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David Schauffler distinguishes five different levels on which one can consider the relation between art and politics: contextual, intentional, temporal, categorical, and finally and most importantly – ethical, a level which he regards as primary and fundamental. On the example of Knut Hamsun’s infamous pro-Nazi stance during World War II and his pro-German inclinations even long before the War, Schauffler exposes the difficulty, or rather impossibility, of reconciling a high appreciation of an author’s artistic merits with revulsion towards his or her offensive political opinions. Regardless of the numerous reasons we can adduce to explain Hamsun’s political views, among them the urge to remain untainted by commonly held beliefs, time came, argues Schauffler, when the conventional wisdom was right.
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The essay attempts to juxtapose the phenomenon of political correctness with other modes of thinking based on unshakable orthodoxy, most notably with religious thinking. To uncover the roots of political correctness it is necessary to go back to Renaissance humanism, which was historically the first to endow the Other with equal rights. Attempts to construct a solid pluralism are fraught with substantial difficulties that result from a major problem with thinking difference out. Political correctness is a transgression against intellectual integrity but, by the same token, it is tempting as a system of simplified thinking, which offers the comfort of not having to cope with the hardships of individual reflection. On the other hand, attempts to evade correct thinking, as José Saramago’s case illustrates, often lead to another kind of correctness.
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The article considers the modern phenomenon of political correctness from the perspective of Bakhtin’s theory of monologic language. The author discusses a socialist police thriller 07 zgłoś się in relation to the concept of political correctness. On the basis of the analysis of this TV series, the argument demonstrates the universal mechanism of the monologic language, a standpoint which attempts to eliminate all potential occurrences of heteroglossia.
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The article reviews current regulations concerning fiscal control in Poland: its organization, workforce issues, control procedures, scope and legal basis for its functioning.
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The evolution of communication networks is first determined by the valueadded services spread over, as fixed or mobile telephony, television and Internet. If 5 years ago, data transfer monopolized the network bandwidth, today, traditional services as above-mentioned are migrating and taking over the Internet traffic. The transfer process of analog towards digital services is generally called convergence. For the undergoing theoreticians of the idea of unification, the following question aroused: “Does the use of a unique infrastructure mean convergence?”. Although, as shown in the present paper, nowadays the same infrastructure can occasionally be used (television, data access, fixed and mobile telephony), in a truly convergent network, all the services are transported using the same protocol, coded at source and decoded at destination according to necessities. Convergence stands for combining all four data transmission services into one convergent network.
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