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Chemical communication of cells has resulted in the development of two types of regulatory systems, the humoral and the neural regulation. Neural regulation is performed by the nervous system, and is essentially faster than humoral regulation. Neurons have long protrusions called axons, which transport the information from the cell body to the axon terminal. The high speed of this process (which can reach 100-120 m/s) is achieved by sequences of action potentials. When action potentials reach the axon, terminal neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and reach the receptors of postsynaptic cells. Although the information pathway is unidirectional (from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cell), presynaptic cells receive feedback from postsynaptic cells, which is important for the maintenance of the synaptic connection (keep in touch). It is also important to note that synaptic transmissions are continuously changing (disappearing and reforming) depending on need and activity – this is called synaptic plasticity, which has a basic role in learning and memory.
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The proper functioning of multicellular organisms depends on the coordinated action of individual cells. Therefore, cells need to constantly communicate without disturbing each other. This is achieved by secretion of signaling molecules, which are sensed by the target cells through specific receptors. After binding their corresponding signaling molecules (called ligands), receptors change their three-dimensional shape, i.e. get activated. In the case of intracellular receptors, the activated receptor-ligand complexes act directly in the nucleus by augmenting or suppressing transcription of particular genes. However, the majority of signaling molecules released by signal sending cells cannot enter the target cells; therefore, most of the receptors are embedded in the cell membrane. The intracellular domains of these receptors activate the so-called second messengers, which transmit the signal inside the cell. The cellular response is usually the result of the activation of a specific intracellular signaling pathway. Here we discuss the molecular components of the most important signaling pathways emphasizing some aspects of their physiological and pathological functioning.
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Essay which evaluates the topic of child abuse within the Catholic Church.
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Biological essay on the communication between plants in the form of a poem.
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Врз основа на индивидуалното право на самоодбрана, секоја држава воспоставува и организира сопствен одбранбен систем, соодветен на нејзините потреби и можности. Но, од фактот што државата е и членка на меѓународната заедница, произлегува обврската за почитување на нормите на меѓународната право. Во таа смисла, во трудат се прави обид за осветлување на меѓународно-правните основи на системот на одбрана на Република Македонија. И покрај општиот заклучок дека при неговото нормативно-правно конституирање, главно, се почитувани принципите и правилата на меѓународната право, сепак се укажува и на одредени пропусти и недостатоци. Комплементарноста на македонскиот одбранбен систем со универзалниот систем на колективна безбедност зависи од отстранувањето на посочените недостатоци.
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L’auteur étudie les droits de la personnalité dans une manière différente, plus large que celle utilisée habituellement dans la doctrine. Il propose un concept unitaire – Lex Personalitatis – dans le but de réunir toutes les prérogatives de l’individu sur l’image, l’identité, l’intimité, la vie privé. Le fondement du Lex Personalitatis est le droit de l’être humaine de développer librement, plenièrement, sa personnalité. Dans une définition des termes, Lex Personalitatis est plus large que la notion „droits de la personnalité” et peut être rechercher sur deux plans: droit fondamental (ius personalitatis) et, le même temps, élément du Lex Informatica. Dans la société de l’information, Lex personalitatis constitue une garantie de la confidentialité et un instrument indispensable d’une personnalité connecté aux nouvelles technologies.
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E-invoice. This term, borned in 1990, is today a reality for a lot of companies. It’s a way to realize economies and improve the in-house process. Nevertheless, leading a such project is a long way because of the technical and legal specifications. Going in a no-paper process requires a strong knowledge regarding the electronic signature. We would like to present an introduction of the mains obligations the companies have to comply with under the law of France & Switzerland.
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