Kosovo: Coming Home
An American who grew up listening to stories about the Serbian province of Kosovo struggles with her discoveries.
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An American who grew up listening to stories about the Serbian province of Kosovo struggles with her discoveries.
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Ukrainian trade schools are still coming to terms with their loss of prestige as they try to supply new workers to fast-changing markets.
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The economically and politically globalizing world makes it necessary, to a greater and greater extent, to search for solutions which would allow to face new dimensions of economic and social problems. The gradual withdrawal of the state from the role of the main provider of benefits, as well as the wider and wider differentiation as regards the manner of performing functions by the state, which appear to be clearly modeled on the practice of other sectors nowadays, create a new context for the functioning of subjects of a civic society. Numerous debates connected with the post-socialist transformation usually draw attention solely to fundamental changes within the economic system, while the new polity that is emerging in consequence of the transformation implies not only a new form of the state, but also a new model of the non-governmental sector, the latter – on the other hand – is clearly exerting an influence on the transformation of the functioning of the public administration in Poland. Indeed, it is evident that the role of the public administration must undergo thorough modifications, yet reforms carried out cannot consist in that the activity of the civic (non-governmental) sector related to rendering public services will be treated as a substitute of social aid. It can and should complement the latter.
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The paper deals with the question of consequences which result from annulment of the agreement concluded in bankruptcy proceedings, involving receivables which are included in the agreement. The institution of the very agreement itself and its annulment is a unique solution in the construction of the bankruptcy law. The core of the analyses is the regulation of the bankruptcy and repairing law, according to which, in the case of annulment of the agreement, in the bankruptcy proceedings that are opened, the creditors to date pursue their claims at the initial height of the latter. The due interest is accrued from the day of the validation of the decision on the annulment of the agreement. The sums paid out as stipulated in the agreement count as appropriation of claimed receivables. In turn, mortgage, lien, registered lien, revenue lien and vessel mortgage secure the receivables at the height which has not been satisfied yet. The considerations include also the dispute over the legal character of the agreement, make references to the historical legal regulation, as well as present a selection of views relating to the problem as found in the literature of the subject. At last the author describes the most significant legal problems connected with restitution of receivables, which arise just in consequence of annulment of the agreement.
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Establishing foundations offering scholarships in Prussia, in the 19th and the 20th centuries, had the social and public dimension. The need for social advancement had a significant influence on the systematic increase in the number of students of secondary and higher schools. The lack of material means, which was a consequence of the low material status of many families, brought about a visibly evident necessity. The development of the interest in social problems undoubtedly was a manifestation of the rising level of social awareness, especially among representatives of the urban establishment. Scholarship-offering foundations secured to many young, gifted inhabitants of Bytom and its environs the chance of pursuing education and realizing career opportunities. In this way the postulate of accessibility of education to all strata of society was realized. Nevertheless, it was the number of foundations which – primarily – made the phenomenon of the local character and took on the form of a collective activity, as well as an individual one. In the years 1842–1939, in Bytom, there functioned 53 foundations providing scholarships, including 10 designed for youth pursuing education in the spheres of crafts and trading. Guilds, associations, and – first and foremost – individual citizens – members of the urban community took initiatives worthy of note, making donations to charities, including foundations that provided scholarships for the young. The economic development of Upper Silesia, progressing in many directions, determined the necessity of preparing highly-qualified personnel. Thus, it became a direct premise to construct a vocational education system which would satisfy those postulates and also to prepare tools which would motivate the need to obtain knowledge in the form of foundations which facilitated pursuing education and – as a result – changing the social status to male youth from families of lower material status. Thus, the priorities of the educational and social policy of the turn of the 19th and the 20th century were realized.
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In compliance with the norms of the act of Law of Intellectual Property in the scope of invalidation of the right in the register of industrial designs, the legislator refers the interested party, on the power of Art. 117 of the Law of Industrial Designs, to regulations concerning termination of patents. However, this mechanism raises a series of doubts, especially, in connection with the scope of appropriate application of legal norms. In accordance with Zasady techniki prawodawczej (Principles of Legislative Technique) referring to other regulations is justified in the case in which the regulations being referred to provide norms to situations of a similar character. The legislative technique accepted by the legislator does not fully satisfy the needs of practice, though. The standpoint which maintains that industrial designs, apart from registered designs, patents and topography of integrated circuits belong to the category of invention designs seems unjustified as a matter of fact. What testifies to the above statement is the fact that industrial designs combine in themselves also elements of aesthetic nature, while invention designs provide strictly technical solutions. The need for executing an autonomic regulation of the question of invalidation and termination of the right in the register of industrial designs is also strengthened by the fact that on the ground of previous legislation, that is Law of Inventions, industrial designs were dealt with in a separate act, in the same way as trademarks. The existence of autonomic regulation allows accepting the right standpoint which says that industrial designs cannot be defined as invention designs.
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According to the available Ragusan historical sources and opinions in historic literature, the period from the end of the 14th until the mid 15th century, in the wider region of Trebinje was also marked by the activities of Duke Radoje Ljubišić. According to the records, he was a very successful and influential nobleman of Trebinje, the most significant person from the whole Bogdančić – Ljubišić–Medvjedović noble family, who participated in numerous commercial, military and diplomatic activities. For a period of time, Duke RadojeLjubišić took part and excelled on the account of his broad contacts with the Ragusan Republic, he entered into commercial, business and diplomatic activities, but he also undertook military deeds. In this paper, we followed the activities of Duke Radoje Ljubišić through rare Ragusandocuments that offered information about his fate and activities that he really and directly initiated. Above all, there is his involvement in the war of Konavle, from which he grew into the most influential person of the wider region of Trebinje and who was, according to the words of Ragusans, so influential that sometimes even Duke Radoslav Pavlović recoiled from him. A certain number of historical records indicate at his important presence in the medieval area of Trebinje, but there are also some reflections on the turbulent political events in medieval Bosnia. In certain periods, the number of historical information decreases and with it the interest for Radoje Ljubišić as well, which does not imply that his presence thereby ceases. In defining of the position and role of Duke Radoje Ljubišić in the demanding and complex circumstances of the first half of the 15th century, all advantages of tracing the presence of a strong and authoritative person are noticeable, on the internal and external plan as well as certain disadvantages of the archival material. Namely, historiography treated this individual only marginally even tough everything indicates that he had an important position and role. With this attempt, through reconstruction and interpretation of documents, the person of Duke Radoje Ljubišić is put in an historical context whereby the title of this text proves that he was the most remarkable person not only of the region of Trebinje but also on a broader area.
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Godišnjak. Sarajevo: Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja ANUBiH, 2012, knjiga 41, 292 Esad Kurtović, Vlasi Bobani. Sarajevo: Društvo za proučavanje srednjovjekovne bosanske historije, 2012, 162 Vermitteln – Übersetzen – Begegnen: Transferphänomene im europäischen Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit. Interdisziplinäre Annäherungen, ur. Balázs J. Nemes / Achim Rabus, Nova mediaevalia; Bd. 8, Göttingen: V & R Unipress, 2011, 278 Tibor Živković, De Conversione Croatorum et Serborum – A Lost Source, Beograd: Istorijski institut, 255 Боро Бронза, Аустријска политика према простору Босне и Херцеговине 1699–1788. Бања Лука: Филозофски факултет, 2012, 407 Bakir Tanović, Čurčića vakuf, osnovan 24.redžepa 1149.h.godine (28.novembar 1736.godine), Sarajevo: Dobra knjiga, 2012, 124 Zijad Šehić, U mojoj Bosni - povodom stogodišnjice posjete cara Franje Josipa I Bosni i Hercegovini od 30. maja do 4. juna 1910. Sarajevo: Dobra knjiga, 2013, 221 ( Hannes Grandits, Obitelj i socijalne promjene u hrvatskim selima (18.-20. stoljeće), Studije slučaja Bobovac i Lekenik. Zagreb: FF-press, 2012, 291 Edvin Pezo, Zwangsmigration in Friedenszeiten? Jugoslawische Migrationspolitik und die Auswanderung von Muslimen in die Türkei (1918 bi 1966). Südosteuropäische Arbeiten, 146, Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2013, 374 Omer Hamzić, Gračanica i okolina u periodu između dva svjetska rata (pravno-politički i društveno-ekonomski razvoj). Travnik: Univerzitet u Travniku, Pravni fakultet u Kiseljaku, 2012, 453 Emily Greble, Sarajevo 1941 – 1945. Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Hitler’s Europe. Ithaca and London: Cornell University press, 2011, 276 Snježana Banović, Država i njezino kazalište; Hrvatsko državno kazalište u Zagrebu 1941. – 1945. Zagreb: Profil, 2012, 483 Husnija Kamberović, DŽEMAL BIJEDIĆ – politička biografija. Mostar: Muzej Hercegovine, 2012., 464 Ksenija Cvetković-Sander, Sprachpolitik und nationale Identität im sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945 - 1991). Serbokroatisch, Albanisch, Makedonisch und Slovenisch. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, Balkanologische Veroeffentlichungen, Band 50, 2011, 453 Hrvatsko proljeće 40 godina poslije. Zagreb: Centar za demokraciju i pravo Miko Tripalo, Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Fakultet političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 2012, 439 Kosta Nikolić, Vladimir Petrović (prir.), Od mira do rata: dokumenta Predsedništva SFRJ. Tom 1, (januar - mart 1991), Institut za savremenu istoriju, Fond za humanitarno pravo, Beograd, 2011, 480., Od mira do rata: dokumenta Predsedništva SFRJ. Tom 2, (jun – jul 1991): rat u Sloveniji, Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd, 2012, 376 Amra Čusto. Uloga spomenika u Sarajevu u izgradnji kolektivnog sjećanja na period 1941-1945. i 1992-1995. ̶ komparativna analiza. Sarajevo: Institut za istoriju, Kantonalni zavod za zaštitu kulturno-historijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa, 2013, 142
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If we compare the investigation of the United Nations after the mass crimes committed against civilians before the 28thof August 1995 including the massacre of Markale from the 5thof February 1994, with the investigation after the crimes at Markale II, we can conclude that they perfectly fitted the political and military context, i.e. their results corresponded to the contemporary condition of the UNPROFOR forces on the field. All up to this massacre at Markale, the majority of UNPROFOR investigations were indefinite and vague thus (consciously) keeping open the question of responsibility of “both sides” for this crime. The phrase “the culprit was not identified”’, which was often used by United Nations, served as a perfect alibi for the intervention of NATO pact. Thereby, the avoidance of concrete action was an encouragement for the continuation of Sarajevo bombing. Nevertheless, in the case of the massacre at Markale from the 28thof August 1995, final conclusions of the UNPROFOR investigation clearly and undoubtedly claimed that the shells were fired from the position of “SRK”, from the direction of Trebević and Lukavica. However, the fact that official results of these investigations were published only after the “most vulnerable” elements of UNPROFOR members from the area of Goražde were evacuated and after all the necessary measures for their protection on other points were undertaken and that in the meantime the UNPROFOR commander in his statements to media spoke very indefinitely about who fired the mortar shells, says enough about the UNPROFOR tactics and providing of the motive for the manipulation which followed after the mass killings of civilians on other locations.Only after the mentioned conditions were fulfilled, were the perpetrators of this crime punished by bombing of the “VRS” positions by NATO, which eventually led to the end of the international armed conflict and the ending of the Sarajevo siege. But as the result of this late reaction are, among other things, the mass killings of civilians by shelling, sniping and aerial bombing from the posts of “SRK”, committed on other 223 locations in the besieged part of the city. Despite the conclusion of the ICTY Trial Chamber in the case of Dragomir Milošević that the shell was “beyond any reasonable doubt” fired from the positions of “SRK”, the commander of this corps was freed from the charge of shelling Markale because at the time of execution of his order, he was receiving medical treatment in Belgrade. It is a terrible fact that neither his substitute nor any other commander from lower levels, nor direct executioners were tried and that there is no court verdict that convicts this crime
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The main sources of financing of the Serb Orthodox church in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Second World War were: church estates, church buildings, monastery and other estates, tax incomes on church rituals – baptizing of children, weddings, funerals, house blessings, the cutting of the Slava(lit. celebration) cake, water blessing, almsgiving, alms for the mending and building of churches etc. Apart from the mentioned things, the Serb Orthodox church received income from selling and distribution of candles, incense, crosses, icons, leaves, books, brochures, calendars etc. One part of the income stemmed from the help of church organizations from abroad. Generally looking, the Serb Orthodox church did not solve the problem of the financial independence from the external source of financing after the war. The Government paid subsidy to the Serb Orthodox church, partly in the form of social insurance for priests and help for the priest associations and partly trough direct state grants. The church accepted it as a partial compensation for the expatriated property after 1945. The competent authorities for decisions about the financial help for the religious communities were the Federal executive council and the Republic executive councils. The state help depended on the good will of the ruling structures and was conditioned by loyal behaviour of church representatives towards the state. It had to be discussed every year which often brought the church into a subordinate position. One of the aims of the state policy towards the Serb Orthodox church was to weaken its traditional sources of income and bringit into the position of economic dependence from the state. The state kept the right to decide whether and in what scope it would materially help the Serb Orthodox church.
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U ovom broju časopisa Prilozi u rubrici Članci i rasprave objavljujemo sedam naučnih radova u kojima se tretiraju razna pitanja iz historije počevši od srednjega vijeka do savremenog doba. U članku Radoje Ljubišić – najznatniji trebinjski vlastelin Salih Jalimam raspravlja o trgovačkim, vojnim i diplomatskim aktivnostima vrlo utjecajnog trebinjskog vlastelina u prvoj polovici 15. stoljeća. Riječ je o radu u kojem se na temelju neobjavljenih izvora i raspoložive literature osvjetljava ličnost trebinjskog vlastelina Radoja Ljubišića, koji se sredinom 15. stoljeća isticao brojnim kontaktima sa Dubrovačkom Republikom te sudjelovao u brojnim trgovačkim, vojnim i diplomatskim aktivnostima srednjovjekovne Bosne.
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The reforms in the 19th century in Bosnia Vilayet accelerated the liberalization of market which ensured growth of a small number of merchants in Sarajevo, in economic as well as in their social position. Growing richer and broadening the scope of business in the mid 19th century, they became wholesalers. The market liberalization that directly influenced the broadening of the scope of business was noticeable in Sarajevo through the increased need for cash money. Since the modern banking system of the period, was still not active in Sarajevo, a certain number of wholesalers used the space and actively joined crediting as an additional business with a relatively sure and good earning. We can say that wholesalers from Sarajevo had an important role as creditors in the town during the last decades of the Ottoman rule. Certain wholesale houses dealt with crediting as an additional business, whereas others did it occasionally. Sarajevan wholesalers borrowed money with gain, but also without it. Certain wholesale houses that borrowed money without interest did it because of religious reasons or friendship relations. Even though we possess a limited number of records, we can still state that Muslim wholesalers joined crediting but also that they borrowed money mainly without the interest because of religious motives. There were also examples of Christian wholesalers who borrowed money without interest but this was done mainly for a short period of several days and based on friendship relations. The money borrowed with gain or interest was usually in golden ducats, and rarely in some other currency. The whole sum was noted in the value of the silver coins (Groschen) at the time when borrowing was arranged. The borrowing was done by record in a sened (promissory note), temesuk (certificate), defter (register) or trough the written confirmation without a special mark. When borrowing money with interest, the Sarajevan wholesalers immediately agreed on the interest rate that was not variable. It varied in average from 6% to 12% on the annual level, corresponded to the legally allowed interest rate and could not therefore be considered as usurious. For every possible late payment, even if it was just one day, additional interest was paid. Principal and interest payment was extremely high in percent wand therefore enabled good profit. Payment of money and gain was done by an agreement between the debtor and the creditor whereby the court initiated a lawsuit for any misunderstanding. All borrowings of money, with gain or without it, depended on the owner of money and the person who lent a certain amount of money and mutual confidence was vital for the determination of interest percent. Therefore, it can be stated that wholesalers from Sarajevo dealt with crediting but how it was done depended on each wholesaler individually.
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This paper presents biographic data which illuminate the life path of Jure Francetić,the Ustasha revolutionary and terrorist, lieutenant colonel and commander of the “Black legion”. As one of the first Ustasha emigrants (1933), the young Francetić joined the Ustasha militia and accepted their postulates and the national and fascist ideology. His actions were not sufficiently clarified until the 10thof April 1941 due to the lack of archival material, whereas the period of his activities at the top of the political and military structure of the Ustasha rule from April 1941 until his death in December 1942 was imbued with mythological elements which are difficult to master in recent historiographic production.
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In the period of building of the state socialist system, the Yugoslav authority changed the administrative and territorial organization of the country many times. The first moves in that direction were done immediately after the Second World War, on the 16thof August 1945 when the Presidency of the National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina passed the Law on territorial division of Federal Bosnia and Herzegovina into regions, districts and areas of local national councils. According to this law, Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into 7 regions and Herzegovinian regions had 12 districts. The following year, a Law on Changes and Additions to the Law on territorial division of Federal Bosnia and Herzegovina into regions, districts and areas of local national councils was passed and regulated the formation of the thirteenth Ostrožac district with the seat in Ostrožac within the Herzegovinian region. With the new Law on the administrative - territorial division from 1949, People’s Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into four regions and the Mostar region included 13 districts. In 1950 the Presidency of the National Assembly of People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina proclaimed a new Law on the administrative and territorial division of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to which the Mostar region now included 14 districts and 165 local national councils. In 1952, the National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina passed and proclaimed a new Law on the division of People’s Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina. This law abolished the existing regions, and the new administrative – territorial division was introduced into 66 districts, 5 towns (1 on the territory of Herzegovina –Mostar) and 418 municipalities of which 53 were town municipalities and 8 of them on the territory of Herzegovina. With this division of 1952, the territory of Herzegovina covered 14 districts. In 1955 the National Assembly of People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, passed a new Law on the area of districts and municipalities in People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the session of the Republican Council. According to this law Bosnia and Herzegovina was administratively and territorially organized into 15 districts. In the area of Herzegovina, two districts were formed –Mostar and Trebinje. The new administrative and territorial division was adopted in 1958 when a new Law on areas of districts and municipalities in People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was passed. According to this Law the districts of Derventa, Trebinje and Zvornik were abolished, so that People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was now divided into 12 districts. According to this law, the district of Mostar had 17 municipalities.
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Author’s contribution is based on authentic Turkish documents, which are located in the Franciscan monastery in Zaostrog, Makarska and Omis, whose translations are kept in the library oft he monastery of Makarska, considers the establishment Kaza Imotski and Kaza Ljubuski. Kadiluks were legal units, wich were established or abolished depending on the needs and opportunities in the field. For these Kaza, available Turkish dokuments provide the most information, and it is precisely on the basis of them can shed light on the time of their creation.
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