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This paper examines the social position of fishers in contemporary South Korea and Poland. By looking into thehistorically embedded social structural transformations in the two countries, this paper identifies the followingthree facts. Firstly, fishers both in South Korea and Poland currently hold low social position. However, unlikeKorean fishers whose low social position has hardly changed, Polish fishers enjoyed relatively higher positionfrom the postwar period of World War II through to 1989 when both market economy and democracy systemwere adopted. Secondly, the low social position of fishers in Korean society is mainly caused by the historicallydeep rooted generic ideology of Confucianism that played a paramount role to control society members during theChoson period (1392-1910); and has paved through up to contemporary times as a basic guiding rule for socialpractices in Korean society. The Confucius belief system dictates that such physical activity as fishing is only topursue material interest out of self-centered purpose; therefore lacking virtuous quality. Thirdly, diverse factorsare at play to structure fishers’ relatively decent social standing in the socialist state of Poland between 1939 and1989: the socialist ideology to emphasize physical work; fishers’ capacity to travel overseas being allowed to carryforeign currency and goods; and their being resourceful by owning seaside resorts as their estate property.However, when the country transformed into a society with market economy and democracy, the structuralfactors that favor fishers are no longer limited to them; accordingly weaken fishers’ value as a decent job holder.
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The article contains a review of the creations of belles-lettres where the titular issue is found. In the first partthere are presented epic pieces, and in the second – poetry pieces. In both parts, the material is ordered byauthors, taking into account the meaning and value of their achievements. The whole text is ending with a shortsummary, containing reflections on the topic of the image of traditional fishing in Western Pomerania after 1945,presented in Polish belles-lettres.
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The aim of the article is to describe the phenomenon of prostitution in postwar Szczecin (50’s). Specificity ofprostitution depends on the period of its occurrence. Social, economic and political changes influence the natureof prostitution as it was observed in Poland in the fifties of the XXth century. The aim of the article was to presentthe contextual analysis of prostitution and the connected phenomena in Szczecin paying attention to both socialand medical dimensions of prostitution.
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2012–2013 m. Lietuvos universitetų siūlomas bakalauro studijas pasirinko 85 305 studentai, iš jų 49 236 moterys. Jos sudarė beveik 58 proc. visų ba¬kalauro studijų studentų. Tai nemaža visuomenės, kurios dabartinė gyvenimo kokybė ir gyvensenos ypatumai daro didelę įtaką gyvenimui ir darbui baigus studijas, dalis. Nemažai šių jaunų moterų gyvenimo kokybę nulemia lytinė jų gyvensena, kuri pra¬deda formuotis dar paauglystėje, mokantis mokykloje. Taip pat jaunų moterų gerovei įtakos turi alkoholio vartojimas. Neabejotina, kad tie du veiksniai sąveikauja, tačiau tyrimų, kurie analizuotų alkoholio vartojimo ir lytinio gyvenimo sąsajas, Lietuvoje išties nedaug. Šio tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti bakalauro studijų studenčių suvartojamo alkoholio kiekio sąsajas su pirmųjų lytinių santykių amžiumi, lytinių santykių partne¬rių skaičiumi ir lytiniais santykiais apsvaigus nuo alkoholio. Metodika. Tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 1054 Lietuvoje studijuojančios 18–24 m. bakalauro studijų studentės, inter¬netu užpildžiusios apklausą, sudarytą iš trijų dalių: demografinių klausimų, klausimų apie lytinį gyvenimą ir skalės, įvertinančios per mėnesį suvartojamo alkoholio kiekį. Rezultatai. Daugiau alkoholio vartojančios respondentės turi daugiau lytinių santy¬kių partnerių ir anksčiau pradeda lytiškai santykiauti; be to, respondentės, per pasta¬ruosius metus turėjusios lytinių santykių, kurių metu buvo bent kiek apsvaigusios nuo alkoholio, suvartoja kur kas daugiau alkoholio nei tos respondentės, kurios per pasta¬ruosius metus nebuvo turėjusios lytinių santykių apsvaigusios nuo alkoholio. Išvados. Didesnis suvartojamo alkoholio kiekis turi sąsajų su rizikingesne 18–24 m. bakalauro studijų studenčių lytine elgsena.In the year 2012–2013 the number of students in Lithuanian-bachelor studies in the whole country was 85305. 49236 of them were women, which makes up almost 58 % of all students. This number is a significant part of the society which should not be overlooked. The current life quality and lifestyle of the aforementioned women has a big impact on their life and work after they graduate. A considerable part of their quality of life isd etermined by sexual behavior which starts developing in their earlier years, also by alcohol consumption patterns. Researchers do not doubt that these two factors interact, yet there are very few Lithuanian studies which examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and sexual behavior, especially risky. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the relationship between female students in bachelors’ studies alcohol consumption and several aspects of risky sexual behavior. Method. 1054 female respondents, aged 18–24, who at the time were studying in bachelors’ studies filled out an online questionnaire consisting of three specifically designed parts: demographic questions, questions about sexual behavior and a scale designed to evaluate the consumption of alcohol per average month. Findings. Respondents who report consuming more alcohol have more sexual partners; also, respondents who report consuming more alcohol tend to have had their first sexual intercourse earlier. Moreover, respondents who report having had sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol in the course of the past year also report higher alcohol consumption than those who do not report having intercourse under the influence of alcohol. Conclusion. Higher alcohol consumption may be linked to riskier sexual behavior in 18–24 year old female Lithuanian bachelor students.
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Individual, community and public administration institutions responsible for disaster management usually facing various types of threats: natural, technological and willful. Disasters occur due to evidence of threats an their consequences can destroy and damage property, cause cultural, social, economic and psychological effects on society, injure or kill humans, disrupt community activities in different ways. The competent authorities in every phases of the disaster management cycle use certain universally recognized measures in order to reduce the potential impact of disasters, to prepare for responding and to recover after disaster. The effectiveness of application of such measures is determined by one of the existing and widely known in the world approach – community based disaster management. Unfortunately, its application remains an open question how far authorities responsible for disaster management can involve communities into the disaster management cycle activities? Authors of the article on the basis of „public participation levels” classification proposed by Sher r y R. Arnstein (1969) and taking into account restrictions for publicity of existing information on different hazards and management phases provide the theoretical model for community involvement into the disaster management cycle activities.
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Negausūs tyrimai rodo, kad preferencija greitai sufor¬muojamam, užtikrintam ir stabiliam žinojimui, aprašoma kognityvinio užbaigtumo poreikio (KUP) konstruktu, yra susijusi su priešiškais ir geranoriškais seksistiniais prie¬tarais (Roets ir kt., 2012). Tačiau nėra aišku, kaip šis poreikis atsispindi skirtingais – ambivalentiškos ir univalentiškos – seksizmo raiškos atvejais. Tyrimo tikslas – nu-statyti KUP ir seksizmo sąsajas atsižvelgiant į galimą lyties moderacinį vaidmenį. Metodai. Heterogeniška imtis (N = 187, 18–68 metų 108 moterys ir 79 vyrai, M = 26,73, SD = 8,53) užpildė atnaujintą Kognityvinio užbaigtumo poreikio (Roets, Van Hiel, 2007) ir Ambivalentiško seksizmo (Glick, Fiske, 1996) klausimynus. Rezultatai patvir¬tino, kad, kontroliuojant lyties efektą, aukštesni KUP įverčiai leidžia numatyti aukštesnį priešišką ir geranorišką seksizmą. Lytis moderavo tik KUP ir geranoriško seksizmo ryšį (moterų grupėje konstruktų ryšiai buvo stipresni). Skirstant imtį pagal seksizmo raišką, nustatyta, kad KUP įverčiai aukštesni tarp ambivalentiškas (skirtingai nei univalentiš¬kas) seksistines nuostatas reiškiančiųjų, taip pat kad moterų KUP įverčiai visose sek¬sizmo raiškos grupėse yra aukštesni nei vyrų. Išvados. Tyrimas parodė, kad moterims taikomi socialiniai prietarai gali būti aiškinami motyvaciniais žinojimo formavimo skir¬tumais. KUP yra aukštesnis ambivalentiško seksizmo raiškos grupėje. Rasti konstruktų ryšiai suderinami su esamais teoriniais požiūriais, kad ambivalentiškas seksizmas gali funkcionuoti kaip socialinę sistemą pateisinanti ideologija, tenkinanti episteminio stabilumo poreikį.Scarce research evidence show that preference for quick, definite and stable knowledge, as reflected in the construct of the need for closure (NFC), can be related to hostile and benevolent sexism (Roets et al., 2012). However, it is unknown whether NFC varies between different – ambivalent and univalent – sexism profiles. The aim of the present research was to investigate the relationship between NFC and sexism and to test gender as a moderator of these links. Method. A heterogeneous sample (N = 187, 108 women and 79 men, ages ranging 18–68 years: M = 26,73, SD = 8,53) completed revised Need for Closure Scale (Roets, Van Hiel, 2007) and Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick, Fiske, 1996). Results confirmed that NFC can significantly predict both types of sexism when controlling for gender. Gender moderated only the link between NFC and benevolent sexism (the relationship was stronger for women). When different sexism profiles were considered, results showed that NFC is higher for those expressing ambivalent (in contrast to univalent) sexist attitudes. Also, NFC was higher for women in all groups. Conclusion. Study showed that prejudice towards women can be explained by motivational differences in knowledge formation. Higher NFC is associated with higher endorsement of both hostile and benevolent sexism. These findings are in line with the theoretical assumption that ambivalent sexism might function as a system justifying ideology serving epistemic needs for stability.
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Nors tyrėjai ir skiria gana daug dėmesio teisėsaugos pa¬reigūnų (pirmiausia policininkų) patiriamam stresui, kol kas mažai žinoma apie teisėjų patiriamą stresą. Mūsų šalyje dar nėra atlikta tyrimų, siekiant įvertinti, kiek streso pati¬ria teisėjai, kokios situacijos jiems sukelia daugiausia streso, kokias įveikos strategijas jie taiko dažniausiai. Tai yra svarbu, norint sumažinti neigiamą streso poveikį teisėjų priimamiems sprendimams, justicijos sistemos darbo efektyvumui ir teisingumo įgy¬vendinimui. Straipsnio tikslas – ištirti teisėjų dėl darbo specifikos patiriamą stresą, jo šaltinius ir taikomas įveikos strategijas. Metodika. Tyrime dalyvavo 98 įvairių mūsų šalies teismų teisėjai (65 moterys ir 33 vyrai). Patiriamas stresas buvo matuojamas mūsų sukurtu teisėjų patiriamo streso klausimynu. Viena jo dalis vertino įvairių stre¬sorių sukeliamą įtampą, kita – susidūrimo su šiais stresoriais dažnumą. Remiantis ti¬riančiąja faktorine analize, klausimyno teiginiai buvo suskirstyti į penkias skales, kurių Cronbacho α svyravo nuo 0,875 iki 0,961. Rezultatai. Didžiausią (stiprų) stresą teisė¬jams sukelia sąveika su politikais, žiniasklaida ir piliečiais, o kitos keturios situacijų gru¬pės – vidutinio stiprumo stresą. Teisėjų patiriamas stresas yra susijęs su lytimi, teismo tipu, taip pat amžiumi ir darbo stažu. Tyrime dalyvavę teisėjai dažniausiai taiko proble¬mos sprendimo, rečiausiai – vengimo įveikos strategiją, be to, kuo daugiau streso jie patiria, tuo labiau yra linkę taikyti socialinės paramos įveikos strategiją. Išvados. Re¬miantis gautais duomenimis galima teigti, kad patiriamas stresas teisėjams yra aktuali problema, kuriai turėtų būti skiriamas didesnis teismų vadovų dėmesys.Despite the large scientific interest in stress experienced by law enforcement officers (especially by police officers), it is little known about the stress experienced by judges. There has not been any research work conducted in Lithuania to evaluate how much stress do judges experience, what situations are the most stressful and what stress coping strategies they usually apply. Such studies are important for reducing the negative effects caused by stress on judges’ decision making, effectiveness of the justice system functioning and justice implementation. The aim of the study is to investigate judges’ job specific stress, its’ causes and used coping strategies. Methods. Ninety-eight Lithuania‘s judges from different type of courts participated in the investigation (65 female, 33 male). Stress was measured by our „Judges‘ experienced stress“ questionnaire of which one part was designed to evaluate the tension caused by different stressors, and the other part – the frequency of encountering with these stressors. Using explorative factor analysis the questionnaire statements’ were categorised into the five different scales, which Cronbach‘s alfa was varying from 0,875 to 0,961. Results. The largest stress experienced by judges was induced by interactions with politicians, media and citizens, while the other four groups caused moderate stress. The judges’ experience of stress is related with the sex, court type, age and work experience. They are most likely to apply the problem solving coping strategy, least likely – avoidance coping strategy. Furthermore, the more stress they have to deal with, the more likely they apply the social support coping strategy. Conclusion. The gathered data suggests that stress is a relevant topic for judges, and court leaders should give more attention to it.
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1. Lithuania is a count r y that has deep roots of local self–government. This forms the historical heritage of Lithuanian local self-government. This heritage lies in the nation’s memory and continues to influence the local governmental awareness of Lithuanian people and public policy makers. This heritage has been having an impact on the development of the local self-governmental system in Lithuania since 1990. 2. The period from 1990 to this day is an interesting, meaningful and significant period for the evolution of local self-government in Lithuania. During this period, after 50 years of being only a supplement to the central state government and an obedient executor of the state policy shaped by it, the local governmental system, varied with sham local democracy elements, has been transformed into a modern, Western–type democratic local self–governmental system. 3. The events that have taken place during this period and the nature of these events provide reasonable grounds to divide the period from 1990 to the present day into three stages with regards to the evolution of local self–government : a) 1990–1995, b) 1995–2000 and c) since 2000. 4. The first stage (1990–1995) was difficult, complex and contradictory. During the first stage the evolution process of the local self-governmental system took place in two directions: 1) abrogating the old (Soviet, socialist) local governmental system and creating a new (democratic, Western type) local self-governmental system in compliance with the provisions of the Law on the Fundamentals on Local Government adopted on the 12th of February 1990 and 2) learning from the past mistakes; analysing the experience accumulated by other countries; searching and selecting a local self–government organization model which would be most suitable for Lithuania as well as of the count r y (a group of countries) the best practice of which could be used in a creative manner. 5. During the first stage (1990–1995) for some reasons, the development of a new (democratic, Western type) local self-governmental system in Lithuania was not consistent and as successful as it sought to. Lithuania was “gradually” returning to the former times of the centralized management. Fortunately, the return to the former times was stopped by the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania which was adopted by the people’s referendum of 25 October 1992 and entered into force on 6 November 1992.
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Dažnas pyktis ir agresyvus elgesys yra būdingas mokyklinio am¬žiaus vaikams (Reyes ir kt., 2003). Paauglių pykčio kontroliavimo problemos susiju¬sios su įvairiais sunkumais mokykloje (Humphrey, Brooks, 2006; Schwartz ir kt., 2006; Feindler, Engel, 2011). Taigi paauglių pyktis ir agresija lieka svarbia tyrinėjimo pro¬blema mokyklose (Fives ir kt., 2011). Yra nemažai tyrimų, nagrinėjančių intervencijų veiksmingumą pykčiui ir agresyviam elgesiui. Atliktos metaanalizės parodė, kad in¬tervencijos, paremtos kognityvine-elgesio terapija, efektyvios, tačiau daugumoje jų nebuvo atskirai nagrinėjama vaikų ir paauglių populiacija. Taip pat matomas inter¬vencijų efekto dydžių, skaičiuojamų skirtingose metaanalizėse, skirtumas. Dažnai apibendrinami senesni nei 15 metų tyrimai ir pastebima, kad nemažai tyrimų turi vertinimo ir metodologinių trūkumų (Beck, Fernandedez, 1998; Bennet ir kt., 2000; Sukhodolsky, 2004; Saini, 2009; Feindler, Engel, 2011). Taigi akivaizdus poreikis atlikti sisteminę literatūros analizę naujausių efektyvumo tyrimų, kurie apima intervencijas, grįstas kognityvine-elgesio terapija, vaikų ir paauglių pykčiui ir agresyviam elgesiui mažinti. Tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėti tyrimus, kuriuose analizuojamas intervencijų, paremtų kognityvine-elgesio terapija, efektyvumas vaikų ir paauglių pykčiui ir agre¬syviam elgesiui mažinti, įvertinti poveikio programų efektyvumą ir atrasti šių tyrimų metodologinius skirtumus. Metodika. Sisteminė literatūros analizė. Rezultatai. Ne¬mažai nagrinėjamų tyrimų parodė, kad grupinės intervencijos, paremtos kognityvine-elgesio terapija, nesvarbu, kokia jų trukmė, yra efektyvios paveikiant daugumos vaikų ir paauglių pykčio ir agresyvaus elgesio apraiškas. Tačiau esama prieštaringų rezultatų ir tam tikrų metodologinių trūkumų. Taip pat akivaizdus poreikis nagrinėti aplinkos ir asmenybinių kintamųjų svarbą intervencijų efektyvumui.Aggressive behaviour and anger is frequent among school-aged children (Reyes at al., 2003). Adolescents’ inability to control their anger may be largely related with many problems at school (Humphrey, Brooks, 2006; Schwartz at al., 2006; Feindler, Engel, 2011). Thus, adolescents’ aggression and anger remains important research problem aiming to prevent consequences caused by anger and aggression (Fives at al., 2011). Many investigations analyzing the effect of interventions to anger and aggression have been performed. The results of meta-analyzes have shown that interventions based on cognitive-behaviour therapy are effective but most of the investigations did not analyze separately children’s and adolescents’ population; the difference between the measures of the effect of different interventions counted in various meta-analyzes was not researched; most summarized investigations are often older than fifteen years and most of them tend to have various evaluation and methodological shortcomings (Beck, Fernandedez, 1998, Bennet at al., 2000; Sukhodolsky, 2004; Saini, 2009, Feindler, Engel, 2011). Thus, a need to perform sys-tematic analysis of the literature, encompassing the effectiveness of the cognitive-behaviour therapy based interventions, including most recent investigations, arises. The aim of the research is to carry out systematic analysis of the literature describing the investigations of the cognitive-behaviour therapy based interventions’ influence on children’s and adolescents’ anger and aggressive behaviour. The method applied in the research is systematic analysis of the literature. The results revealed that in most of the cases group interventions based on cognitive-behaviour therapy, disregarding their length, were effective in altering children’s and adolescents’ anger and aggressive behaviour sub-scales’ results. Nevertheless, some controversial results and methodological shortcomings were observed. In addition, the need to analyze environmental and personal variables for intervention effectiveness must be included.
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Since 2008 Lithuanian political and administrative elites are engaged in debates over reforming the civil service of Lithuania. The result of these debates is the proposed new edition of the Law on Civil Service which was submit ted for parliamentary approval in 2015. The bill envisages a fundamental review of many practices in the civil service on Lithuania. One of those is the shift in focus from stressing formal education to stressing competence evaluation in the process of civil servants selection, t raining and career. However, in most respects Lithuanian public administration remains firmly in the grips of the continental legal tradition and this means that large proportion of the civil service corps is made up of specialists with legal education. There are no reasons to assume that this would be changing, and therefore a need for a large number of lawyers in the civil service will remain. In parallel, the Lithuanian legal education is strictly regulated, primarily to cater to the need of the Judiciar y branch of the gover nment. And thus the changing nat ure of employment requirements in the Executive creates a divergence of labour market needs with regard to legal qualif ications. And this consequently poses a series of challenges to higher education institutions t raining lawyers. In this ar ticle we concept ualize the challenges that are emerging in the context of the moder nization of the Civil Service of Lithuania.
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Police officer‘s work is one of the most stressful environments that requires a lot of emotional, cognitive and physical efforts. Some officers manage to cope with negative experience better than others. At the same time there are particular departments where police officers encounter continual direct or potential physical threat, which requires special psychological resources. The aim of the presented study was to explore psychological capital, which, supposedly, has a lot of influence on how a person will perceive stressful events and how he will be able to cope with the stress. The sample of this study was 150 police officers. The results of this study have showed, that psychological capital and stress are closely related: the higher the level of psychological capital is, the lower level of stress is being experienced.
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This study explores – through British documents – the case of the restoration of the building which housed the Church and the Anglican community in Bucharest in 1950s. At the end of the Second World War, having understood that no free political activities would have been permitted by the new local government, London concluded that a cautious but concrete propaganda activity was the appropriate response to the new situation in the country. In this context, the Anglican Church of Bucharest was deemed as a valuable stronghold, prompting the British Foreign Office to support the refurbishment works of the building. The edifice allowed religious worship activities in a country where the state was committed to reduce the local society’s way of life to dictatorial standards. In other words, thanks to the Anglican Church, the Foreign Office thought that the Romanians would remember the existence of democratic values different from those advocated by the Communists.
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Dieser Artikel behandelt die Ereignisse der Revolution von 1848-1849 im Banat und ihre Spiegelung in der deutschsprachigen Presse dieser Provinz. Zu dieser Zeit wurden in Temeswar drei periodische Publikationen veröffentlicht: das „Temesvarer Wochenblatt”, das schon seit längerer Zeit erschien und die 1848 gegründeten und zur selben Zeit erschienenen Zeitungen „Tagesanzeiger” und „Der Südungar”. Bis am Anfang der neoabsolutistischen Periode erschienen alle regelmäßigen periodischen Publikationen aus dem Banat, ausschließlich in Temeswar und nur in deutscher Sprache. Am Anfang hatten alle drei Zeitungen eine günstige Einstellung gegenüber der Revolution. Während des Monats Oktober 1848 mussten aber der „Tagesanzeiger” und „Der Südungar” ihre Erscheinung einstellen, während das „Temesvarer Wochenblatt” eine gegenrevolutionäre Stellung ab diesen Moment einnahm. Das „Temesvarer Wochenblatt” wurde noch bis Juni 1849 herausgegeben, als es wegen der Belagerung Temeswars durch die ungarische revolutionäre Armee seine Erscheinung einstellen musste.
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The present study highlights the report between religion and society and timidly attempts to make the step towards modernity at the Transylvanian Romanians in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, aspects concerning the organization of church life, monastic spirituality, ritual, sacred art (architecture, painting, iconography). The Romanian churches were permanently confronted, during the period 1867-1918, with the tendencies of the Hungarian governments to limit their ecclesiastic autonomy and to meddle ever more often in church, foundations and administrative problems of the religious institutions. Eloquent examples are the Trefort Law and the Apponyi Law, the legislation meant to create “the cultural zone” and many more.
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This article aims to provide some benchmarks regarding the pathways by which the young Romanians went to study in Nazi Germany. One of the objectives of our study is understanding the dynamics of the Romanian-German relations during the 1930s and how these relations influenced the student and academic exchanges between the two countries. We noted the evolution from small, short-term student exchanges, usually summer schools with obvious political and ideological character, organized by the Nazi authorities in collaboration with Christian student associations and the Legionary Movement, to institutionalized, long-term student exchanges, involving consistent financial resources and having a stronger impact on Romania’s approachment to Nazi Germany, but having a less obvious – although much more efficient – political and ideological component. Most of the Romanian young people studying in Germany during 1933-1944 did so by their own means, being supported financially mostly by their family, and probably benefiting, after 1935, from the currency benefits provided by the German state. Romanian institutions offered only a very reduced amount of scholarships, and their awarding was controversial. The Germans had a very well established system of scholarships for foreign students and the Romanian youth could receive German stipends, however not without making ideological concessions.
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