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Contradictorialitatea şi dreptul la apărare, ca principii fundamentale ale procesului civil, se asigură, între altele, prin intermediul regulilor de citare şi comunicare a actelor de procedură. Regulă recunoscută în toate procedurile civile ale statelor democratice, citarea obligatorie a părţilor pentru a se putea pronunţa o hotărâre judecătorească, reprezintă punctul de plecare al procesului şi temelia respectării principiilor procedurale. Noul Cod de procedură civilă, orientat către îmbunătăţirea tehnicilor de citare şi comunicare a actelor de procedură, spre asigurarea certitudinii unei cunoaşteri efective a procesului şi a actelor întocmite în cadrul acestuia, va determina, la intrarea sa în vigoare, importante schimbări în domeniul analizat, în general de ordin pozitiv, fără a omite însă şi implicaţiile pecuniare pe care un asemenea sistem le presupune. O tratare comparativă cu reglementarea şi jurisprudenţa franceză actuală în materie, care îşi dovedeşte eficienţa în mod concret, este de natură să releve că urmarea exactă a noilor dispoziţii procedurale va determina un plus în activitatea instanţelor de judecată.
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De obicei, o procedură specială civilă are drept scop de a rezolva rapid, în termen, un proces echitabil, un litigiu civil caracterizat de un anumit grad de specializare. Realitatea economică şi socială poate determina legiuitorul să reglementeze procedurile speciale cu noutatea. În acest sens, noul Cod de procedură civilă, a un introdus regim special privind creanţele cu valoare redusă. Noutatea acestei proceduri justifică o analiză detaliată a normelor de procedură şi a posibilelor neajunsuri ale noilor norme
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Reglementarea competenţei materiale în Noul Cod de procedură civilă se întemeiază pe următoarele soluţii de principiu: a) judecătoria va fi competentă să judece cauzele de valoare mică şi/sau de complexitate redusă, dar de o mare frecvenţă în practică; b) tribunalul va deveni instanţă cu plenitudine de competenţă pentru judecata în primă instanţă, în materie civilă, fiind menţinută plenitudinea de competenţă a acestei instanţe în alte materii specializate precum contenciosul administrativ şi fiscal, proprietatea intelectuală, litigiile de muncă şi asigurări sociale; c) curtea de apel va judeca în principal apelurile împotriva hotărârilor pronunţate de tribunale în primă instanţă, redevenind astfel instanţa de apel de drept comun; în condiţiile în care multe hotărâri pronunţate în apel vor fi definitive, rolul jurisprudenţial al apelului va fi foarte însemnat; d) Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie va deveni instanţă de recurs de drept comun, astfel încât să îşi îndeplinească rolul constituţional de a asigura interpretarea şi aplicarea unitară a legii la nivel naţional; există însă numeroase excepţii de la această regulă, menite să prevină supraaglomerarea instanţei supreme; e) au fost introduse prevederi care să asigure o modalitate unitară de a evalua obiectul cererii, astfel încât stabilirea competenţei după valoare să capete o soluţionare raţională şi consecventă. Se preconizează astfel o reglementare mai raţională a competenţei materiale şi, în strânsă legătură cu aceasta, a sistemului căilor de atac, care corespunde atât tradiţiilor antebelice, cât şi soluţiilor din dreptul comparat european. În acest sens, apelul redevine în mod real o cale ordinară de atac, aptă de a fi exercitată, în principiu, împotriva tuturor hotărârilor primei instanţe, asigurând astfel dublul grad de jurisdicţie în fond. În cazul recursului, se restabileşte legătura necesară dintre funcţia recursului, de a asigura interpretarea şi aplicarea unitară a legii de către instanţele de fond, şi competenţa de soluţionare a acestei căi de atac, care va reveni, în regulă generală, Înaltei Curţi de Casaţie şi Justiţie. În contextul intrării în vigoare apropiate a Noului Cod civil, la 1.10.2011, Legea nr. 71/2011 privind punerea în aplicare a NCC a adus modificări Legii de organizare judiciară şi a instituit totodată norme tranzitorii, care prevăd, în esenţă, transformarea secţiilor comerciale existente în secţii civile, ori unificarea cu secţiile civile existente, precum şi transformarea tribunalelor comerciale în tribunale specializate sau, după caz, în secţii civile în cadrul tribunalelor de drept comun. Aceste norme anticipează intrarea în vigoare a Noului Cod de procedură civilă, care, în conformitate cu concepţia monistă asupra dreptului privat, adoptată de Noul Cod civil, reglementează în mod unitar competenţa de soluţionare a cauzelor civile (în sens larg), indiferent de calitatea părţilor, profesionişti sau neprofesionişti. Legea prevede însă expres posibilitatea
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In his text the author showed the results of his fieldwork in Turkey, in the western Kurdistan. In his research, conducted on the border of the perspectives of anthropology and political science, he decided to compare the situation of the Kurdish people, the largest stateless ethnic group in Istanbul and Diyarbakir and the way in which they build their ethnic and national identity living in different places and in different environments. The author investigated how the Kurds preserve their ethnic customs and how they define their contemporary ethnic condition.
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The author describes the custom of two villages in Hargita county in Hungary. As the two settlements are close to forests, they abound both in pines and birches, which enables the inhabitants, for instance, the chopping-down of fourteen pines for a wedding as bridal young trees. Apart from weddings, there are numerous other occasions to set up young trees. The author also attempts to interpret the tradition, describe the functions of young tree setting in the limelight of its magical, artistic and ethnic contexts from the 1950s to the present days.
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The author in his text dedicated to action research made in the Vilnius region, Lithuania (a project realized by undergraduate students, PhD students, and one of the employees of the Chair of Ethnology and Anthropology University of Wrocław and a Lithuanian partner), presents an approach of engaged anthropology, basing on the characteristics important for it: cooperation, dialogism, openness, voluntariness. The paper presents the main features of the methodology of action research and further – the objectives and results of the research. It describes the cooperation between the academic anthropologists and non-professionals, moreover – the reflections on fieldwork and the problems that researcher has to cope with.
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The author presents scientific achievements of two scientific projects conducted by the Student Scientific Circle of Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology of Jagiellonian University in cooperation with the Student Scientific Circle of Institute of Public Health Collegium Medicum of Jagiellonian University which he took part in: “PromoAfryka” and “PromoKazachstan”. “PromoAfryka” was the scientific expedition to Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania (the author was responsible for an ethnological part of the research). The participants took part in the 13th World Congress of Public Health in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and conducted field research on the question of the impact of tourism on traditional culture of 12 tribes settled in lower Omo Valley and nutrition habits of the members of the tribes. The project has won several prizes. The “PromoKazachstan” project consisted in field research on Kazakh shamanism. Doubtless, both projects are fine examples of the key role which can be played by ethnology and its methodology in interdisciplinary scientific projects, as a complementary with life sciences approach.
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The paper concerns new immigrants (on the example of Polish-Chinese neighbourhood) but in two folklore phenomena: gossip and urban legend. The author demonstrates the process of formation the Polish-Chinese relationships resulting in – established in 2010 – economic cooperation between the city authorities and Chinese investors in the Silesian city of Jaworzno in Poland, where is located the Chinese largest Wholesale Center „Silesia Chinese Center” in the southern part of the country. The contact of such different cultures in the space of the city brought new urban legends and creates gossips, heroes of which were the Chinese people. Basing on her field research the author tries to answer the question of the source of these processes and their impact on the quality of Polish-Chinese relationships in the city.
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The article bases on ethnographical field research made in intercultural environment of little Slovakian spa. The author choses a place where different social groups co-exist: spa clients, spa employees and residents of the spa village. The general question is how the local quality of this environment is perceived and what are the contents of this exact idea of local quality, but the text mostly reveals a few aspects of the field research experience, the role of anthropologist, problems with finding informants and possible ways of fitting into the rythm of live in the spa resort.
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The text concerns the author’s project “Ethnography as a personal experience. Generational transformations in methodology and research practices”. It reveals a problematic, and partly unstable character of the strategy of constructing the identity of an anthropologist professional group. In the author’s opinion a Polish young anthropologist shows a disruption of knowledge transmission between generations as well as a discontinuity in the Polish ethnology tradition. As a result, there is a tendency in not only borrowing the theory and authority from the tradition of foreign national anthropologies, but also an uncritical transfer of discursive forms, authorizing national anthropology. In his opinion it is the most important question about contemporary shape of national anthropologies, especially Polish ethnology.
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The article is focused on a saint legend told to the author of the article and her colleagues, who were taking folklore interviews with Setos, by Ksenia Müürsepp (1911–2004) on her own initiative. The legend represents an idiosyncratic fusion of the story of the Forty Martyrs of Sebastia and an image of Saint Xenia. The main character is St. Xenia as a champion of (Orthodox) Christianity. The legend is compared to other folk narrative genres and a survey is given of the other legends told by the same person. Also, the narrative strategies used are compared with those of other genres. As the legend was about a female saint playing an active role the author became inspired to study a woman's general position in the Seto community, as well as the extant abstractions of types of women occurring in folk tales. The conclusion reads that the legend of St. Xenia enabled deviation from the local gender stereotypes, because the events were placed in a distant time and place. At the same time, Ksenia's believing the legend to be a true story enabled her subconscious identification with the central character – her namesake – to a greater extent than would have done a tale of any other genre or with a male main character. For Ksenia Müürsepp the sex of the main character was less important than her fight for Christianity.
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The works of Estonian poet fs is analysed in personality perspective, discussing his pen name as well as the intonational style of his poetry. The pseudonym fs is a signature of poetical utterances, which does not exactly function either as a personal name or a role name, being rather a signal of a name's place. Thus the pen name designates a half impersonal degree of subjectivity rather than a subject aspiring to a specific personality. Something similar is conveyed by the intonation and manner of utterance of fs's poetry – on the one hand it is clear and objective, not tending to the impersonality of dreams or language games, but on the other hand his poetic expression lacks a clearly individual style, "timbre" or specific tone. The language of fs's utterances is one of a neutral "man in the street", with personality hardly marked at all. All this harmonizes with the essential motives of his poetry, such as, for example, a split within the author, i.e. an existential split between the machine/animal in a person and his human self-awareness, as well as a split between a poet's desire for authenticity and the semiosis engendered by the cultural context. The poetry of fs somehow positions itself beyond the opposition of authenticity and cultural role-play, while fs managing it without the help of any mystical usage makes him quite unique in Estonian poetry. The article analyses the development of fs's poetry, comparing it, among else, with the changes observable in the works of J. Viiding, and localizing it in the landscape of the poetry by the younger generation of modern Estonian poets.
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The article aims to analyse the possible relations between spoken Võru and social networks. Two villages (one in Vastseliina and the other in Räpina parish) and their networks are observed. Both villages can be considered high-density networks where the individuals have multiplex network ties within the community. We have focused on lexical transferences from Võru to standard Estonian in the speech of four male speakers. For each informant the network score is calculated. The analysis demonstrates that lexical transferences do depend on the informants' network structure: the informants with stronger ties speak mostly the local variant of Võru with a few loanwords from standard Estonian, whereas the informants with weaker ties use more standard Estonian.
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This article is an attempt to put into practice a consistent approach for decomposing the aggregate unemployment in Bulgaria using the available statistical information. Investigating the interrelationship between unemploy-ment and vacancies with the help of the so-called “U-V approach” the levels of frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment in the aggregate number of unemployed in the country is estimated. The structural unemployment is additionally decomposed into geographical, occupational and mixed geographical/occupational components. The obtained results provide a sound basis for analysing some of the major trends in unemployment dynamics in Bulgaria for the period 2006-2010. Together with the estimation of unemploy-ment at national level, its basic components are studied from a regional perspective with respect to the administrative division of the country into planning regions.
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