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The article covers information about the most important issues related to innovations. Particular attention was paid to eco-innovations. The aim of the study was to identify possible actions to undertake for supporting and promoting eco-innovations in the Lubelskie Voivodeship. The obtained results have confirmed that eco-innovations are the most important priorities of the activities related to the development of the region. The effects of these activities provide an opportunity to the transformation of the Lubelskie Voivodeship from a region of poverty into an innovative eco-region.
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Social economy sector has been developing quite rapidly in Poland for several recent years. Entities from that sector have one thing in common – social goals, such as: combating exclusion, social cohesion, full employment, poverty alleviation, equality of women in the labor market, anti-discrimination, forming the basis of participatory democracy, improvement of management in the local environment and stable development. With the development of the social economy in Poland it becomes necessary for its entities to evaluate their effectiveness and efficiency as well as the impact on the environment. The purpose of this article is to present three selected methods and tools for measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of social economy entities, which are currently the most widely used in developed countries. An additional goal is to show the problems and limitations of their use when the Polish third sector organizations try to use those tools. Previous experience shows that most of the social economy entities are not able to use such tools using their own potential staff. They also do not have the ability to use the services of experts (lack of funds). Preparing the article the study of literature (Polish and foreign) was made, and conclusions from interviews conducted by the authoress among the representatives of such entities and institutions supporting their activities (in the framework of leading the training) were used.
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The concept of CSR is one of the most inspiring concepts of the modern economy. One of the key areas of corporate social responsibility in banking is to protect the environment, among others occurring in the form of ecological organization of work and the economic process.
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The article presents legal issues concerning the indebtedness of self-government units, as well as the EU’s procedures connected to the implementation of European funds in Poland. The main question raised in this paper is whether the new legal regulations will support policies directed at the proper development of self-government units and whether there are possibilities to improve financial capabilities of those units. The paper lists the literature on the subject and analyses the existing legal framework concerning public finance which regulates the issue of self-government indebtedness.
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Balancing the road transport market incurs social costs. Road transport causes carbon dioxide emissions. The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) causes an increase in external costs of road transport. The thesis is that the polluter pays. The article also explains the scale of CO2 emissions from motor vehicles in the period of 2000–2012. We discuss the price of CO2 emission permits. On the basis of the estimated price, the cost of CO2 emissions in Poland was calculated. In the final part of the article, we compare the cost of CO2 emission in Poland with the gross domestic product and paid compensation under a motor vehicle liability insurance.
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In connection with the amendment of the Act on maintaining cleanliness and order in municipalities, the local government sector is required to oversee the management of municipal waste, including the implementation of the tasks entrusted to entities receiving municipal waste from property owners. The local government sector through their actions have a significant impact in terms of environmental policy. It performs tasks assigned to it included in both the Constitution and program documents relating to the protection of the environment. One of the most important tasks of the system is the problem of organising the collection and sorting of waste, in such a way that it is environmentally friendly, yet satisfied the needs of residents. The municipality needs to carry out their tasks at their own expense. The purpose of the paper is to analyse waste management fee as income municipality. The paper focuses on the principles of calculation of the fee, analysing the various costs that must be covered. Special attention to the regulations in force municipalities in this area is presented. The article presents the method of analysis of the available legislation and the budgeted revenues of selected municipalities in respect of waste management. Due to the duration of the act it was not possible to present actual data, which will be available for the next financial years. The forward-looking analysis, carried out in a few years will allow to assess the validity of the changes.
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The functioning of the banks on the financial market is limited by soft law. The main elements of soft law are, first of all, The Canon of Good Practices of the Financial Market and The Banking Code of Ethics. Their contents are very similar. Differences are the result of their volume. CoGPoFM one document has multiple pages and the second BCoE dozen pages. Both codes, above all, present the principles relating to the treatment and customer service. They also emphasize the importance of providing information for consumers which has to be clear and accurate. The aim of the paper is to present these documents in a broader context of professional codes and professional conduct, the analysis of their content and a brief explanation as to their operation.
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The idea of socio-economic cohesion has become part of the strategies of sustainable development at both the EU and national level. Its most important aspects include income inequalities and risk of poverty and social exclusion, which readily translate into quality-of-life ratings. The aim of the paper was the evaluation of income inequalities of Polish households across socio-economic groups in 2005, 2010, and 2013, both between the groups and within each one. The analysis was based on raw micro data from the Household Budget Surveys conducted by The Polish Central Statistical Office in 2005, 2010, and 2013. A reduction in income inequalities, as measured by Gini, Theil, and quintile share ratio indices was observed − most sizable among the most affluent groups of the self-employed and white collar workers, but also among farmer households. The level of inter-group inequalities fell noticeably as well.
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People with disabilities are less competitive in the labor market than non-disabled people. Employers are reluctant to hire them because they are a source of additional costs. In order to increase the interest of employers in disability an obligation is imposed to employ such persons under pain of financial penalties. Such a system is called a quota scheme and is used in many countries, including Poland and the Czech Republic. In Poland quota scheme is more effective than in the Czech Republic. This is due to higher fees and the inevitability of payments, than is in the Czech Republic. Polish employers who do not employ disabled persons have to pay much higher fees to the State Fund for Rehabilitation of the Disabled People than employers in the Czech Republic.
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In the 2014–2020 financial perspective, the European Union is seeking the widest possible use of financial instruments in the implementation of the structural funds. Within each investment priority we should conduct the examinations, in which specific projects repayable instruments can be used. The aim of the article is to indicate whether within the investment priority involved with waste management it is reasonable to use repayable instruments.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises play a very important role in the economy in Poland and in Germany due to the fact that they represent a group which generates more than half of jobs and produces a significant part of GDP. However, for their development an acces to external sources of financing is important. For many years the most popular form of external borrowing has been a bank credit. This study presentes bank credit as a posibility of financing the development of foreign capital SMEs. Italso presents the essence of long-term business cooperation with the banking sector, which has a large impact on the acquisition of a bank credit.
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The idea of CSR is very popular in modern business and society. The integral and important part of this concept is the issue of the protection of natural environment. Also, the financial market is an excellent case of “business ecologization”. The Polish financial market is no exception. The aim of the elaboration is the assessment of knowledge of Polish society concerning the concept of CSR, especially ecological aspects, based on original own research. In the article the results of research on a representative sample of Polish society are presented. The research was conducted in 2014 in cooperation with GfK Polonia within the project “Ecological Evolution of Financial Market – EcoFin”. Unfortunately, the results are not optimistic, but the critical approach allowed for the better implementation of CSR concept in business practice.
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Nowadays we more and more often identify the significance of risk which source is external to the organization’s activities, and which accomplishment is particularly severe for its activities. This profile of risk can be referred to as an exceptional risk, which includes, among others, catastrophic risk, ecological risk and environmental risk. The objective of the article is to present and analyse the theoretical aspects of the organization’s functioning within the context of the evaluation of exposure to exceptional risk and pointing out insurance as an instrument adequate for the compensation of losses arising from the materialization of exceptional risk. The applied research methods are based on the literature study from the examined period and on the evaluation of the position of the insurance companies towards the exceptional risk.
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The article presents issues associated with inspection provided as a part of sickness insurance in the Polish social insurance system. Discussed problems are focused on subjects authorized to inspection and on inspection of proper adjudication about incapacity for work and the use of medical leaves. The analysis of the functioning of inspection, presented in this article, covers the years 2005–2013. The observation that in the considered period of time an increase of inspection activities with the simultaneous increase of questioned amounts, as a result of benefits inspections, occurred, belongs to the most important results that arise from this analysis. It must be emphasized that the results of inspection activity, in respect to general amounts of benefits paid from sickness fund or general number of medical leaves, are not important. With an overall evaluation of the functioning of inspection system, it allows to make a conclusion that its nature cannot be reduced only to detect incorrectness’, but it constitutes some kind of prevention for them not to occur.
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