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Economic downturn; recession of plans and initiatives; €-crisis; Brexit and irredentism in the UK, Spain, Belgium, Denmark and Italy; lasting instability in the Euro-Med theatre (debt crisis of the Europe’s south – countries scrutinized and ridiculed under the nickname PIGS, coupled with the failed states all over the MENA); terrorism; historic low with Russia; influx of predominantly Muslim refugees from Levant in unprecedented numbers and intensities since the WWII exoduses; consequential growth of far-right parties that are exploiting fears from otherness which are now coupled with already urging labor and social justice concerns, generational unemployment and socio-cultural anxieties… The very fundaments of Europe are shaking.
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A freshly released IMF’s World Economic Outlook brings no comforting picture to anyone within the G-7, especially in the US and EU. The Brexit after-shock is still to reverberate around. In one other EXIT, Sartre’s Garcin famously says: ‘Hell is other people’. Business of othering remains lucrative. The NATO summit in Warsaw desperately looked for enemies. Escalation is the best way to preserve eroded unity, requires the confrontational nostalgia dictatum. Will the passionately US-pushed cross-Atlantic Free Trade Area save the day? Or, would that Pact-push drag the things over the edge of reinvigorating nationalisms, and mark an end of the unionistic Europe?
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Nedavno se u uglednom američkom časopisu Foreign Affairs pojavio tekst naziva Dysfunction in the Balkans, koji potpisuje Timothy Less, i u kojem autor savjetuje novu američku administraciju da odustane od podrške teritorijalnom integritetu država nastalih raspadom bivše Jugoslavije. Less se zalaže za novo prekrajanje granica na Balkanu, iznoseći prilično sumnjivu tezu da su se multietničke države (kao što su Bosna i Hercegovina i Makedonija) pokazale disfunkcionalnim, dok su se etnički homogene države (kao što su Hrvatska, Albanija i Srbija) navodno pokazale prosperitetnim. Osim toga, autor tvrdi i da narodi na prostoru Balkana ne žele više nikakav multietnički status quo, nego da se većinom zalažu za konačno zaokruživanje monoetničkih velikodržavnih projekata – Velike Srbije, Velike Hrvatske i Velike Albanije.
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2017 will be a challenging year for Saudi Arabia, who is losing its leadership in the Middle East and faces looming economic challenges stemming from low oil prices. Saudi Arabia (SA) has been humiliated in Syria, and embroiled itself in an endless and costly conflict in Yemen. According to Reuters, SA is spending $175 million per month for bombings in Yemen and an additional $500 million for ground incursions. These low oil prices and military expenses have unprecedented impact on Saudi foreign reserves, which depleted from $732 billion to $623 billion in 2015. However the main cost of these military failures is not a financial one, they also dealt a fatal blow to the Saudi monarchy who used military nationalism to foster support, and implement a cult of the personality to King Salman
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The author analyzes the phenomenon of identity, he deals with the perception and contemporary interpretations of identity, ways of constituting of identity as social conditionality-sociogenesis of identity. Emphasis is on the importance of the Bosnian identity expressed in the phrase Bosnian spirit as well as the basic features of Bosnian identity. A key part of the paper deals with the generators of identity crisis or the crisis of identity in contemporary Bosnian society. Generators are analyzed through the prism of the mythological fogging and historiographical tension in the presenting of Bosnian identity and the "truth about Bosnia", then, through the prism of misunderstanding and prejudice in interpretation of Bosnian society and state, with special emphasis on programs of evil out of Bosnia, as well as through the analysis of ideology of hegemony and insatiable appetite towards Bosnia and the total set of its multi-layered, sedimented cultural, territorial, political, economic and other comprehensiveness. "Feudalistic" matrix of consciousness, matrix of thinking that prefer exclusivity and the necessity of ideology "nation-state", "alibi" of eternal transition and as thesis of fascistic matrix on "inevitable clash of civilizations" are the integral part of the author's consideration of the causes of the crisis.
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Nations and nationalisms are relatively modern terms and phenomena, primarily immanent and originally came from the cradles of Western European nations. The nations of the Western Balkans, were formed in nation term of not being able to transfer and apply literally Western European empiric of nation forming. The involvement of the Western Balkan nations in the multiethnic empires had deep consequences in that sense. Formed during the 19th century, Serbian and Croatian nations expressed aspirations towards other territories and other population, outside of those that they have been formed basically. In our case, that means towards the territory of the Bosnia and Bosnian population. In this process, which lasts from mid-19th century, the strategically perceived borders of Serbian and Croatian national state are on Bosnian territory and operationalize on the Bosnian people (Serbia towards Bosnian population that confess Orthodoxy, and Croatia towards Bosnian population that confess Catholicism). In this aspiration occurrence and processes, at least had been taken into consideration that Bosnia is multi-religious country and that it lasts through the millennium of its existence like this. This is the main reason why this process of degradation of Bosnia and splitting the Bosnian population in the three has had such disastrous results, and it has them today.
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From the early 19th century to the present, a certain spectre of Bosnianhood has informed the national teleologies of the Serb, Croat and Bosniak identitities (Serbhood, Croathood, and Bosniakhood). As is evident from their nationalist programmes, all three nationalist projects have a need to sever the undeniable link between the population of Bosnia and the geographical and historical extent of Bosnian popular or folk plurality. One consequence is that today at least three quarters of Bosnian Muslims, whose very existence represents an anomaly for these nationalist teleologies, live in exile. But exile can be mental as well as physical. By brutally applying to themselves the templates of cultural racism, nationalism, and orientalism, Bosnian Muslims have assimilated the representations others have of them. This results in a form of migration from the self towards ideological alienation imposed from outside. Such templates are deployed in politically supported forms of education. This paper presents the results of research into key aspects of anti-Bosnian texts and public discourse.
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In the area of South-eastern Europe the nations are defined as an ethnic-religious and cultural communities. This understanding of the nation creates numerous problems in the construction of the modern states-nations with a democratic constitution. Long ago, religions in this area have played a decisive role in defining the ethnic (cultural-historical and multi-party parliament, multiethnic population, the rule of law, freedom and rights of individuals) and the national (state-legal) being of the population, but never bear the responsibility for catastrophic failures and events in which they participated by their fundamentalism. Therefore, once again it is showed the claim of nation subordination to the rigid religious view of the world that enables it to become a space of freedom for all members of society and the state with their respective specificities. Religion is forced as the foundation of culture and politics, education and everyday life, and then it used to derive a special mentality of differences in civilization. People who live together for centuries in the same village, clan, tribe, and later people suddenly become members of different cultures and civilizations. This is seen in the process Croatize Catholics in Bosnia or Serbianization of Bosniak Orthodox from the end of the 19th century. We understand the nation as a community of people (citizens or residents) living in one state (citizens) regardless of their ethnic, religious, racial and any other commitment. At Balkan, however, it is not developed such understanding of the nation and the citizen as the basis for the construction of state and national identity - national identity is not derived from the civil base, but the religious narrations and ethnic constructions are set as "foundations" of building the state, but it is always tragic in multi-ethnic communities.
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In early July of this year exactly 125 years have passed since the journal Bošnjak launched, the first Muslim political, and also educational and cultural media. In this paper, we outline briefly its policies, and then show one of the many controversies that has led this journal. And it finally got a judicially epilogue. About Bošnjak, and especially about its founder and first owner, Mehmed-beg Kapetanović Ljubušak, it was written repeatedly. However, even though we think that is not yet adequately evaluated their role in these crucial years of Bosnian history when it occurred transition from oriental to occidental cultural-civilizational circle with all implications that this bring with it.
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Ukształtowana u schyłku XIX stulecia Narodowa Demokracja, zwana potocznie endecją, stała się trwałym elementem polskiej sceny politycznej. Niezależnie od form organizacyjnych, jakie przybierała w różnych okresach, i od możliwości wpływania na bieżącą politykę determino wała sposób myślenia dużej części (choć raczej nie większości) polskiej opinii publicznej.
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Election is the hallmark of democracy. Any democratic regime that does not conduct election will be regarded as a dictatorship. The trust and reputation built on the electoral process impede its credibility and public acceptability. The higher the level of trust and reputation of the electoral process, the higher the acceptability of the leaders that emerges. The electoral process in Nigeria is in a state of total relapse, confusion and quagmire. To what extent does the reputation of the electoral process make Nigerians trust its process and output? How can Nigeria develop out of the electoral process conundrum credible leaders to emerge in the country Modernization theory is used to explain the urgent need for Nigeria to develop its electoral processes. Methodology uses the Afrobarometer time series data. Rapid growth and development are products of the electoral process that has public trust.
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The purpose of this article is to expose an unusual vision regarding the topic of aid to African countries, and more precisely to briefly describe and analyse the thought of Dambisa Moyo’s, a Zambian economist who heavily criticised the system of aid for the African continent sparking uproar and provoking reactions in Western societies. The debate underlines without any doubt the different viewpoint of the author, which is the most famous African economist on these topics, compared to western economists. This reinforces the relevance of the article
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This article aims to explore the significance of China’s technological transformation for the future of the Sino American superpower competition. It examines determinants, motivations, strategies, and policies introduced by the Chinese authorities with an aim to close the technological distance to the most advanced economies. The author also attempts to assess policy initiatives and efforts made by China in relation to its main economic rivals, particularly the United States. The paper concludes that technological transformation remains at the forefront of China’s development strategy, and its successful implementation will be the key to achieving the superpower status and effectively address domestic and international challenges. The article concludes that China has made a significant progress in some specific areas such as R&D expenditure, Global Innovation Index, ICT industry or patents. However, contrary to the Party’s bold rhetoric, reliance on foreign technology, especially on imported advanced machinery and semiconductors, has remained.
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Sea transport of liquid substances (petroleum and its derivatives) is done with the use of vessels called tankers. Their incorrect operation constitutes a great threat to the natural environment of maritime areas. Neglect of individual operations or failure to observe guidelines in many cases lead to oil spills the consequences of which are frequently irreversible and pose a threat to environmental safety. This article analyses the threats engendered by improper operation of oil tankers and describes how the operations necessary in transport of liquid substances with the use of tankers should be performed. It is an important issue since elimination of the abovementioned threats at the same time favours the efforts aimed at the highest possible degree of safety of marine natural environment (or more broadly ecological safety). The article also attempts to answer the following questions: Is the majority of disasters involving tankers caused by a human factor? Are the disasters rather caused by political factors and armed conflicts? The answer to those questions may form a basis for further research aimed at raising the level of marine safety.
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In today’s time of rapid and constant changes, especially marked by the interests and demands of the states to achieve growth and development faster, the topic and problems of environmental protection are becoming the focus of interest. The importance of environmental issues in the present day is alsoreflected in the fact that many states within their governments have separate ministries (departments) for environmental issues. The essence of this is to work directly on the prevention of environmental pollution, to which the modern world and contemporary societies are inevitably exposed. The aimis to protect and preserve the stability of total biodiversity and thus all other relationships. The problems of formulating and implementing public policies in the function of environmental protection are inevitably expressed in the modern world. Only adequate public policies aimed at the environmental sector can produce positive results in terms of preventing further pollution ofplanet Earth and maintaining a natural balance. An analysis of the content of the relevant documentation, as well as the presentation of the specific role of states in this context and the current situation in the countries of the European Union, will draw relevant conclusions that public environmental policies are one of the key public policies for the development of society and states.
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Przez 30 lat wolnej Polski my jako społeczeństwo nie odrobiliśmy zadania, które stoi przed każdym wolnym narodem. Nie odpowiedzieliśmy na pytanie, na co w kraju dajemy przyzwolenie. Działania, które wychodzą poza umowę społeczną, nie spotykały się z ostrą reakcją obywateli i władz państwa.
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Następny proszę. Następny. Następny. Ludzie wchodzą i wychodzą, nie ma im końca. Pokazuję, gdzie jest gabinet psychologa i gdzie przyjmuje lekarz. Zamykam dziesiątki dramatów i śmierci w zdawkowych komunikatach rejestru.
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Međunarodna javnost saglasna je da terorizam u svim svojim formama i manifestacijama danas predstavlja jednu od najozbiljnijih prijetnji za međunarodni mir i sigurnost. Kako bi se što učinkovitije borile protiv ovog fenomena, bitno je da se vlade i međunarodne institucije osvrnu i na uzroke nastanka i širenja (političkog) ekstremizma i njime uzrokovanog terorizma u bližoj historiji, na koji način su se različite vlade suočavale s njim u prethodnom periodu i koje su greške pravljene, a kako bi se, koliko je to moguće, izbjeglo njihovo ponavljanje. U ovom kontekstu, proučavanje uspona i pada Crvenih brigada u Italiji predstavlja klasičnu studiju slučaja koja pomaže razumijevanju dinamike razvoja jedne političke terorističke organizacije i njenog utjecaja na cijelo društvo. Iako se na prvi pogled čini da se Crvene brigade, inspirirane marksističkom i antikapitalističkom ideologijom, fundamentalno razlikuju od pokreta zasnovanih na militantnoj religijskoj ideologiji kao što su El-Kaida i IDIL, zapažaju se i određene zajedničke odlike u organizaciji i načinu djelovanja.
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Jakub Gużyński – Post-Liberalism: A Theological and Political Perspective (review of J. Milbank and A. Pabst’s The Politics of Virtue: Post-Liberalism and the Human Future, London and New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016)
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