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The article provides an overview of the Latin quotes from Horace’s works used by Turgenev in his correspondence. The significance of such epistolary genre for the Russian writer has long been recognized by the researchers of his literary heritage. The study of Turgenev’s correspondence largely allows us to understand the philosophy and methodology of his works. In this context such usage of Horatian quotes by I. Turgenev in his letters demonstrates both Ivan Sergeevich’s deep knowledge of the Roman literature and, due to the detection of intertextual relations, reveals multiple potential sources of certain images, ideas, allusions and reminiscences. Fitting into the concept of intertextuality, quotations actively function in the discursive field being one of the binding components of linguistic, communicative, textual, philosophical, and aesthetic layers of the text. The review of Horatian quotes showed that citation of Horace’s texts has different purposes – some are anonymous names/title- quotes, others (presenting a much greater interest for the research from the stand point of poetics) become some kind of conceptual/semantic correlations between cultural epochs of Roman antiquity and Russian literature of the 19th century.
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The article is concerned with the problem of the passive constructions’ functions in German poetic texts. Grammar peculiarities of passive constructions and their stylistic facilities realized in German poetic texts are considered in the article. The study revealed that even though passive constructions are stylistically unlabeled they take an active part in the structuring of poetic texts and bring in extra meanings. Combination of structures involving both active and passive voices helps to identify semantic changes found in the poetic text. It is established that in poetic texts the static passive is used more often than the processual passive. It is related to the ability of the past participle to attribute “quality” to poetic texts in the analytical construction. The processual passive appears in the poems with peculiarities of compositional “narration”. In poetic texts, the object of passive constructions is mostly a lyrical subject which remains a semantic center of the poem, even though its perception field narrows.
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The question of relationships between the former Vologda bishop Anthony (Florensov) and a group of young intellectuals of the beginning of the XXth century, connected with symbolism, is interesting from both church-historical and historical-literary points of view. Since February 1898, Anthony lived “on rest” in Moscow Donskoy Monastery. Andrey Bely repeatedly visited the bishop and also brought to the monastery his close people – his mother, Aleksandra Dmitriyevna Bugayeva, A. A. Blok, N. S. Petrovskaya, L. D. Semenov, Z. N. Gippius, D. S. Merezhkovsky and others. The remained materials assisted in determination of approximate questions discussed at these meetings: the destiny of Christianity in the modern world, the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in national history, Christian aspects of the family and marriage, updating of extra Christian and anti-Christian mysticism among modern intellectuals. All these problems are quite close to that perspective, which was discussed at the same time at the well-known religious and philosophical meetings in Saint-Petersburg. It is necessary to consider discussions held in Donskoy Monastery in this historical context. In the article, special attention is paid to the forms and methods of “orthodox pedagogics” employed by bishop Anthony and to his impact on the minds of young symbolists. It is suggested that the image of the lord Anthony was reflected in a figure of the ascetic from “A Cup of Blizzards” by Andrey Bely.
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Within the context of dynamic development of computer-mediated communication the metalinguistic nature of its textual base gains special importance. Scientific support of the rapidly expanding Internet content involves complex and discursive implementation of generalizations together with the models of theoretical apparatus of the language. Active development of secondary semiotic systems, formalization of natural and artificial languages determine the necessity of engaging a wide linguistic paradigm in the infor-mation sphere – for systematic and consistent representation of semantics and solution of applied problems. The modern linguistic paradigm is characterized by practical feasibility enriched by interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and cross disciplinary models. The specificity of computer-mediated discourse, due to the content of the lingua informational format of modern communication, involves both processes: permanent formalization of semantics of empirical material and development of metalinguistic categories. Possessing substantial metalinguistic potential, the significance of the Universal has gained special dynamics in the field of comput-er-mediated discourse, visible even on the conservative grammatical level. Metalexical modeling of language relations in the area of computer-mediated communication is in high practical demand. It is also relevant in the theoretical aspect of syncretic knowledge.
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For local population, the Pomors, hunting, sealing, and fishing has always been one of the main occupations for an extended period of time due to the local natural conditions. Though Pomors’ household traditions have changed with the course of time hunting con-tinues to play an important role in their lives. Household peculiarities are reflected in Pomors’ traditional culture: an extensive layer of fishery folklore has been developed. In this article we try to analyze the current state of Pomors’ fishery folklore.
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The article presents an arrangement algorithm applicable for practical classes in Physics taught at the civil engineering faculty con-sidering future professional activities of the faculty graduates. Contrary to the widely practiced traditional methodological support the proposed algorithm provides students with an opportunity to solve the problem of structuring physical engineering environment, which can ensure both people’s comfort and adherence to specifications. Such approach will contribute to the motivation component of the educational process. Development of the climate and acoustic environment of different accommodation is closely related to the general physics’ principles of thermal and acoustic waves’ propagation and their interaction with the building enclosing structures. Therefore, a study of some cases describing practical situations occurring in the process of designing buildings and their further consecutive construction could be of particular practical value.
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For the first time, the letter of Arkhangelsk school inspector S. B. Prugavin, written in November of 1872 and addressed to the go-vernor of Arkhangelsk N. P. Ignatiev, is considered and analyzed in detail. The influence of S. B. Prugavin on the fate of his exiled son A. S. Prugavin is studied. A. S. Prugavin was exiled into the city of Kem in 1872. There he experienced physical and financial difficulties. Later the populist A. S. Prugavin grew into a distinguished researcher of the religious life of people residing on the terri-tory of the Great Russian Empire. The text of the letter, discovered by the author in the personal file of the exiled A. S. Prugavin and stored in the State Archives of Arkhangelsk, is contained in the article. The author concludes that the letter written by S. B. Prugavin played an important role in the improvement of his son’s exile conditions.
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The perception of Leonid Andreev as Stanisław Przybyszewski’s “double” in Russia of the beginning of the 20th century could, to a large extent, be explained by the desire to find some kind of equivalent in European literature for the innovative character of the Russian writer. The decadent Przybyszewski, being a “cult” writer of the Slavic world, fit this role perfectly. The publishing policies of the magazines Golden Fleece and The Scales, as well as the public discussions of the sexual question in literature at the turn of the century played an important role in the creation of association between these two names for the Russian reader. Both writers in their works dwelt on the philosophy of pessimism and individualism, topical for the Russian reader at the turn of the century, although the difference between Przybyszewski’s “metaphysics of genders” and Andreev’s metaphysical explorations was often ignored. Both of them turned their attention to acute contradictions of contemporary life. Depicting this life they focused on the exceptional on the verge of pathology. Multiple critics of the writers’ works saw similarity of dramaturgical practice through their choices of themes and motifs, as well as through the chosen symbolism, language, and style. One can find much in common in the playwrights’ theoretical principles: rejection of spectacularity, declaration of the “living symbol,” and in their ambition to feature the life of “the naked soul” (“psyche”) on the stage. At the same time, for both writers, the concept so essential for European modernism, is not equivalent to traditional psychologism. The writers are similar in their daring exploration of the depths of the subconscious, in the use of myths, and in the search of new synthesis on the stage – the synthesis of the epic and the dramatic. The juxtaposition, undertaken in this ar-ticle, leads to a discussion of typological similarity of the innovations in Przybyszewski’s and Andreev’s works, which were defined by the modernist paradigm. The destiny of the writers’ dramaturgical heritage has also been similar: after their phenomenal success they were forgotten for a long time, and now their literary heritage is gaining its cultural topicality again.
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The article is concerned with the problem of necessary forecasting of probable future changes in oil and gas prices. The analysis of the long-term changes of the average-weighted oil prices up to 2050 is based on the study of current specialized literature. The main economic, technical and political factors affecting the principle trend of the oil price formation at the oil markets are evident. In the long run, a demand for oil will start growing and the limited oil supply will cause deficit of this resource, which eventually will lead to high oil prices. Further economic growth and increasing population will only strengthen this tendency.
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The purpose of the article is to focus on the images of same Saints patronizing the thieves and their crime victims. The study is based on the data of peasant culture of the middle of 19th – early 20th centuries. The author identifies causes for the choice of particular Saints patronizing participants of the conflict. Special attention is paid to the images of Saint Nicholas and St. John the Warrior who are characterized by the bi-directional functions. Both the thieves and their victims appealed to these Saints for help. The author of the article concludes that this phenomenon can be explained both by the fundamental principle of reciprocity inherent to anthropo-logical and sociological sciences and by the belief that theft is a punishment sent by God.
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The article is concerned with the problem of historical sources identification for Ivan Efremov’s last novel “Tais Afinskaya”, which describes a military campaign unleashed by Alexander the Great from the point of view of one Greek woman. We analyzed both the texts provided by I. A. Efremov directly in the preface to the novel (Plutarch, Diodor Sitsiliysky, Ariane), and also some other materials (Pavsany, Lukian Samosatsky), which influence was revealed in the course of the analysis. The textual analysis of “Tais Afinskaya” showed that the author was generally guided by Plutarch’s “Comparative biographies”, from which he borrowed subject decisions and emotional coloring of episodes. The actual material and additional details were taken from works carried out by Dio-dor. The works of Arian had no essential stylistic or plot structure impact on this novel.
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The article is focused on the role of Countess Sofia von Hatzfeldt in the development of the German Social Democracy. Since 1846 Hatzfeldt was one of the most loyal friends of Ferdinand Lassalle; she financed his political activities – creation of the Workers’ Party is one of the strong evidences of her support. After Lassalle’s death Hatzfeldt contended with numerous “enemies” of Las-salleanism, propagated the cult of her idol, organized meetings with workers, created and actually superintend Lassalle’s General German Association. It is reasonable to ask how a representative of Prussian aristocracy could become one of the leaders of the labor movement. How could a woman living in the middle of the XIX century even dare to participate in the political struggle? The author of the article tries to answer these questions. Hatzfeldt’s role in the history of German labor movement was controversial. Most of the researchers considered her a schemer who aspired to power. The author pays special attention to the positive aspects of the “Red Countess” activities and, in the first instance, to the expansion of socialist and feminist ideas in Germany.
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The article analyzes multiple research papers of various authors involved with the problem of fuel and energy complex development in the region. The problems of the energy sector of Krasnoyarsk region are analyzed with the help of obtained statistical data. It was revealed that among principle problems negatively affecting the process of fuel and energy complex development in Krasnoyarsk region are the following: the critical level of losses in electrical supply networks; significant depreciation of the capital stock; nega-tive dynamics of innovative activities in crude oil production, natural gas, fuel and power resources’ extraction; lack of innovative activity in energy production. A necessity to classify problems characteristic of sustainable development of the fuel and energy complex was substantiated. The principles and criteria of the problems’ classification were elaborated. The author’s classification of the problems negatively affecting the fuel and energy complex development was offered. The author’s classification was based on the administrative aspect.
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One of the key features of A. Platonov’s writing style is the use of unique expressions. Occasional word combinations are of con-siderable importance in A. Platonov’s works. They attract the reader’s attention to the problems the author is concerned about and introduce the author’s philosophy and beliefs. In the paper we analyze the contexts of one of the general opus by A. Platonov – the story “The Foundation Pit”, in particular, occurrences of intentional and disguised implication of incorrect use of synonyms.
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The article characterizes social, political and cultural factors, which determined the trends of theatrical art development in Karelia after the Revolution. It shows that a professional theatre was established by the initiative of Olonets Executive Committee. The state financial support rendered to the theatres of the Republic assisted in popularization of theatrical art among local workers, peasants, and the Red Army soldiers. It also encouraged familiarization of poorly educated people with the cultural heritage of the country. The significance of the work carried out by the directors and actors from numerous well-known theatres in challenging conditions of the Civil war – first of all, Alexandrinskiy theatre – is described. Their professional supervision defined a high artistic level of the theatrical production. The analysis of discussions influencing the role played by the theatre art on the outcome of the Revolution was made based on the materials describing the theatre life in Karelia. The state authorities approached the art of theatrical perfomance as a tool of ideological influence. The actors and directors of Karelian theatres focused on the aesthetic principles of theatrical art. The author of the article characterizes theatrical debates, meetings, and reviews found in the local newspapers as a certain experience of the social dialogue existent in conditions of military and political confrontation.
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The article considers a phenomenon of the book hypertext as a complex of non-fiction texts based on the semantic structure of a particular fiction text being a part of literary communication. The study focuses on the reader’s review as an insufficiently studied type of book hypertexts. As a result of the Internet expansion and availability, the reader obtained a tool facilitative in the expression of his/her emotional assessment of the fiction texts more actively by posting an unlimited number of reviews. The emotive usage of certain graphical and punctuation means such as capitalization, asterisk, dots, grapheme multiplication, and exclamation mark is a peculiar feature of the reader’s review. The study revealed a tendency towards quantitative increase and combined usage of different graphic and punctual means aimed at visual accentuation of a particular part of the text. This textual feature points to the goal of the reader, which is to emphasize his/her prevalent emotion caused by a certain fiction text.
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A research on the construction principles and myth patterns in opera librettos by R. Wagner, philosophical and aesthetic writings of F. Nietzsche, and an opera libretto by Hofmannsthal has led to a conclusion on the creation of a new myth model, the main feature of which is a deconstruction of traditional approaches to it. In opera librettos by R. Wagner Germanic, myths were considerably reviewed from the standpoint of romanticism based on ancient mythology and for the first time were characterized by the author’s game-like approach. Nietzsche creates his own symbolic model of the myth based on the subordination of Creator’s ideas to the game of the World’s Will, which unifies, mixes, and combines elements of different mythological systems, depriving the national myth of its roots or any logical explanation. For the first time in Russian literary criticism, Hofmannsthal’s libretto from “Egyptian Helen” is shown to have the main components of Wagner’s and Nietzsche’s myth model: adoption of characters, storylines and certain details from European and Oriental mythology; subordination of the intrigue to the author’s logic and contemporary psychologisation of characters’ behavior. Hofmannsthal’s game-like nature of the myth model enables us to consider the libretto of “Egyptian Helen” in terms of postmodern literary strategies.
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Within the frames of the “Latin” course taught at the law faculties of different universities, the main attention is given to the study of Latin as a language of the Roman law, while the terminology of the international law is not duly represented. The course “Latin Terminology in Modern International Law”, presented in the textbook and in the dictionary of terms, bridges the mentioned gap and enables students not only to learn the basics of Latin grammar, but also to use Latin terms of contemporary international law confidently. The article deals with problem of the competence approach principles’ realization with the help of the new textbook. The textbook is also aimed at the early professional competency development. This approach helps students in their study of professional disciplines, facilitates in the acquisition of foreign languages, and increases students’ professional motivation.
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