We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Research on political thought in the period 1864–1939 produced many important analyses, from comments and studies to works attempted as syntheses (the works of M. Śliwa and R. Wapiński). The scholars’ attention was directed at prominent categories of the political thought in its historical dimension. There appeared analyses which presented concep-tions of the political regime (A. Ajnenkiel, A. Friszke, J. Holzer, K. Kawalec, S. Kru-kowski, M. Pietrzak), issues concerning national minorities (A. Chojnowski, W. Mich), conceptions of foreign policy (J. Faryś, M. Mroczko, W. Wrzesiński), economic con-ceptions (K. Dziewulski, A. Wojtas, S. Żurawicki). Research is being done on the conceptions of the major political movements active in the period following the uprising and in the interwar period. Studies in the political thought of conservatives produced analyses concerning basic values of the movement, such as religion, tradition, property, freedom and conceptions of the political regime, socio-economic, national and foreign policy conceptions. Analysts of the Piłsudski camp focused mainly on the representation of the ideas concerning the state, concep-tions related to national minorities, foreign policy, economic programmes. Studies in the National Democracy were dedicated to the key value of the movement: the nation in a broad context of ideological and political conditions. They also included regime, territorial, foreign policy conceptions. Research on the Christian democratic current is in its initial phase. The peasant thought includes works related to many categories: from ideological conditions (agrarism) to specific categories of political thought (state, po-litical regime, self-government, cooperative movement, rights and civic liberties, secu-rity, national minorities, attitudes to other political orientations). Studies in the socialist thought were dedicated to the issues of the state and the nation, socialism, models of parliamentary regimes, national minorities, cooperatives, foreign policy, farmland prob-lems. Some assumptions of the Communist movement found their reflection in the analyses of the Polish nation and the Polish state, the peasant problem, the army, na-tional minorities, religion and the Catholic Church. There have been also produced biographical analyses of ideologues and activists of the particular political movements which presented their systems of values and political conceptions. In spite of the significant progress in the research, there are still many issues that require a more insightful and holistic approach. In particular, the need to conduct com-parative research both to demonstrate relationships between the particular groupings and inspirations and relations linking the Polish thought with the European thought is prominent.
More...
The object of my initial analysis are Germany’s relations with the non-European parts of the world and chosen powers which are not Germany’s traditional partners. The selection is based on their level of socio-economic development as well as their sufficient capability connected with the definite will to have an important impact on the dynamic international order, globally and regionally. If we employ the German-language terminology, the object of analysis are relations of Germany with Schwellenländer or Gestaltungsmächte. Having outlined the trends in power distribution, characteristic for the contemporary world economy and politics, I examine the relevant documents and the specific activities within German foreign policy (foreign visits of the chancellor and of foreign ministers from 2005 to 2015). The foreign trade outcomes lead to the opinion that these efforts so far are partially fruitful. Clearly outstanding are the relations, intensively developed in economic and political fields, beween Germany and China.
More...
W artykule zaprezentowano zmiany granic w Afryce w ostatniej dekadzie XX w. oraz pierwszym piętnastoleciu XXI w., czyli w okresie wielkich transformacji ustrojowych związanych z zanikiem bipolarnego podziału świata i upadkiem systemu komunistycznego. W Afryce okres ten wiązał się z wyzwoleniem się kilkunastu państw spod radzieckiej dominacji politycznej, odrzuceniem systemu socjalistycznego w ekonomice i powrotem do wolnorynkowej gospodarki kapitalistycznej. Zakwestionowano także zasadę nienaruszalności granic państwowych w Afryce. W omawianym okresie następowały liczne zmiany granic politycznych, przeprowadzane zarówno na drodze pokojowej, przy mediacji organizacji międzynarodowych, jak i na drodze zbrojnej; te jednak nadal nie znajdują akceptacji społeczności międzynarodowej i rzadko kończą się powodzeniem w dłuższej perspektywie.The paper presents border changes occurring in Africa in the last decade of the 20th century and the first fifteen years of the 21st century – the period of grand political transformations caused by the disappearance of the bipolar division of the world and the fall of Communism. In Africa, this period was associated with the release of a dozen countries from Soviet domination, the rejection of socialism in economics and the return to free-market capitalism. The principle of the inviolability of African state borders was also questioned. During the period, numerous political border shifts occurred peacefully, with international mediation or by military force, though the latter are still not accepted by the international community and rarely end with long-lasting success.
More...
The main aim of this paper is to answer the following questions: does the present model of local government, professional associations and self-regulatory business associations fulfil the idea of decentralisation? Does it meet the expectations of the authors of the 1989 system reform? The currently functioning model of administration assumes the execution of administrative tasks by both the centralised governmental administration and a multifarious system of independent bodies and institutions which carry out public tasks vested in them by legislation. Apart from some obligatory units, like the units of local government, there are some other entities which have a significant role in the pub- lic sphere: professional associations and self-regulatory business associations.
More...
Export Controls are becoming an increasingly important dimension of international relations, however there is still relatively little literature on their usage and implementation. The following article attempts to show the development and problems surrounding export controls in a new area: surveillance technologies. These have recently been integrated into international frameworks for export controls, bringing with them a row of challenges and questions for policy makers. Based on extensive conversations with practitioners and key experts in the field, this paper attempts to sketch out key ideas and solutions in this area as well as important responses that have been developed to (perceived) challenges.
More...
The Scottish National Party initially pursued a maximum autonomy of Scotland (Home Rule). Since 1943, it has been a nationalist party fighting for the restoration of Scottish statehood. For most of its history, the party has not been a very attractive one for most of the Scottish electorate due to its minority status in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, unrealistic plan for achieving independence, and scepticism towards Scotland’s participation in the process of European integration and its NATO membership. In the last thirty years, the Scottish National Party has been presenting a more pragmatic programme, has become officially pro-European, and has supported Scotland’s NATO membership while its concept of independence has become one close to a confederation. This significant evolution coincided with the establishment of the Scottish Parliament, paving the wayfor the Scottish National Party to electoral victory and organization of a Scottish independence referendum.
More...
The article refers to the information policy conducting by the European Commission in 2010–2014. In examined period the European Union faced the Eurozone crisis and substantial drop in trust in itself and its institutions. The paper looks for answers a question „in which way the European Commission information policy has coped with these two prob- lems”. In order to find the answer it was reminded the ways the European Commission in its information policy reacted to crisis situations in 1993–2009 and then it was compared to its response to the last crisis. The analysis has encompassed the structure of institutions responsible for the policy execution, the strategic documents, the main information initiatives and cooperation with the member states. In the results it was established that in examined period the European Commission did not present true plan of information activities which would be able to support the process of overcoming the crisis. The process of minimisation of the information activities was also noticed clearly what proves the unbelief in its effectiveness. This is demonstrated also by institutional solutions in the European Commission. The information policy from the priority position was put on the sidelines of the European Union interests.
More...
In the last years the social expectations have increased significantly relative to public administration. Already, the scope of compulsory protection imposed by the society exceeds the capability of the public sector. As a result we need to modernize of public administration, not so much in the context of limited resources and narrow organization, but primarily mentality. It is worth raise the issue of the archaic way of thinking, which particularly negatively impacts on the sense of security.
More...
Psychopathology of an individual and the induced insanity of smaller groups occupy the usual discourse, while collective psychopathology is mostly excluded from focus of theory and practice. Narcissism, paranoia, mania, depression and nihilism are not only components of individual psychopathology, but can also be psycho political and cultural phenomena connected to power games. Today we talk about a narcissistic, manic, paranoid, depressive nihilistic and humanist psycho culture. Culture is both a social and a psychological product because humans are by their nature political beings, “zoon politikon”, as Aristotle would say, a social being which can truly fulfill itself only in a political community. Political culture is defined as a set of attitudes, beliefs and patterns of behaviour which determine political processes, value judgements and regulate behaviour in a political system, while psychological culture is connected with cultivation of soul (cultura animi as Cicero would say). In other words, psychological culture is linked with the way of building a healthy personality and mental health, i.e. with raising healthy individuals which will form a healthy, good and happy community. As every society has its ruling ideology which directs social and political processes, so every individual has his/her own ideology, i.e. a system of values and life guidelines which direct him/her in his/her life, determine his/her behaviour. This behaviour with time transforms into habits and habits transform into character. Games of power in which one side always has to be the losing one are characteristic for a narcissistic and paranoid political psycho culture. An atmosphere in which such games of power flourish is marked by shortage of resources and goods, injustice, irresponsibility, lack of relevant information and an unhealthy or pathological competition. Three myths about power contribute to such an atmosphere: 1. we all have equal power, 2. everybody is in basis powerless, no matter how hard he/she tries, 3. everybody is as powerful as he/she wants to be. The way in which we join our powers and use it for general or partial (group) benefit, with the aim of achieving “winner-loser” or “winner-winner” outcome is very important. In competitive games of power a common game is the “wolf-sheep” game. Wolves are players of power, conscious cold-blooded manipulators which precisely know what they are doing to get what they want at the expense of others. We distinguish between “aggressive-wolves” and “wolves in sheep skin”. “Sheep-people” are people which never become aware of the manipulations of others. Some people are sometimes aware of manipulations, sometimes startled and act defensively. Assertive individuals are aware of other people’s games of power and do not let themselves to be manipulated. They also do not manipulate others at their expense. Some people later realise that they have been victims of manipulation. Assertive individuals are aware of the games of power of others and do not let themselves to be manipulated, promoting a “win-win” approach and a humanistic- altruistic political culture. The paper will offer a review of fore mentioned political cultures.
More...
In public discourse, the policies of Russian President Vladimir Putin are primarily based on the ideology of „Russkiy mir” (Russian World), which is a prerequisite for the construction of a new Russian empire as a union or a bloc of countries with historical and cultural links to Russia. „Russkiy mir” implies the community of nations and states, but the annexation of the Crimea and the war in Ukraine have undermined this community. Does this mean that the concept of „Russkiy mir” is fading? Definitely not.
More...О необходимости философской рефлексии в политической деятельности
More...
Ukraine’s multi-vector policy in foreign affairs is currently failing. With the right tools and reforms however, balancing between Russia and the EU could be ideal for Ukraine as it continues to form its own national identity.
More...
The current transformation Egypt is experiencing can be analysed in terms of many different research concepts. They provide a more or less exhaustive picture of the individual processes, determinants and events. Whereas many research concepts focus on the issues related to the Arab Spring, democratisation and the transformations the Middle East is undergoing, much less attention is paid to presenting different factors that pose a threat or impede democratisation in Egypt. The article aims to illustrate and systemise these factors. The following questions – corresponding with the book Democration in the Arab World – are asked: to what extent have the above-mentioned factors occurred in Egypt? Do they pose a threat to Egyptian democracy? Can they contribute to diluting the democratic tendencies in Egypt further in the future?
More...
The article presents the results of research carried out mainly on Mahatma Gandhi’s written statements which the authors refer to both a historical and socio -political background. It is the first part of the planned two -part study on mutual relations between Mahatma Gandhi’s satyagraha and South Africa, therefore it is focused on the interdependencies between the origin of the idea and the place where it was invented. The authors seek to answer two main questions: 1) whether Gandhi has entered into a dialogue with the native people of South Africa, and 2) whether Gandhi’s idea of non -violent fighting for social rights included the native population of South Africa. The study also presents an outline of the evolution of Gandhi’s attitudes towards Africans and the Coloured People.
More...
Caste has been in existence for centuries in South Asia, though its forms and contents vary across the region. Caste is a mode of power, a weapon of action and one of the criteria of making people’s collective identity within groups. I argue, in this paper, that caste is a product of complex histories and exists today in multiple forms. There has been a major change from treating caste as a rigid ritual stratum to caste as “identity to negotiate power and resources.” It operates as a symbol of collective identity and a basis for collective bargaining of limited resources and representation in various organizations and administrative institutions. The caste system eroded at the ritual level, but emerged at the political and economic levels in India and Nepal.
More...
The works of the Austrian writer Peter Handke, particularly A Winter Journey to the Danube, Sava, Morava, and Drina Rivers or Justice for Serbia (1995) and A Summer Addendum to a Winter's Journey (1996) are the subject of debate which has been going on in Europe for almost two decades with varying degrees of intensity. After a brief overview of the genesis of the so-called Yugoslavian polemics, the paper discusses the author´s attitude and consideration of the issues related to Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily the genocide in Srebrenica and the events in Eastern Bosnia. A part of the paper deals with the reception of Handke´s texts and the above-mentioned polemics in Bosnia and Herzegovina using a selection of texts from the daily newspapers and magazines from Bosnia and Herzegovina as an example.
More...