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Confirmed by their economic nature income tax is a form of payment for public services provided by local government in the territory. Income tax in Ukraine is the main financial resource for local governments. In terms of decentralization of public administration in Ukraine continues to implement the centralization of budgetary resources from income tax for individuals in need as soon as possible solutions.
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The extraordinary dynamics of the process of European integration in the second half of the Nineties has brought forward the need for numerous adjustments, different in depth and in scope, in the associated Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) having applied for membership of the European Union. For some countries these processes have developed more rapidly than expected and the adjustments in question have been more or less prom-pted by the aspiration not to lag behind in the overall process of approximation of-Central and Eastern Europe to the EU. The environment is dynamic: the process of integration develops in parallel to, and sometimes even coincides with, the process of political and economic transformation typical of the transition to a democratic society with a functioning market economy. Thus, in the desire to reach as soon as possible the goal - full membership of the Union -it is particularly difficult, but also very important, to bear in mind the useful lessons of the past and the experience gained over previous EU enlargements. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to some typical challenges relating to the negotiations for EU membership, both in the short and in the medium term perspective. This could be a contribution to the development of the various elements of Bulgaria's preparation for accession negotiations. Emphasis is laid on the model of negotiations, on the various underlying principles, on the indispensable preparation for their conducting, on some organisational and other aspects of their successful development. In this respect, significant reflection is devoted to the lessons to be drawn from the fourth enlargement of the Union. The negotiations for accession to the European Union will take place in a given context which would undoubtedly influence their dynamics and predetermine their successful completion. The context will have both external and internal dimensions, the first connected with the changes in and the readiness of the European Union itself, and the second with the preparation of the candidate country concerned. For the purposes of this paper, attention is mainly drawn to the internal adjustments needed by CEECs, rather than on the processes within the Union which have already been discussed in numerous publications. The historical lessons, the theoretical and practical background described in the first part of the paper and the recommendations on Bulgaria's preparation in the second part are based on an analysis of existing studies, monographs, documents and materials devoted to these problems, as well as on some practical observations arrived at in the course of this process. The clear prospect of opening accession negotiations with Bulgaria in the foreseeable future makes it particularly necessary to refine the overall preparation of the country in order to ensure the indispensable conditions for the conduct of the negotiations. Thus, the conclusions offered below should be regarded as practical recommendations for a more successful preparation of Bulgaria for membership of the Union. The collected material could also be used as reference for some typical problems and for the approaches used to solve them.
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The report explores the legal, institutional and policy framework of countering child trafficking in Bulgaria and assisting and reintegrating its victims. It looks at Bulgarian criminal law and criminal procedure, as well as other legal norms, relevant to the subject, and the extent to which they comply with international standards. The study presents the different stages of referral victims go through, the various institutions and organisations, involved in the process, and the policies and initiatives they pursue in improving child victims’ situation. A number of recommendations are put forward in terms of possible legislative amendments, strengthening policy framework and furthering capacity building of institutions, entrusted with combating child trafficking.
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The study analyses the mechanisms for interaction between public institutions and NGOs in supporting four vulnerable groups: persons deprived of their liberty, victims of trafficking in human beings, domestic violence survivors, and persons seeking international protection and other vulnerable foreigner nationals. Furthermore, it identifies trends in the cooperation between institutions and NGOs in assisting these communities. The report sums up the profile of the bodies and organisations involved and identifies problems in their interaction. Instruments for cooperation between public institutions and NGOs in relation to each vulnerable group are reviewed in detail, both on legislative and practical level. Correlations between identified problems and aspects of the interaction between public institutions and NGOs that could help resolve these problems are highlighted. In conclusion, recommendations are made to involve civil society in providing comprehensive support, in particular legal, social and administrative assistance, to vulnerable persons. These recommendations rest on the shared experience and opinions by public authorities and civil society, as well as on applicable foreign models and good practices.
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The report explores whether the victims of crime receive sufficient information about their legal situation, who is entitled to legal aid and what its scope and extent is. The document also relates the opinions of various institutional, private and NGO stakeholders, approached by CSD researchers, on the situation of victims, as regards their access to legal aid and advice. A number of recommendations are given as to the improvement of the legislative and practical framework of legal aid to victims. The national report on legal aid for victims of crime was prepared within the framework of the Improving Protection of Victim’s Rights: Access to Legal Aid initiative.
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This Handbook presents the main results of an in-depth evaluation study of the legal, policy and practical frameworks for assistance to and reintegration of child victims of trafficking in six EU Member States – Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, and Sweden. The three reports included in this Handbook are based on three standardised methodologies for examination of legal and policy frameworks, for evaluation of programmes for assistance and re/integration of child victims of trafficking and for indentification of good practices in this area. The reports analyse the relevance of legal frameworks for the needs of trafficked children and the effectiveness of services for such children in different areas of assistance, such as: identification of trafficked children, appointment of a guardian, individual case assessment, regularisation of status, interim care and protection, durable solutions and longterm re/integration. The reports offer a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of assistance and reintegration programs and discuss identified challenges that need to be addressed in countries of both destination and origin in order to assure better protection and assistance to trafficked children across the EU.
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The approach to the management of conflicts of interests in the state administration.
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Leader approach is growing continuously since its creation in 1991 until today. This article analyzes the Leader approach as a management tool. Examine the characteristics of the Leader and the synergy of their combined action. Briefly developed its application in the EU. Analyze the preconditions for the implementation of the approach in the Bulgarian conditions.
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The paper presents principal methodological approaches to studying party policy positions under the conditions of competitive political regime. It aims to identify the advantages and shortcomings of these approaches. Much attention was given to the theoretical and empirical studies of party policy positions carried out by foreign political scientists. The conclusion was drawn that the analysis of party programs and manifestos is the most appropriate approach to identifying party policy positions. In particular, it helps to set up comprehensive databases of party policy positions, which could be used during further investigations of party positioning and political competition.
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Драгослав Јанковић написао је критички приказ на књигу Васе Чубриловића – „Историја политичке мисли у Србији XIX века“, Београд 1958. Уследили су одговори обојице историографа, с уважавањем достојанства актера ове уљудне полемике. Полемика се водила, ипак, о споредним питањима којa су покренутa у овој књизи, иако она нису небитна, али она нису у средишту Чубриловићевих погледа о политичкој мисли Србије XIX века. Полемичари су схватили да је паметније да не настављају полемику, те је остала недовршена.
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The existing legal and institutional framework and available technical facilities in the Bulgarian capital markets do not work very efficiently towards supporting a fully developed securities market. The necessary legislation, institutions and technical facilities must be put in place, so that, over time, a market will develop which will be able to absorb the volumes normal for a country of the size of Bulgaria and, potentially, international trades. The following discussion presents specific issues that need to be addressed, so that said purposes could be met.
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The aim of this study is to challenge the problem of the formation of national identity through a prism of language and language policy. Cultural basic models have been established for the language policy: common public language model, which views language policy as a primarily tool for nation building and views that common language to be shared by all citizens; and language maintenance model (public institutes recognize the right of separate groups to be able to use their own minority languages as a tool for the state dialogue). In the present paper, the policy dilemmas facing the European Union and the more important documents of the EU on problems of the rights of national minorities and its language policy are analyzed. The study includes a concise dictionary of multicultural policy.
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Политика проширења Европске уније се до сада сматрала најуспешнијим спољнополитичким инструментом који ЕУ има на располагању. Њен домашај може се посматрати кроз нормативну, институционалну и реалистичку перспективу у зависности којем њеном фактору се даје примат. Политика проширења је настала у контексту (геополитичког) структуралног прекомпоновања међународног система после Хладног рата и има стратешки значај за ЕУ. Међутим, стратешко окружење ЕУ се променило. Док се структура униполарног међународног система поново мења и иде ка хибридној верзији мултиполарности (унимултиполарност), дотле се ендогени фактори и кризе унутар ЕУ умножавају и добијају на сложености. Циљ овог чланка је да истражи како се ЕУ прилагођава овим политичким околностима и које је место и улога политике проширења у том процесу, те које су њена данашња обележја. Имајући у виду спољашње и унутрашње притиске на политичко одлучивање у ЕУ и њеним државама чланицама, те промену приоритета на политичкоj агенди изазване тим притисцима, политика проширења ће врло вероватно изгубити на значају. Процеси саморефлексије и редефинисања „европског пројекта“ ће бити приоритет политичких елита Европе у наредним годинама, док ће проширење постати од секундарне важности, иако неће у потпуности нестати, посебно не на Балкану.
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The aim of this study is to gather sufficient evidence and arguments in order to prove to society that during the process of change in thinking and especially of effective practical implementation of management models high levels of efficiency can be achieved on all hierarchical levels in systems key for the society and the state.
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This book is about the regime after 9th of September 1944 (The Socialist Revolution of 9th of September) and the unopposed choices taken in the sphere of education by the government of Kimon Georgiev, unopposed because there had been no political opposition left in the government. Then, during the 6th Grand National Assembly a great number of time-tested and aprooved educational institutions were closed legally, as it looked like, and ideological principles (Politics) were brought in the educational system of Bulgaria. For the creation of this monograph, the author Vesela Chichovska had reviewed the collections of Central State Archives of Bulgaria, the archive of several Ministries, the archives of Bulgarian Academy of Science, the diaries of the 26th Ordinary National Assembly and of the 6th Grand National Assembly, forming solid, but almost unused, except from her documentary material.
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This article presents the policies related to the spiritual culture of the concerned with the place of religion in Bulgarian schools and the modern debate of this issue. The author has put forward the question about the Bulgarians – history and modern times. The emphases of the analysis are transformation of values, education and social practices, having an impact on modern man, and on the postmodern family. He has also outlined some strategies for overcoming the deficits in relationships, education and the media.
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The article presents a systematic review of policies against racism and xenophobia, considering the growing political and psychological impact of the phenomena in recent decades. The main focus is on historical analysis of those policies at global, EU and national level. Some important conceptual conclusions are outlined regarding evaluation of overall effects of policies against racism and xenophobia.
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