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This article focuses on Paweł Sobolewski’s manuscript dictionary, {Słownik angielsko- polski…} (1840), which his biographers allege was lost during shipment from America to Europe. However, part of the manuscript embracing the alphabet range B?E is held at the archive of the Polish Library in Paris, thus allowing the author to discuss facts and myths concerning the dictionary, and make an attempt at its assessment. Much attention is paid in the paper to Sobolewski’s biography, which may be illustrated and partly verified with the extant correspondence.
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This paper presents the state of research regarding extreme phenomena at different spatial scales in Polish scientific publications ( mainly climatological ones ). The analysis covered papers concerning: various classifications and criteria for the identification of extreme phenomena, characterising the causes and effects of extreme phenomena, modeling and forecasting of extreme phenomena as well as using the knowledge about extreme phenomena in practice. The review of literature on extreme weather and climate phenomena allowed the authors to see a large number of problems connected with the research upon extreme phenomena. Problems concerning definitions, research methods and extreme phenomena forecasting were mainly dealt with in the paper. The effects of occurrence of hydrometeorological extreme phenomena are an issue of significant importance.
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The aim of the paper is to review the state of research on the phenomenon of derecho, with particular emphasis on studies conducted in Europe and on the American continent. The paper presents different approaches to the identification criteria of derecho. The structure and conditions for its formation were characterized. Long-term studies on the multi-annual occurrence of derecho on both continents were described. The presented review of literature led to the conclusion that there are still many opportunities to study mesoscale convective systems which cause derecho on the European continent
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Wind gusts are a dangerous meteorological phenomenon which may cause material damage and risk to human life. In recent years they have been observed more frequently. The purpose of this analysis is to examine synoptic situations favouring the occurrence of wind gust in Żeńsko (Western Pomerania ) and to characterize their seasonal, monthly and diurnal variations. The study uses data on wind speed and direction from the wind data collection tower at Żeńsko from the period between January 2008 and December 2009. Wind speed was measured at two heights – 25 and 50 m above ground level. The location selected for this analysis represents lakeland landscape, typical for this part of Poland. Wind Gusts at Żeńsko are observed throughout the year. The maximum of their occurrence is observed in March and August, while the minimum in May and September. During the day they most often occur in the afternoon hours. A synoptic situation favouring the occurrence of wind gusts is a baric col over Poland. They equally often occur during fronts transition, particularly with a cold front. The investigation revealed that wind gusts always occur on days with the advection of more than one air mass. They also occur with a high probability (over 25%) in the cases of tropical and polar continental air flow.
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The paper analyzes winter temperatures in the Polish part of the southern Baltic coast using the mean monthly temperature from the years 1951–2010 from the following stations: Szczecin, Świnoujście, Ustka, Hel, Gdynia and Elbląg and the maximum daily air temperature from the years 1986–2010 from the stations: Szczecin, Świnoujście, Kołobrzeg, Łeba and Hel. In order to characterize the circulation determinants in especially warm winters, the NAO index and types of circulation according to Lityński were used. The study showed a strong influence of the western airflow on winter temperatures, which distorted the upward trend in temperature by an extremely high intensity of advection. The particularly strong advection of air masses from the Atlantic in the last decade of the twentieth century contributed to the high, compared to other years, winter temperature on the Polish coast, especially in its western part
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The aim of this study is to identify extreme cases of the appearance of singularities in the annual air temperature course in the period 1826–2010 in Krakow. In climatological literature the term “singularities” denotes characteristic fluctuations in the annual course of temperature, occurring periodically every year. In this paper a special attention was paid to the duration and long-term variability of distinguished singularities. A 5-degree polynomial was used to smooth out the annual course of temperature. A model of temperature variation was calculated on this basis. Differences between the mean daily temperature values and those calculated from the model was taken into account to distinguish these singularities. It was found that in the period 1826–2010 in Krakow, warm anomalies slightly prevailed over cold anomalies. In the annual course, singularities occurred most frequently in spring, but the greatest differences between the daily mean air temperature and that calculated from the model appeared in winter. However, there was no clear recurrence of the analyzed events (singularities) in the multi-year period.
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