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In the context of economic, ethnic or linguistic, even religious diversity, nowadays, Europe aims at an unprecedented political and economic unity. European Union, as a symbol ofEuropean unity for the entire continent, at least as widely accepted paradigm, is today not only a political and economic reality, but also a legal one, based however on significant cultural diversity. Europe was and still remains the symbol of unity in diversity, a community of civilizations and balance, but also a community of religious and cultural division. Undoubtedly, beyond the approaches that are rarely based on clear semantic definitions and concepts or precise determination of reality, multiculturalism and interculturalism are obvious realities of European Union, both as given and attitude. Moreover, we may add as particular approach, the idea of cultural identity and cultural otherness, the best definition of the ideal of European unity, as a unique space of civilization, yet extremely diverse and understood by all citizens who feel to be European, even during global economic crisis such as the one in the last three years. This is why the education in the spirit of general European values, but also in the spirit of multiculturalism as fundament of European space must be an ideal, a goal for the Romanian educational system.
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The integration and the liberalization of the borders have brought new sources of menace on security among which corruption and organized crime are prominent. Corruption manifests itself and influences in a negative way the security of the state. Corruption encourages the risk factors, while these risk factors encourages corruption. The link between corruption and organized crime have weaked the institutions of the state of law up to dissolution. Corruption has manifested itself at the political, economic, social and cultural level in all great empires; it hasn’t been conceived by the Romanians. In Romania corruption was manifested in all ages with variable intensity. Corruption has economic, institutional, political, social and moral causes. After 1989, in Romania corruption acts intensified and affected all fields of activity: economic, social, political, administrative. The massive privatization of the Romanian economy was the most important source of corruption. Corruption degradates public property, limits access to investments, affects consume, markets, production and has negative effects on the welfare of the population, the state institutions and economic agents. The phenomenon of corruption amplifies the vulnerabilities and the risk factors from the point of view on national security.
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The article presents another perspective about the Great Depression and the American-Russian inter-war relations. It is told about important declarations which show that the stock market crash of October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, was provoked by the most important bankers on Wall Street. It is explained an important reason why Soviet Union didn’t suffer because of the Great depression. It is told about The Martens Office, a Soviet espionage office in New York, in World Tower Building, where worked Genrich Grigorevici Iagoda and about his very important political achievements. There are also presented aspects about the Soviet interference in Rumanian popular revolts of this period.
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Romania’s Adherence in the fifth European Union integration wave in 2007, was done in an atypical way considering the legal frame specific to the adherence Treaty but also considering the other former integration waves. Thus, although the adherence mechanism defined by the adherence Treaty, permitted using the safeguard provisions and the transitory measures till the becoming effective of the integration entrance, it was launched the cooperation and verification mechanism, an institution dedicated to the extended aquis implementation and subjective over the procedures. The Romanian reality as well as the financial-economical crisis reality that came over European Union brings to the light the need for perfectioning, of intervention for correcting the deviations, and for overpassing the system’s crisis and not only. Starting 2013, an extended „EU Anti-corruption Report” mechanism will offer a correcting oportunity for the subjective interpretations of some political parties of some member states and not only, by abating the „Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification” and applying for Romania also, as a member state of the European Union of the mechanism regarding the anti-corruption.
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Terrorism simply appears to be one of those concepts impossible to define, if one tries to keep out of one ideological fallacy or another. Many have tried, but few have succeded to find a definition that would meet the required methodological standards. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to browse through several definitions of terrorism in order to identify what are the common elements among them. The issue of methodological clarity is increasingly important in the current security environment, as no effective counterterrorism strategy can be devised in its absence.
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Moravia and Silesia are historical lands which nowadays create the eastern part of the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, the major part of Silesia belongs to contemporary Poland, a smaller part belongs to Saxony. Moravia as a margraviate and Silesia as a duchy belonged as integral parts to the Holy Roman Empire and were feudally dependent on the Czech king, later on the Habsburg and Prussian state. Their historical lines projected in that aspect that their coats of arms exist in two versions.
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The essay analyses first the Hungarian legal historiography in the 20th century. It gives the list of scientific schools of the Horthy era and its most important representatives. In addition, the essay examines the intellectual impacts that shaped the contemporary science of Hungarian legal history. After then, the paper deals with the so called socialist science appearing after World War II. The essay refers to the ideological subjection (determination) of the science and the battle of the old and new approach. The chapter that introduces the present situation of the science of legal history displays the research centers of legal history reawakening from the 1970’s. The paper also reviews the process of development of the education and research centers in the provinces. It also introduces the procedure of how the science of history and legal history approached each other. The author endeavors to name each important scholar and to refer to the most remarkable works written by those.
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The bourgeois transformation created the conditions subsequent to which the demand for statutory regulation of Hungarian citizenship could emerge. The codification of citizenship law was helped by the appearance of the idea of sovereignty and of the principle of equality before the law. The development of a bourgeois state organisation striving to rid itself from the vestiges of feudalism made the reform of citizenship law, as one of the elements of state sovereignty, unavoidable. The bourgeois transformation played a major role not only in the extension of the principle of equality before the law, but also in changing the meaning and the content of the concept of citizenship. Citizenship was an expression of the legal relationship existing under public law between a state and its citizen. In the public law of feudalism, this concept did not exist. As a result of this process, citizenship law also became a part of public law in Hungary (act L of 1879), despite the fact that certain elements of private law continued to play a role in case of both the acquisition and the loss of citizenship.
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The paper presents the analysis of correlation between the legal dogma and legal history as it was reflected in the theoretical publications of several renowned Russian Private Law scholars throughout the 20th century. The author states that historical argument may, and should, perform the explanatory and corrective functions in relation to legal dogma, but de facto it serves as an ornament in Russian Private Law studies. The author traces the causes of this discrepancy between the desired and actual state of the legal discipline by examining colloquial, philosophical and legal meanings of “dogma” in Russia; European ancient and medieval origins of the legal dogma; and its link with the modern Roman law. The author argues in favour of a more active usage of Legal History in order to correct the inherent drawbacks of dogmatic approach to legal research.
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This article includes the overview of political system and functioning of the local administration in Poland in the years 1944-1950, as well as the problems of clerical (officials) law after World War II. On the background of these general statements the article shows selected issues concerning the activity of Krakow County, dealing in the vast majority with the employed officials. In accordance with the above scheme, the article is divided into three equivalent parts.
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Die heidnischen Römer maßen, ähnlich wie andere Völker der Antike, dem Eid eine große Bedeutung bei. Diese wichtige Rolle der Eidablegung blieb auch nach dem Sieg des Christentums, sowohl im privaten als auch im öffentlichen Bereich, bestehen. Der Akt des Eides erhielt nun einen christlichen Inhalt, der in der Anwendung der Bibel seinen formalen Ausdruck fand. Die Konstitutionen von Kaiser Justinian liefern viele Hinweise auf die Anwendung des auf die Bibel abgelegten Eides. Aus diesen Erlassen geht klar hervor, dass dieser symbolische Rechtsakt, der trotz seiner christlichen Form, in vielerlei Hinsicht weiterhin Ähnlichkeit zu den alten heidnischen Eidesformeln aufwies, breite Anwendung fand.
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The Austro-Hungarian Empire's military justice system, like much in the Empire, adapted slowly to changing times. First Lieutenant Adolf Hofrichter's 1909 poisoning of a member of the Army's General Staff, and his subsiquent investigation and trial, illustrate the weaknesses of the Austro-Hungarian court marshal system and its' perception in broader society. The Viennese press's suggestions and complaints about Hofrichter's court marshal, show the need for adaptation and change. The press also illustrate the role of the military within the broader criminal justice system of the fin-de-siecle Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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In the second half of the 19th century, when the mass-migration flow started from Hungary mainly to the United States and to other American destinations, the Hungarian government slowly revealed the complexity of this social phenomenon. In the early years of the Hungarian migration, it was the economic and military question, which gave a push to the governmental steps in a higher level, and from the end of the 19th century, it was the ethnic problem, which made the Hungarian policy ambiguous.
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Die Mitglieder des Kaiserhauses waren österreichische Staatsbürger mit zahlreichen Privilegien. Sie waren strafrechtlich besonders geschützt. Privatrechtlich unterstanden sie der Hausgewalt des Kaisers, dessen Genehmigung sie für Eheschließungen, Adoptionen und letztwillige Verfügungen benötigten. Im Zivilverfahren hatten die Mitglieder des Kaiserhauses einen eigenen Gerichtsstand vor dem Obersthofmarschallamt Der Aufsatz beschreibt die Rechtsstellung der Mitglieder des österreichischen Kaiserhauses anhand des habsburgischen Familienstatuts, der entsprechenden Gesetzesbestimmungen und der zeitgenössischen juristischen Literatur. Außerdem werden konkrete Beispiele für die Anwendung der rechtlichen Regelungen gegeben.
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Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Kriminalistik und Kriminologie in Österreich mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Wien in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Ausgehend von weitgehend ungedrucktem Quellenmaterial wird die Gründung des Universitätsinstitutes für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft und Kriminalistik beschrieben und im Hinblick auf die beteiligten Personen und Lehrinhalte beleuchtet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdient dabei Wenzel Gleispach als Gründer des Instituts sowie die wissenschaftlichen MitarbeiterInnen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird der Frage nach der Öffnung der juridischen Fakultät für Frauen als Arbeitnehmerinnen nachgegangen. So stellte dieses Institut als erste Einrichtung der rechts- und staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Frauen als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterinnen an. Abschließend wird das Verhältnis zum Kriminalistischen Institut der Polizeidirektion Wien erläutert.
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Der moderne Jurist kommt wieder verstärkt mit alten europäischen Rechtsinstituten in Kontakt, die in Europa als „ausgestorben“ bezeichnet werden können, während sie in außereuropäischen Rechtsordnungen in ähnlich Ausprägung weiterhin existieren und im Wege der Globalisierung, ihren Weg zurück nach Europa finden. Das stellt die Rechtswissenschaft vor die Aufgabe, die sich aus den verschiedensten Gesetzen speisenden Rechtspositionen in Einklang zu bringen. Vor diesem Hintergrund lohnt es sich, sich in Erinnerung zu rufen, dass die Schaffung des Internationalen Privatrechts sowie die Harmonisierung des europäischen Zivilrechts auf eine lange Tradition zurückblicken können. So war es bereits im 12. Jahrhundert in Bologna erfolgreich gelungen, das von Justinian geschaffenen Corpus iuris civilis wiederzubeleben und somit ein einheitliches, europaweit Geltung beanspruchendes Gesetzeswerk für das Zivilrecht zur Verfügung zu stellen. Die personellen, institutionellen und methodischen Ursprünge der europäischen Rechtswissenschaft sollen im Folgenden Beitrag vorgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus werden am Beispiel der Lex Aquilia einige, in dieser Ursprungszeit entwickelten Rechtsgedanken aufgezeigt werden, deren Wirkung sich bis in die Neuzeit feststellen lässt.
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Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Analyse der Rechtsregelung der Schadenshaftpflichtversicherung in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. und am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in der österreichich-ungarischen Monarchie. Einer gründlichen Analyse werden die betreffenden Bestimmungen des Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches von 1811, die Versicherungsregulative und der Vorbereitungsprozess der Verabschiedung des Gesetzes über den Versicherungsvertrag unterzogen.
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