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One of two FSB agents indicted by U.S. in same case may have been playing a double game.
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One of two FSB agents indicted by U.S. in same case may have been playing a double game.
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Analyzing the contemporary global mechanisms of governing relationships between peoples represented both in procedural and institutional aspects the author notes their fundamental and globally civilized meanings in the historical progress of mankind to a higher level of social system organization. Therefore, the actual European process and principles of creating the efficient ordering system, according to which certain international institutional structures function, should be considered in the context of today’s total sovereignty and at the same time ensuring the safety of international relations. This trend suggests that the presence of some basic concepts of self-governance aimed at creating mechanisms for intergovernmental governance in the global community should remove the possibility of destabilization of international cooperation. Thus, generally civilized pillars of social governance, including international relations, lie in the understanding that people have to base their relationships on principles of the highest administrative feasibility, which should embrace the economic, political and spiritual energy of any nation. This interpretation of general issues of international relations seems quite logical and well grounded in the light of recent developments in Ukraine.Therefore, the expression “reason rules the world” should be viewed as an objective opportunity of any institution through the energy of its own organization and by management to achieve a holistic level of the system which is too important for humanity, which in its historical development has always longed for a high level of organization, and consequently reached in its civilization development a level where management has become the most productive type of production. In this view management as a science can be perceived as the most lucrative and prudent source of allocating capital.Biological organizational evolution appears to have been locked: in its highest form — for a human being it has found its reflection and the most organic way of life. And the higher the development of civilization, in particular management, the more organically the mankind enters this circle, the more harmonious relationships people have with nature. A knowledge of harmonization mechanisms through people’s self-subjecting to nature in all its forms of existence is a superior necessity for humanity, and hence a source of eternity and management as a science.
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The categorical apparatus has been widened and the main reasons of necessity for state regulation of industrial cooperation have been found. The scheme of research of industrial cooperation in the context of future government regulation has been developed. The systematization forms of state regulation of industrial cooperation on various criteria were done. It was proposed to consider the state regulation of industrial cooperation depending on the purpose in three directions that would allow for most effectively to intensify the innovative "growth points" of the national economy, ensure proper social and economic living standards of inhabitants and to take into account the specifics of depressive regions.
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In the process of building socialism, like the other communist parties in Eastern Europe, PCR was based on a set of values and principles with origins in the Marxist-Leninist ideology. However, the dissident attitude of the Romanian communism towards Moscow in the sixties would imprint some peculiarities of a doctrinal identity. In PCR’s case, an expression of this identity has constantly manifested in the international relations engaged by the Romanian state, a domain in which Ceaușescu used to consider himself as a spokesman of the socialist doctrine. In its definition and argumentation, the concept of democracy was vital, both for the discourse of the socialist or communist parties in Western Europe and for that of the parties in the Eastern Block. But amid the historical demarcation between socialism and capitalism, the communist would use the concept of democracy in their own terms and acceptations, because, as compared to the political regimes with single party, the West-European communist/socialist parties had developed and functioned within multiparty democracies, sharing a different vision of the construction of socialism. The goal of the present article is to analyse the ideological identity of the Romanian communism, having as documentary source the content of the dialogues between PCR and the Belgian Left parties. The research identifies Ceaușescu’s vision on multiparty systems and regimes and on the ones with single party, as well as the concept of democracy in its particular acceptations.
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The quantitative analysis focuses on effects of a single nationwide electoral district on proportionality of seats–votes shares (Least Squares Index) and proportionality of territorial representation (advantage ratio index at the individual level and an adaptation of distortion index at the aggregate level) in the Slovak parliamentary elections. The case study concludes that metropolitan area (the Bratislava Region) is strongly over-represented in the Slovak parliament while other regions are under-represented. At the same time, the analysis showed that seats-votes proportionality and proportionality of territorial representation are not necessarily opposing principles. For example, the mechanism of the electoral system to the German Bundestag makes clear that it is possible to maintain a high degree of both of them.
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The new European regulation of personal data protection domain is a real reorganization of the specific system, with profound effects on public administration staff or on labor market actors causing the emergence of new opportunities but of limitations too. The institution of the personal data protection officer, although not new, needs some clarification in the new setting.
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Chcę zwrócić uwagę na kilka pozycji z zakresu katolickiej nauki społecznej. Nasze środowisko, nauczające katolickiej nauki społecznej czy nauki społecznej Kościoła, pisze i publikuje kolejne książki i artykuły, a środowiska, do których one są adresowane, niemal ich nie znają czy nie czytają. Opieram się w tych refleksjach, o których za chwilę, także na kilku innych publikacjach. Jak mówi Tomasz Gruszecki, „literatura światowa jest bardzo obszerna, ale pięćdziesiąt lat cenzury zrobiło swoje; fundamentalne prace Hayeka i jego kontynuatorów są nieprzetłumaczone i czasem «odkrywa się» u nas wątki dawno już podjęte”. Wyważamy otwarte drzwi i nadrabiamy wieloletnie zaległości. Wyznaję, że także w marketingach wydawnictw ambitniejszych pozycji odbywa się nieraz jakaś błyskotliwa promocja kolejnego tomu i... potem następuje najgłębsza cisza. A książki te powinien przeczytać każdy poseł, senator, marszałek samorządowy oraz radny miejski i gminny.
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Już od kilku lat obserwuje się w Polsce negatywne tendencje demograficzne, które można już uznać za kryzys demograficzny. Kryzys ten może spowodować w przyszłości zachwianie równowagi międzypokoleniowej i związane z nim niekorzystne konsekwencje społeczno-ekonomiczne. Wspólne dobro wymaga zastanowienia się nad przyczynami tego kryzysu i szukania środków zaradczych. Kościół katolicki w Polsce zawsze czuł się odpowiedzialny za dobro wspólne dlatego słuszne wydaje się postawienie pytania, jakie wyzwania stawia przed Kościołem powyższy kryzys. Referat składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej przedstawiona zostanie sytuacja demograficzna w Polsce, w części drugiej rozważymy przyczyny kryzysu demograficznego, a w części trzeciej zajmiemy się próbą określenia zadań Kościoła wobec powyższych problemów.
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The state as a subject of geopolitical research is a very interesting area of security analysis. This applies to all geopolitical entities with particular distinction of global powers, which are currently both the United States and China. These global powers are now shaping international relations in the world according to their own interests, but their goals in implementing this policy may be convergent or contradictory. This paper presents the implementation of geopolitics by the United States, which is aimed at maintaining the dominant position in the world, including exercising control of transport routes at critical points of the globe. China, on the other hand, operates in a similar way, because this power strives to ensure the freedom of action on all continents, in order to gain an economic advantage (which has already succeeded) and military advantage over the United States. Both powers have strictly defined geoeconomic and geostrategic concepts which they are trying to implement. Particularly noteworthy is the „One Belt, One Road” project, implemented by China, covering the entire area of Europe and Asia. India also participates in this project, but independently, they implement another program that shows to be of interest to Japan and the United States as well as to China.
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The article focuses on the analysis of the process of building European militarycapabilities in the political and institutional dimension, as well as the analysis of theEU Member States military capabilities. The aim is to sketch the genesis of the politicalprocess, which assumes the construction of the EU's armed forces (the European army),taking into account the priorities of the new EU Security Strategy 2016 as well as theimplications in the implementation of the adopted assumptions. The main part of thearticle refers to the analysis of statistical data regarding the size and equipment of thearmy of individual EU states and their distribution in the region. On this basis, it wasalso possible to define the general and military power of the EU states.
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The article contains an analysis of differences in the understanding of state power andlaw in the West and in the Islamic region. Its purpose is to find the reasons for theMuslim societies' particular propensity for autocracy and theocracy. Historical politicalchanges in Europe and in Muslim countries were examined, with particular reference toSudan. Then, the processes that led to the development of fundamentalism and theradicalization of Muslim communities in Europe as well as in the Arab states wereinvestigated. Ineffectiveness of the European Union's policy aimed at popularizingdemocracy in the Islamic region was found. In conclusion, it was stated that the basicproblem and primary source of difficulty is the inviolability and dogmatic character ofKoranic law.
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During the time passed between the change of regime in December 1989 and the moment we write these lines, our country has undergone a series of fundamental transformations and, through consistent political and diplomatic efforts, has acquired the status of Member State of the most important regional political and military organizations in the European and Euro‐Atlantic regions, the European Union and NATO. The internal evolutions, the characteristics of the society and the state, as well as its participation in the assumed international commitments represent the main coordinates of Romaniaʹs contributions to strengthening the security of these organizations. In the following, we will briefly present some personal reflections on these contributions, using, for support, the specialized doctrine and the main open sources of information that address the aforementioned issues.
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The article explores the types of actors (of political or economic nature) involved in energy issues of all sorts. The first chapter explores the traditional role of the state. The second one explores the consequences – in energy issues of all sorts – of the fact that state is a sovereign entity with all correlated rights (including the way in which the relations with foreign investors are shaped and regulated). The third chapter explores and presents non-state actors with interests and activities in the area of energy (mainly trans-national companies – TNCs). The fourth chapter – the final one – explores the role of state-owned companies, mainly in the context when they are completely controlling national markets.
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In order to analyse the Russian intervention in Syria and to identify some causal relations, and also the interests for which Russia chose to get involved in Syria conflict, it’s necessary to know the situation in the Syrian state, and also the interests and the relations between this two states. Thus, the first part of this paper will follow the presentation of current situation in Syria, and then it will highlight the objectives, interests and the Russian strategy in this region, in order to understand the direct military intervention, started on September 30, 2015. The paper will then follow drawing certain conclusions about the current situation and it will also provide a brief forecast for how the Syrian conflict can evolve in 2016 and how the relations between Russia and Syria will continue this year.
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Industrial espionage is a controversed subject in our days, but in the time of the Cold War was much more important, because there was hard to know in that time who was the real ally. A series of events had placed Romania in this situation, where both espionage and the status of ally where put to question.
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The approach of the new geopolitical reality, at national level or within cooperation operations / or created between the collective security apparatus,conducted through integrated efforts, creates the premises of intelligent nowledge and by deepening the old threats and the new sophisticated risks (hybrid, asymmetric, complex with transnational valences), stressing the relevance of strategic knowledge. The illegal migration, active matter on the agenda of the modern intelligence institutions, has as grounds – in the current geopolitical context – dark perspectives that are generated by regional ethnic or religious conflicts, by the development of the globalization process – that comes with the opened borders, by smuggling various resources, by economic differences, as well as by climatic changes and natural disasters (drought, starvation, flooding, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, pollution or irrational exploitation of resources etc – with implications in modifying the natural ecosystems).
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The economical growth and the development of the technology have had as a downside the job shortage. When the needs surpassed the availability of the work force, the idea of importing work force from the other countries came on as an excellent idea. There were new programs that took place in order to satisfy the labor shortage and create more opportunities for the countries that needed jobs.
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The illegal immigration had been an issue worldwide as a problem for the economy and social life in the developed countries. This situation became worse where there was a border between a very rich and a very poor country. At this moment, USA, one of the biggest power in the world, has an illegal immigration problem with Mexic, a poor and corrupted country.
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