus-bey, one of the commanders of sultan Murat II. It seems that Caus came from the region of Bitolj and that he was taken to Istanbul by means of devširme. Coming back from a campaign against Skenderbey in Albania, he stopped in Bitolj and he settled there. He built there the mentioned mosque and then a medresa and. a zavija, remnants of which can still be seen in Bitolj. Caus-bey also built a mesdžid in Jedren and another one in Vidin. For maintenance of these institutions he founded a foundation consisting of 25 shops, one han (inn), two pieces of land, 7 mills, 1 vineyard in Bitolj and another 11 shops and 17 rooms in Jedren and a mill in Vidin. Čaus-bey made his vakfija legal between 9th and 19th April 1435. This vakufnama written in Arab represents, in fact, the oldest Arabic or Turkish document discovered so far in Yugoslavia. The original of this document has not been discovered, but its copy is to be found in the sidžil of the seriat court in Manastir, No. 99, which is kept in Drzavni arhiv (State Archives) in Skopje. The author of this paper gives a critical view of the text of vakufnama. Its translation is accompanied by historical annotations and by explanations and fascimiles from the mentioned sidžil. If we compare this vakfija with other Macedonian ones we can see that it influenced the form of vakfijas in later period.
More...The article deals with the teaching of tollbooths/toll-houses/toll-stations/ ordeals, their origin, sources, spread in Christian theological thought and subsequently, in iconographic eschatology: the composition of Christ’s Second Coming. In the fifteenth century in russia and ukraine, the classical Byzantine iconography of The Last Judgement underwent changes with one of the most impor- tant new features being a snake with twenty or twenty-one coils. Twenty coils of a snake symbolize the ordeals in the Life of St. Basil the New (tenth century), the main source of the teaching of ordeals, interpreted in a different manner in Orthodox literature and more often than not defined as apocryphal. This paper studies why ordeals were incorporated in The Last Judgement, as a result of what changes in Christian literature and what their significance was. The proper theological and historical hermeneutics of the development of the new russian-ukrainian iconography of The Second Coming helps clarify the Orthodox or Gnostic nature of the teaching of ordeals.
More...Keywords: bibliography;
Institute for Byzantine Studies Paper 1–40 (1952–2003) Bibliography
More...Keywords: Muhamed Tajib Okić; historija; povijesne nauke; historija islama; historija Bosne; historija Osmanskog carstva;
Autor ukazuje na postignuća profesora Muhameta Tajiba Okića na polju povijesnih nauka, ističući neke od njegovih najvažnijih studija i priloga. Rad je prezentiran na Naučnom skupu "Život i djelo Muhameda Tajjiba Okića", održanom 16.09. 2011. u Gračanici, u organizaciji Općine Gračanica, Muftijstva tuzlanskog i Medžlisa IZ Gračanica.
More...Keywords: Srebrenica;the Bosnian Church;the Catholic Church;Orthodoxy;Podrinje
Srebrenica was first mentioned in the written sources on 16 August1352. It was in the wider area of Osat, the region that was first mentioned in the written sources in 1283. Precisely, from the first mention it is clear that the area shares the characteristics with other parts of Bosnian spiritual aegis.Thus, the Bosnian church was a dominant religious institution that in the Srebrenica area had a significant economic role via inns that were provided to merchants within the Bosnian Church’s houses. However, through the economic strength more significant role in Srebrenica started to obtain foreigners people from Dubrovnika and the saxons – who erected the Church of St. Mary with a convict for their own needs – and around which the religious life of those settlers was built. With the establishment of Despot Stefan Lazarević’s administration Orthodox spiritual interests also penetrated. Although metropolitan and the clergy occasionally resided in the town, there were noinstitutional penetration of the faith and the construction of its objects until the Ottoman conquest. Thus, the Ottomans deserve the credit for the spread of both Islam and Orthodoxy (through migration of Vlachs) in the Srebrenica area, and the rest of Bosnia. At the same time Srebrenica became a significant economic and spiritual center from which Bosnian spiritual influence spreads over the area of east Podrinje.
More...Keywords: World Heritage Convention; World Herita ge List; World Heritage area; World Heritage itinerary
The World Heritage Sites are properties which bear testimony to outstanding values in terms of their cultural and natural significance for the people all over the world. They represent a livin g relation with the past and will be the testament o f the mankind for the future generations. Their promotion and popularization by means of sustainable tourism can result in positive effects in two w ays – on the one hand it will enhance tourism development and profitability while on the other hand it wi ll ensure site conservation at the very same time. The aim of this paper is to emphasize on the opportunities for the countries within the Balkan regio n to integrate the world heritage they possess into their overall tourism vision. By means of cross - border coordination and cohesive efforts in sustainable tourism policy and management, the Balkan countries could turn into attractive destination thanks to their cultural and natural authenticity and uniquen ess
More...Keywords: Culture Tourism; Olba; Tourism of Mersin;
In this article, the importance of ancient city of Olba, which is located in the Mersin province with its historical and cultural structure and high tourism potential in terms of cultural tourism, is evaluated in terms of cultural tourism. The concept of culture has a wide content including factors such as art, language, history, religion, architectural structure, life style. Tourists travel to get to know the cultures of many countries that are strangers to them. Thus they have the opportunity to see and recognize the cultural values belonging to different nations in place. Mersin province also has high tourism potential with its historical and cultural texture in addition to natural beauties offered by the it’s geography. Although Mersin is an important tourism destination in Turkey, it could not be reach high tourism mobility and the number of tourists and the share of tourism in Turkish economy remained low. The ancient city of Olba is candidate to an attractive destination for cultural tourism. Despite the attractive of the ancient city, the reason why it can not see the deserved value is in lacks of promotional activities. It is thought that the city will gain advantage from cultural tourism movements as an attractive center with the suggestions presented in article.
More...Keywords: Khalkeritis; Tokul; Trauma; Paleopathology;
Fact of trauma which is among the leading pathological disorders influencing skeleton from prehistorical times to today is affected from ecological environment, socio-economic life, political and social movements. In this study trauma on skeletons obtained from Khalkeritis (Giresun Island) and Tokul (Kütahya) chapel excavations dated back to Late Byzantion Period. Head trauma of 1 individual, body trauma belonging to 7 individuals totaling 8 individual’s (4.65 %) trauma was found at Khalkeritis church. Head trauma at 5 individual, body trauma at 6 individuals totaling 11 individual’s (22.44%) trauma was observed at Tokul Village Church community. None of the traumas caused death in both of the populations. Khalkeritis island population live on fishing and Tokul community on farming and traumas may be related with daily work. It is possible to mention that medications were conducted for traumas but treatments were insufficient.
More...Keywords: brand;state;branding;strategies;
The states make different attempts to attract more tourists, foreign investors, develop the international partnerships, stimulate export, make better position for their products and services, but also to position and impose itself more efficiently, meaningful and innovative, by the personally recognizable brands, to the international environment. Aiming at this, it is not only necessary to devote oneself to branding of a country, but to do it in a way that significantly differs from others, which initially favours the positive branding of the country. The subject of this paper is to analyse the significance of state branding and measuring the state position as a brand, as in the case of Serbia. For Serbia as a brand, there are characteristic numerous efforts on its positioning, but also numerous obstacles that are on that way
More...Keywords: Tire; muhacir; migration; settlement; muhacir and refugee register;
There have been many causes of international migration. One of these is muhacerat- status of being muhacir. Muhacerat is migration of a person, a family or a society from a country to another country. It is a sort of asylum. It needs to have a link to the country, which is taken refuge in, such as race relations or religious relations. It is a troubled process due to obscurity of happenings met throughout the migration until reaching country of asylum. Besides, uncertainty about where to be settled in the country of asylum, how to be climatic conditions or living conditions there, is a big problem. Certificate of naturalisation is not given immediately and it needs some transitional stages. One of these is muhacir and refugee registers in which their informations are recorded till naturalisation. A sample of these registers has been in the archive of Tire Registry Office in İzmir. It was kept records of muhacirs and refugees coming to Tire till 1940 in this register. It was determined general informations, races and native lands of people and other family members. They were mostly from Yugoslavia and their race were Turks. They were temporarily registered in a neighbourhood and it was written administrative units and houses, where they were principally settled, in the section of thoughts. Photographs of some of them were attached to the pages, on which their informations had been, and it was written their residential addresses. This register was confirmed by judge of the county in 1935. It consists of ninety pages. Its size is 50x70 cm. It was not met with the another book in the same way in the archives of registry or other registry offices.
More...Keywords: Saint Gregory of Nyssa; cult; iconography; medieval Serbia; hagiographical sources; frescoes
The following paper investigates the cult of St. Gregory of Nyssa in medieval Serbia (1168–1459) on the basis of hagiographical and iconographical sources. It reveals that the name of St. Gregory of Nyssa is regularly present in different hagiographical records: in preserved menologions for January, in full menologions, in prologues and other writings. The lives of St. Gregory from the analyzed prologues are rather extensive, spacing taking up half or a whole page, or even more. They especially emphasize the bishop of Nyssa as a great zealot of Orthodox Faith, its defender against heresy and participant of the Second Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople in 381. The last sentence of the lives usually describes the physical appearance of St. Gregory. Regarding St. Gregory’s portraits, they are present on frescoes in a great number of Serbian medieval churches. We distinguish between two main types in the portrayal of this bishop: the first one, dominant, representing him as a mature man, with apparent physical resemblance to his brother St. Basil the Great (Studenica monastery, 1208–1209; ill. 1; Sopoćani monastery, c. 1265; ill. 2, 3) and the second one, portraying him as an elder with white hair and beard falling over his chest (Mateič monastery, 1348–1353; ill. 4; Zemen monastery, c. 1360). The resemblance of two brothers, St. Basil and St. Gregory, can be noticed on the portraits in the Dečani monastery (ill. 5, 6). The present paper also discusses the liturgical texts written on the scrolls which St. Gregory usually holds in his hands.
More...Keywords: War crime; Genocide; 1991; Serbian aggression; Croatia;
The extremely cruel sufferings ofthe civilian population in Serbia's armed aggression against Croatia in 1991, (according to still incomplete data the proportion of civili ian casualties in the masacres with regard to the total number of civillians killed is 61%), as well as the fact that the crimes were committed on Croatian territory towards which Serbia has territorial claims - are the basis of our argument that genocide is part of the Serbian war strategy. The relevant sources of information used in the paper were government institution records (the Medical Corps Headquarters of the Croatian Army and the Commission for Dealing With Prisoners of War), Croatian newspapers (from May 2nd 1991 through March 1993), a small number of medical publications (Croatian Medical Journal, War Supplement 1 and 2) and Mass Killing and Genocide in Croatia 1991/92 published by the Croatian University Publishing House). Information presented in the text regarding the number of casualties is not an accurate image of the current situation, which was not our intention in the first place, but a documented and scientifically argued illustration of the suffering of the Croatian people in the period of the fiercest Serbian aggression against those Croatian territories the Serbs wanted to conquer and submit to ethnical cleansing.
More...Keywords: Romanian XVIIIth century Iconostasis; Royal Doors; Annunciation; Marian prophetic symbols;
The Annunciation with the Prophetic Symbols. The Royal Doors of the Iconostasis of the 'Holy Trinity' Greek-Catholic Cathedral, Blaj, Romania. The restoration in 2011 of the paintings of the Iconostasis of the Greek-Catholic Cathedral in Blaj, see of the Greek-Catholic Major Archbishopric in Romania, allowed the deepening of the iconographic studies of this iconostasis. In the line of the former iconographical studies, especially those of prof. Cornel Tatai Baltă, the present research aims at bringing new light for a better understanding of the meaning of the decorative program of the Royal Doors of this iconostasis, which presents unique iconographic and structural formulas.Indeed, the decoration of these Royal Doors, centered on the mystery of the Annunciation, surrounded by ten sun-flower shaped medallions containing Old Testament prophetic symbols, is the first example of this kind within the Romanian Byzantine area.After a brief description of the iconographic program of the iconostasis as a whole, and of the Royal Doors in particular, the reader is offered a careful researching of the iconographical and liturgical resources, which leads to an original interpretation of the meaning of the iconographical formula used for the Royal Doors of the Romanian iconostasis from Blaj.
More...Keywords: mentalité; lingua franca; choc culturel; sous-culture; enculturation;
La mentalité désigne un état d’esprit, une manière d’interpréter la réalité selon des principes, la manière associée aux coutumes observées dans les comportements. Dans une manière intuitive, on associe alors les comportements et les principes qui sont à la base des actions. Par conséquent, la mentalité fait référence à quelque chose de commun aux membres d’un groupe. Ce quelque chose peut être: comportements, manières de vivre, normes d’appréciation et caractéristiques.
More...Keywords: mentalité; lingua franca; choc culturel; sous-culture; enculturation;
La mentalité désigne un état d’esprit, une manière d’interpréter la réalité selon des principes, la manière associée aux coutumes observées dans les comportements. Dans une manière intuitive, on associe alors les comportements et les principes qui sont à la base des actions. Par conséquent, la mentalité fait référence à quelque chose de commun aux membres d’un groupe. Ce quelque chose peut être: comportements, manières de vivre, normes d’appréciation et caractéristiques.
More...Keywords: iconographic patterns; Christ's passion; medieval wall painting; Slovakia; Czech Republic
In the depictions presented in the article the gesture of raised hands expresses either Mourning or the feelings connected with Entombing, whose image is supplemented by the gesture of raised hands from the scene of Mourning, among others. The main source of illustration in these works seems to be Italian art, present in Western European painting. Its basis are iconographic solutions of the Byzantine art.
More...Keywords: Vrnjacka Banja; capacity utilization; accommodation; supply and demand
The municipality of Vrnjacka Banja, which has an excellent tourist base, a good offer of accommodation facilities and a huge tradition, is certainly one of the "tourist" leaders, which is why the success of its business can be viewed through the prism of overall spa tourism business in Serbia. A review of the existing business of highly categorized facilities in the municipality of Vrnjačka Banja can serve to obtain a clearer picture of the position of similar economic entities in the Republic of Serbia, especially in spa tourism. After reviewing the motive base of this municipality, this research discusses the supply, occupancy and price of highly categorized accommodation in the municipality, before the outbreak of the pandemic and compared to the demand in the first six months after the outbreak of the pandemic. Based on the analysis of the business of highly categorized accommodation capacities in the first six months of the crisis, it was determined that despite big problems, they managed to survive on the market. State aid and the discovery of alternative forms of accommodation helped them overcome the crisis period until their return to normal business conditions.
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