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The next Polish-Lithuanian Union was established in 1413 in Horodło. One of its elements was the brotherhood of Polish and Lithuanian gentry, the result of which was giving the Catholic Lithuanian boyars the same rights ascribed to the Polish gentry, as well as the admission of 47 Lithuanian families into the Polish heraldry. At the beginning of the 1430s however there was a strong conflict between the Polish Crown and Grand Lithuanian Duchy. Initially, it was “a coronation storm”, and, then a war with a new grand duke Świdrygiełło. In consequence, Świdrygiełło was thrown out of the throne and replaced by Zygmunt Kiejstutowicz, and a new union, the so called Grodno union (1432, 1434) was signed on the strength of the Polish conditions. The Grand Duchy was divided into two parts, the one controlled by Świdrygiełło and the other under the ruling of Kiejstutowicz. Despite the conflict between them, both of them in line with their supporters were against the Polish coronation aspirations. It made some of the Lithuanian boyars lose Polish heraldry and return to former ones before 1413 as a sign of protest, and, at the same time, defense of Lithuanian identity and independence. The information on sending the Polish heraldry back by the Lithuanians is found in Kronika Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i Żmudzkiego, including its version, namely Kronika Bychowca, which places the very event under 1453 and, combines it with a Polish-Lithuanian convention in Parczew. The author of the article, basing on sfragistic studies, rejects this information, and relates the very protest to a difficult political situation between the Crown and Lithuania at the beginning of the 1430s mentioned before.
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This study attempts to reproduce the real portrait of Prince Leo Danylovych, who was depicted in the first part of the Galicia‑Volyn’ Chronicle as faithful comrade of his father, brave warrior and skilful commander, but in the second part of the Chronicle his image received negative traits of “dishonest prince”. Historians only fragmentarily studied Leo’s image and never managed to resolve this contradiction. The author of the article involves some other sources, primarily Latin, previously unnoficed by scholars and on the basis of this new data evaluates episodes from the life of Prince Leo, especially his role in complicated relations between Hungarian, Bohemian and German kings, Polish princes and rulers of the Golden Horde, which led him to participate in the War of The Austrian Succession, the battle of Dürnkrut and the War of The Polish Succession. The relations between Romanoviches, death of Lithuanian duke Vaišvilkas and the territorial expansion are described in a new way. The book also deals with domestic policy of Lev Danylovych and situation within the Kingdom of Rus’ in the second half of 13th century.
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