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Abstract. This paper deals with global tendencies of migration. It points out that, for several reasons, in comparison with commodities, services, technology, not to mention capital, labour is still the least liberalized production factor. Nevertheless, migration pressure, international competition and the strategies of many countries and companies presage a rapidly growing share of non-native workers in the total labour force. In contrast to classical migration research that focused on the impact of migration on host/target countries, the author deals with the equally significant impacts on sending/emigration countries. First, ambiguous consequences for these countries’ labour markets are analyzed, including regional and social implications. Second, the well-known and often disputed “brain drain – brain gain – brain waste” issue is addressed. A special section deals with the – again ambiguous – impact of financial transfers from workers employed abroad to their relatives at home. Finally, potential policy responses that would allow sending countries to minimize the losses and maximize the benefits derived from various forms of migration are presented.
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Abstract. The combination of emigration and internal migration from peripheral areas to larger cities has crucially changed and shaped societal and spatial structures in Albania during the post-communist era. Some peripheral regions within the country itself suffer from extreme depopulation, resulting in partial abandonment of settlements. At the same time, the country’s central region experiences an unregulated, hardly controllable influx of migrants, who frequently foster close connections with their regions of origin. Even in the case of emigration, connections and relations with one’s home country are rarely completely cut off. Manifold backlashes of migration on regional and local development can thus be observed in Albania itself. This includes, for example, remittances of respectable amounts, which help families to secure their livelihood and often serve as seed capital for entrepreneurial independence as returnee’s business. There is even evidence of effects on the country’s cultural landscape through a kind of rent seeking mentality; for in those regions where the amount of private remittances from abroad received by households is high, the areas of fallow agricultural land are particularly large.
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