Nașterea capitalismului dezastrelor ca urmare a aplicării doctrinei șocului
Review of: Naomi Klein, Doctrina Șocului. Nașterea capitalismului dezastrelor
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Review of: Naomi Klein, Doctrina Șocului. Nașterea capitalismului dezastrelor
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Review of: Mihai Pop, Vreau și eu să fiu revizuit, Publicistica din anii 1937-1940, Antologie de Zoltán Rostás
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This study starts from the observation that, before entering into the old disputes between the supporters of the different formes of state, first of all it must be started a discussion about the possibility of such a dispute. Built around the distinction outlined by Hayek between „the constructivist rationalism” and „the evolutionary rationalism”, this study tries to outline the necessity of a preamble to the topic in discussion.
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catallaxy, mână invizibilă, echilibru, cunoaștere, evoluţie culturală
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The article examines the current state architecture in Romania and analyses its main features, by answering to the questions „what kind of state we have” and „what kind of state we don’t have”. Its intention is to reassess the whole conception about the state and provide a new vision, which exceeds the old paradigms.
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In this paper we analyze some political aspects regarding monetary macroeconomics at EU level, stressing the importance of Maastricht Treaty of 1992, the monetary crisis that occurred in Europe in 1992-1993, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of Euro creation, we discuss about criteria and phases to enter in Euro zone, we analyze the specific situation of Romania, and we present our conclusion about the future of Euro zone and the consequences for Romanian economy.
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The present document contains a discussion of the circumstances and the course of the 1819 dissolution of monasteries, drawn up by tsar Nicholas I’s order of 1827. The ruler wanted to find out who had been the originator of the suppression, what plans it involved, who and how debated the project, and to what degree the decisions made at that time were subsequently effectuated. It was the Government(al) Commission of Income and Treasury –which may come as a surprise– that was appointed to prepare the study, rather than the Government(al) Commission of Foreign Denominations and Public Enlightenment, responsible for the administration of the property of suppressed monasteries. The author of Historical outline, Paweł Głuszyński, elaborated a brief history of the dissolution process, which was supplemented with copies of the most important records (nonextant in the documentation) illustrating its course. It is noteworthy that the outline emphasises the significant role of the Holy See in the subsequent stages of work on the suppression decree, and later on the course of its execution. The document is located in the fond Komisja Rządowa Przychodów i Skarbu, no. 1304, f. 112-118v, kept at the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw.
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Research on the economic activity of the mendicant orders started to become popular with historians studying monastic life in the Middle Ages only in last decades, thus there is little bibliography on the topic. However the fact that there were and are running vast methodological attempts for research such as the MARGEC project, which go past the factual exchange of information and suggest viable methods to reveal the details regarding the economic activity of the mendicant orders of Central Europe in the Middle Ages should be considered an important step. Thus, it is the aim of this paper to continue to enrich the situation of the mentioned research tendency in a small way by examining the gifts of the wills and donations made to the mendicant friaries of Transylvania and to contribute to a broader and more complex understanding of the relationship between the Transylvanian mendicant orders and different economic activities in the medieval period. Giving a general outline of Transylvanian mendicant monasticism in the Middle Ages with its specifically Hungarian characteristics, we analyze the three most frequent types of real estate donations given to these religious institutions of Transylvania. It is clear that the results of the analysis of the given immovable properties to the friaries can be used not only for a better knowledge of the material culture of these religious institutions or for the donation and testamentary practice of the time, but they also can help us to chart the goods of the friaries. Having this data we can make further analysis regarding the economic situation of the friaries, what kind of property each friary had and how they could manage these goods in order to have a prosperous life.
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It is very difficult to give a precise number of charters of foundation and charters with endowment clauses or to offer an exhaustive list of charters of donation. In the first part of the paper I present how and in which forms the primary sources concerning the mendicant orders were preserved. Some orders were particularly lucky to have their own archives, others were not, their charters were dispersed among several different –mainly familiar– archives both in Hungary and all over the world. In the second part I analyse the different forms of charters, e. g. charters of foundation and charters of donation. By thematisng them I try to define the main forms of donation (lands, buildings, rents, peages, immunities, precious objects, etc.) including another special feature, the distinction between the direct and indirect donations.
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Under tsar Alexander I’s ukase of 13 March 1820, all members of the Jesuit order were forced to leave the territory of the Imperial Russia. Following this decision, the abandoned Jesuit church in Polotsk was taken over by the Piarists, and 20 years later it was transformed into an Orthodox temple. This conversion caused the equipment to be removed and transported to he former Royal Castle in Warsaw. The current source edition presents a list of objects from the Jesuit church in Polotsk drawn up in 1843, after they had been transported to Warsaw. The index comprises the information on the appearance, value, and number of the removed items which altogether constituted the entire decoration of the church. Among them one could find both altar paintings, as well as smaller objects, such as pieces of the so-called chalice linen. The document signed by the castle’s steward Leopold Gimbutt can be an important source for the research on the history of the Polotsk temple founded the Society of Jesus. Supplemented with the data from a 1855 inventory, included in the same card-board-bound unit, it may serve as an important contribution to the study of the subsequent fate of the pieces of the equipment from the Polotsk church. The list belongs to the collection of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw, fond Castle Steward, no. 57, Castle Steward’s Records Concerning Objects Left by the Polotsk Jesuits.
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The aim of the present paper has been to present the most distinctive elements of the Jesuits’ influence in three large Prussian cities, bastions of Protestantism in Royal Prussia (and Poland): Gdańsk, Toruń, and Elbląg, as well as to summarise the effects of their expansion, successes and failures. It was only in Toruń that the Jesuits managed to establish a college within the city walls. In Gdańsk they founded a missionary post in the Blessed Virgin Mary parish (later – at the Royal Chapel) with a base at the college of the nearby Stare Szkoty, while in Elbląg – two short-lived missions at the parish of St Nicholas: one established at the end of Zygmunt August’s reign, the other one – in the 1760’s. The Jesuits managed to introduce into these three towns –to the degree which the organisation of their institutes permitted– various forms of religious activity, without neglecting education (although only in Toruń with a complete success), ministry in a broad sense, nor preaching. They also used more refined forms of exerting influence: they supervised confraternities, held discussions and debates, and organised religious propaganda. In order to promote the Catholic doctrine they used both the word and the visual image, including exterior decorations of the facades (wall emblems) as well as interior embellishments (paintings and figures documenting the cults popular in Baroque and among the Jesuit Society). Thus, the Jesuits marked their presence in those towns –especially in Toruń and Gdańsk– but they also met with a negative response from the society, particularly in Toruń, where unrest and clashes between Protestants and Catholics were most common, and the presence of the Jesuits acted as a catalyst for this kind of behaviour. One could advance a thesis that (negative) reaction towards the Jesuits was proportional to the scale of their presence in these cities: the stronger it was, the sharper and more decided the reaction of the opposing factors proved to be. Notwithstanding, the immediate effect of the Counter-Reformation campaign in these three cities –conversions into Catholicism– occurred on an extremely modest scale, though relatively largest in Gdańsk, the most “open” of all the cities of the Republic of Poland, a large commercial and cultural centre of this part of Europe. Toruń and Elbląg turned out to be much more resistant to conversion (especially that effectuated by the Jesuits) than Gdańsk. Thus, the overall outcome of the Jesuits’ presence in these three municipalities was by no means a success. Nor was it, however, an outright failure, since the Jesuits continually strove to strengthen the position of Catholicism in the vicinity of these cities, in the broadly defined Gdańsk Pomerania (Royal Prussia). In the 19th century, the Catholic workforce flocking for work to the rapidly developing industrial centres based the cities in question managed to increase the population potential of the Catholicism.
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In the Archdiocesan Archive in Poznań, among the KA 10 969 records, an interesting document has been preserved. In October 1828 the Gniezno and Poznań metropolitan archbishop Teofil Wolicki received a lengthy letter from Fr. Jan Kompałła. The parish priest from Bukowice was requesting from the archbishop an intercession with the Prussian authorities in order for the property of dissolved monasteries to be bequeathed to the Catholic Church. In five well-grounded points, he presented reasons for which this property was not supposed to be handed over to the Protestants, as well as demonstrated how to utlise it practically. He suggested –among other things– that monastery buildings serve as lodgings for retired priests or impoverished families, and as institutes devoted to upbringing and education of children bourn out of wedlock. He intended the former Franciscan monastery in Grabów to be converted into a gymnasium for the Catholic youth. Education was meant to protect them from the partitioner’s endeavours to deprive them of the national identity. He was also asking the archbishop to elicit from the lay authorities the consent to move part of the equipment –even of the active monasteries– to poorer parish churches. He argued that these temples had been neglected for centuries, since the nobility had always been donating their lavish gifts exclusively to religious orders. Fr. Kompałła’s letter resulted in the Poznań Administrative Office’s directive no. 348 of 19 December 1828 and the Poznań Archiepiscopal Consistory’s directive no. 119 of 14 January 1829 sent to 22 deans in the territory of the Poznań diocese. They were instructed to gather information on what sort of equipment would be useful for the poor parish churches within the deaneries they were in charge of. Few were the parish priests who admitted that their temples did not need anything. The rest submitted lists –of various length– of the desired equipment. A tabular listing of the objects was sent to the Poznań Administrative Office by the consistory. These lists (collected in an thick cardboard-bound archival unit –poszyt– KA 12 236) were undoubtedly used afterwards to distribute the equipment of the dissolved monasteries.
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The article examines the surviving written sources of economic content or relevance related to the Medieval Friars Minors on the territory of present day Czech Republic, which covers the core lands of the Bohemian crown in the Middle Ages, i.e. Bohemia and Moravia. Starting with the Order’s initions and its idealistic attitude towards poverty and the refusal of material goods, it gives then an overview of the most fundamental internal regulations and external, merely Papal decisions on the treatment of money, land and goods as means of ensuring the economic survival and success of the Europewide proliferated Order. The following section provides a brief review of the historiography dealing with the economic practice of the friars, preceeded by a summary of their provincial organization and distribution of settlements. This is followed by a methodological discussion of the relationship between activies of economic relevance, their categorization in terms of economic weight as well as content and the chance of their tradition. Then, the author discusses the most important sources and source collections (published or not) which attribute significantly to the investigation of the Friar’s economic activies; this part of the study aims to provide the basis for an inventory of sources still to come. In the last paragraph, some of the most meaningfull sources, namely the urban books of Brno, the charter book of the Order’s double monastery of Cheb/Eger, and the scattered documentation on the Prague double monastery are presented in order to exemplify goals and limits of present and future examination and pathes of interpretation; these examples demonstrate the wide range of investigation, oscillating between a one-dimensional evaluation of a specific type of source and the bundling of multiple evidences taken from a broad variety of sources, each of them characterized by its own validity; taking the relatively poor tradition of many Franciscan houses into account, the article finally intends argues to adopt an laborious inter-textual approach for gaining at least to some extend a ‘holistic’ picture where researchers have to deal with a lack of a premium source traditions and, otherwise, to integrate the analysis of surviving serial sources into a wider frame of inter-institutional comparisons in order to assess the relative weight of specific economic transcations of one individual Franciscan house.
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The above papers show the main aspects of the textual sources about the material running of the mendicant friaries in Central Europe between the 1220’s and the 1550’s. First, much more documents did survive in this area than one could expect at first glance – especially from the mid-fifteenth century onwards. Moreover they belong to a wide variety of texts (endowment charters, accounts, records, last wills, obituaries...). Most of them are located in the Polish lands and come from the Dominicans. A large number were produced upon instruction from urban authorities. The planned programme (MARGEC) promises indeed to be fruitful.
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This introduction begins by underlining the necessity of placing the economic practices of the friars at the heart of the studies on the mendicant life (we choose to speak about a real « anthropological object », in particular for Franciscans) while being wary of schematic conceptions, categories and even expressions (such as « economy of the Sacred »). To have a clearer and more global vision of sources, one of the objectives of MARGEC is to offer a long-lasting tool for the scientific community. The workshop allowed to discuss the structure of the inventory of sources, which can be built according to two entries: by types of documents or by types of income. It was decided to combine both approaches, in order to neglect none of the three sectors of the material running of mendicant friaries (income, modalities of management, expenses), as we underline it briefly for the question of the reformatio – both « correlative » and essential in the perspective which is ours.
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Among the records from the Franciscan Observants monastery in Ostrzeszów (PA 298/6), kept at the Archdiocesan Archive in Poznań, there is a copy of a decree issued on 8 November 1797 by king Frederick William II. He imposed an obligation on mendicant orders to pay a tax on animal slaughter and the production of beverages, which they had formerly been exempt from. By way of compensation, they received a small quarterly financial aid for the religious, novices and their servants, as well as a certain sum per every bed for the infirm in the monastery. In order to receive these benefits, the superiors had to submit reports on the headcount every three months. If they failed to provide true information, they could face an inspection from the provincial officials or lose the compensation. The decree was most probably intended for the officials of the Kalisz department created in 1796, since it was signed by the then president of the Piotrków camera von Oppeln-Bronikowski and its deputy director von Reinbeck. It remains unknown how the Ostrzeszów Franciscan Observants fathers came into possession of the document.
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The account books in general offer the best possibility to analyze the management and the everyday life of the friaries. However, there are but a few surviving in medieval Hungary and even these are fragmentary. Their common feature is that they were not prepared for the internal use of the convents but for the patron, i.e. for the town and for its council. This fact influenced the content, too, revealing a special aspect of the relation between the convent and the community that had the patronage rights. Beside the account books of franciscains friary of Sopron which are the best known sources of this type, there are some fragments of the Carmelite friary of Eperjes (Prešov), of the Austin Hermits of Bártfa (Bartfeld, Bardejov) and of the Dominican convent of Selmecbánya (Schemnitz, Banská Štiavnica). The picture gained from these fragmentary sources is very incomplete. Nevertheless, a certain number of characteristics could be detected through their analysis: the separation of the management of the community from that of the church, the secondary importance of the landed estates and of other properties compared to different forms of alms, as well as the changing role of the procuratores and of the friars by the end of the Middle Ages (late 15th – early 16th century). The account books of Sopron – being the most detailed documents – reflect a considerable flexibility in the economic life of the convent, as well as the prudent administration. In Sopron both the main expenses and incomes were connected to the production, especially to the wine production. Despite some common features there was no uniform economic model at the mendicant orders in this period. Presumably, there was a certain difference between the management of the Transdanubian and north-Hungarian convents and the Transsylvanian friaries, respectively, which is reflected in the absence of account books among the sources connected to latter group of mendicant institutions.
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