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The Macedonian Scientific Insitute (MSI) - Sofia, for the past 8 years, has followed and analyzed the difficult development of the democratic process in the Republic of Macedonia, which received its first international admission of its official name by our state - Republic of Bulgaria.
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The Russian Tsarist, who completed his political unity in Ivan the Great, undertook modernization movements by turning his direction to the West during the period of Petro I. The Petro reforms are under the rule of Tsar II. Katerina continued to take control of the scattered Muslim tribes in the Russian Tsarist region. The Russian Tsar has exerted political, economic and cultural pressure on the Muslim population. The resistance against Russia, particularly Turkestan and the Caucasus, continued until the late 19th century. The inability of the Muslims of Russia to overcome the national and local commitments and the absence of a national consciousness prevented their unification. In addition, political instability in the region, poor management, poverty, the problems caused by being trapped between Russia and China weakened the resistance of Muslims in the region. The traditional forms of resistance to Russian occupations remained insufficient. Tatars, fighting against Russian expansionism, gained significant gains by mediating trade between Russia and Turkestan. The Tatar bourgeoisie, which showed improvement, made economic moves in the region, especially Kazan. With the fall of Turkestan to Russia, the Tatars, whose position is in danger, have sought remedies against Russian expansionism. The movement led by the first Tatar intellectuals such as Sehabeddin Mercani and Abdulkayyum Nasıri was put into a systematic form by İsmail Gaspıralı. İsmail Gaspıralı has supported the modernization efforts of Muslims in Russia and has been the pioneer of reforms, particularly education and culture. The aim of Gaspirali is to educate Russian Muslims according to the conditions of the times, to give them a national consciousness and to create a powerful Turkish bourgeoisie against Russian expansionism. For this purpose, he aimed to unite the whole Turkic world. The Turkish Union, which started as a cultural program, became a political target with the support of the Ottoman intellectuals. Gaspıralı developed long-term literacy learning time to 40 days with the phonetic method he developed and opened Cedit schools in Turkistan. Gaspıralı's motto “unity in language, idea and work together” has become a common slogan for Ottoman and Russian Turks.
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A study of the commercialization of the results of fundamental and applied researches by scientists in technical institutions of Ukraine was carried out. Based on the processing of archival materials, the activities of the representatives of the higher technical school in commercial projects, consulting and expert activities were studied, and the performance of this work was evaluated. On the example of the oldest technical institution of East Ukraine, the Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute (today the National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”), it is demonstrated that attempts to implement the consulting and entrepreneurial sphere in a higher technical school in Ukraine were made already at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. T his institution of higher education had a unique character. Evidently, its exclusively “practical” approach to organizing the educational process outlined the strengthening of practical training of engineers and conducting in-depth research. Commercial activities were not widespread but became an integral part of the professional activity of the teaching staff. T he study showed that such business activities were not a common practice. The authors argue that the activities were carried out by a group of researchers who formed an informal professional institutional community, based on their own knowledge, experience, and global authority. V. Kirpichov and G. Latyshev effectively implemented commercial projects by order of the railroad authorities. Successful entrepreneurial projects were implemented by the chemists M. Valyashko, O. Lidov, M. Zuev, the physicist O. Pogorelko, and the electrical engineers M. Klobukov, V. Kiyanica and P. Kopnyaev. Competitiveness of the inventions of these scientists was an important factor in the development of scientific and technological progress.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing memoirs and memories of the life and activities of the Chairman of the Directory and the Chief Ataman of the troops of the Ukrainian People's Republic Simon Vasilyevich Petliura and determine their role and place in the study of his personality. Convinced that the time had come to objectively and impartially evaluate this outstanding figure of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921. The author set himself the goal of refuting scientific and ideological stereotypes and traditional postulates accumulated over the century around Petliura, realizing that this can only be done by studying diverse, previously unknown sources, including memoirs and memories, and then bringing truthful contemporaries to future generations testimony about his life and work. Methodology. The research methodology is to use a combination of methods: dialectical, analytical, historical, biographical, comparative. This methodological approach allowed us to analyze memoirs and memories retrospectively and, through them, trace the life and career of S. Petliura and draw the appropriate scientific conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained consists in the comprehensive coverage of memoirs and memories of Simon Petliura to refute the established myths, establish the truth and provide the most objective and time-tested assessments of his personality. Scientific findings on the nature, characteristics, and objectivity of the studied memoirs and memories, and the rationale for the need and feasibility of their further study. Conclusions. Memoirs and reminiscences of the life and activities of S. Petilura significantly expand the source-study base as a whole about the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people since the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 and its figures, and about S.Petlyure, in particular. The author’s subjective vision of memoirs and memories of historical reality and historical personalities, his compliance with the own political views, ambitions, and preferences requires a critical attitude to what is written. A crucial objective analysis of memoirs and memories as historical sources, clarification, and verification of the facts contained in them, using primarily archival sources, documents, and modern research, will successfully overcome these shortcomings.
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The author has distinguished the second part of his paper into four sections. He considers closely the problem of the so-called Macedonian nation with a view to its political conception and its present state-of-the-art. For this purpose, the author uses the theoretical background of his first paper and the references available, as well as the historical sources related to that subject.
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Răspunsurile la Chestionarele Odobescu și Hasdeu, pentru județul Brăila, editori: Ionel Cândea, Costin Croitoru (Ion TALOȘ); Constantin Brăiloiu, culegător și editor de folclor, ed.: Nicolae Constantinescu, Mihail Adrian Șerban (Cristian MUȘA); Troițe și cimitire cu stâlpi funerari de pe Valea și din Munții Sebeșului. Repertoriu, coord.: Radu Totoianu, Călin Anghel (Andreea BUZAȘ); Folclor din Valea Sebeșului, ed. Ilie Moise (Radu TOTOIANU); Studii de etnologie. In honorem prof. univ. dr. Ilie Moise, coord. Andreea Buzaș (Ana GRAMA); Pe cărările timpului. O radiografie fotografică a satului vasluian, coord. Lucian-Valeriu Lefter (Dan Dumitru IACOB); Irmgard Sedler, Noblesse & Raffinement. Der höfische Schuh im Barock und Rokoko – Noblețe și rafinament. Pantoful de curte în Baroc și Rococo (Andreea BUZAȘ); „Musa” – implicații naționale. Folclor poetic într-o revistă manuscrisă din secolul al XIX-lea, ed.: Virgiliu Florea, Andreea Buzaș (Ioan POPA); Sebeșu de Jos – sub semnul identității, ed. Ilie Moise (Andreea BUZAȘ)
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The most important event in the national liberation movement during the Bulgarian National Revival period, the struggles of the 1876 April Uprising, covered large areas throughout the country. However, the geograghical situation of the separate regions left its imprint on the power of the people's onrush.
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The article deals with an almost unknown episode that happened in Varna in the beginning of 1919 when one of the top representatives of the Entente occupation troops visited the town. At the heart of the incident is the smoldering tension between the Bulgarians and the Greek minority community in the city. The conflict was triggered by the Greek prisoners of war located in Varna at the time, but it took place in the context of the new national catastrophe that struck Bulgaria after the defeat in World War I, aggravated by the patronizing attitude of the Entente authorities towards the local Greek population.
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In Poland, feminist perspectives in the field of musicology are still not only very rare, but also hold a highly problematic status. Both an overview of relevant Polish literature and scholars’ experiences reveal a two-sided problem within Polish feminist musicology, where there is on the one hand a great disregard for the study of intersections between sex, gender and music, and on the other hand a significant controversy over how to approach the subject once it is acknowledged. The challenges which today’s feminist musicology in Poland needs to confront, are connected with complex and very often ambivalent way in which classical music culture and the feminist discourse have been shaped since the beginning of the communist era (1945-1989). Reaching back to that period, various historical, political and social factors have influenced the study of women and gender in the contemporary Polish musicology. Three equally crucial issues are investigated in order to understand the status of feminist musicology in Poland: 1) the challenges Polish musicology has had to face due to the communist propaganda; 2) the way in which communist reality has shaped the attitude to feminism in the society; 3) the way in which history of Polish classical music is influenced by the figure of Grażyna Bacewicz. The essay characterizes each of these phenomena and presents how they may have contributed to the problematic status of feminist musicology in Poland nowadays.
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Born on 17 December 1871 in the village of Smilevo, Bitolya region, and distinguished for his studiousness since an early age, Damyan (Dame) Grouev studied in his native villages, as well as in Bitolya, Salonica and Belgrade, where he was confronted with the Serbian chauvinism. Having seen the threat by the Serb propaganda for the Bulgarians in Macedonia, he left school and came to Sofia where he enrolled in the University.
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Alexandru Odobescu poate fi considerat un precursor al poporanismului. Primul teren de manifestare al criticii sale va fi cel lingvistic. El va ataca cu hotărâre excesele latiniste. Pentru Odobescu, pericolul cel mai mare rezida tocmai în posibilitatea dezvoltării, ca urmare a exceselor latiniste, a două limbi diferite: una în gazetele din Ardeal și alta în spațiul extracarpatic. În plan social și național, s-a remarcat suportul ferm al lui Odobescu pentru îmbunătățirea situației țărănimii, care ne face să-l considerăm un precursor, oricât de improbabil, al poporanismului: dorința de continuitate a edificiului național prin intermediul țărănimii, o clasă care părea necoruptă de influențele decadente ale fanariotismului și neofanariotismului. În plan literar, Odobescu este convins că literatura românească nu poate fi una autentică decât prin apelul la literatura populară ca izvor de inspirație, o idee pe care Ibrăileanu o consideră afină spiritului aceleiași școli critice moldovenești reprezentate de un Alecu Russo sau Vasile Alecsandri. Fără îndoială, Constantin Stere a fost figura inițiatoare a poporanismului, păstrându-și un ascendent important până în momentele de declin ale mișcării, în anii Primului Război Mondial. Pentru Stere, intelectualitatea „poporanistă” trebuia să militeze pentru ridicarea culturală a țărănimii în cadrul unui demers susținut de „luminare” și să lupte în același timp în plan politic pentru acordarea dreptului de vot universal și pentru o reformă agrară cuprinzătoare. Cele două planuri, cultural și politic, erau întrepătrunse în opinia lui Stere: dreptul de vot și o nouă reformă agrară nu puteau fi folosite decât de o țărănime educată și conștientă de sine și de drepturile ei. O altă convingere nezdruncinată a lui Stere era cea legată de respectarea specificului național. Și Garabet Ibrăileanu a susținut că există însușiri naționale specifice. Dincolo de declarațiile programatice ale fruntașilor săi, poporanismul rămâne încercarea de realizare a unei sinteze imposibile, cea dintre democratism și conservatorism. Limbajul general este unul progresist, modern, analiza sociologică se apropie de multe ori de cea marxistă.
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Le thème de la modernisation de la société roumaine s’inscrit dans le domaine d’intérêt de l’historiographie. Il traite de l’ensemble des idées et conceptions culturelles, sociales et politiques qui ont influencé l’expansion de la modernité roumaine. Le processus a commencé dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle et a changé le visage de la société roumaine. « Modernisation » et « occidentalisation » sont devenues des termes synonymes, désignant pratiquement la même réalité. Il y a eu aussi des réactions critiques, notamment anti-modernes, à ce processus de renouveau, qui a pris des formes révolutionnaires. Le processus d’occidentalisation était lié au contact direct de certains représentants de la société roumaine et de l’élite avec les réalités de l’Occident. Ce contact a généré un complexe d’infériorité culturelle, ressenti, par exemple, par Dinicu Golescu, un boyard réputé pour ses voyages en Europe et dans d’autres zones géographiques. Sa réaction étonnée, son admiration, son désir de transplanter dans l’espace roumain les réalisations de l’Occident caractériseraient également la génération d’étudiants « fortunés » des années 1830 à 1840. Anticipant la controverse entre traditionalistes et modernistes, Mihail Kogălniceanu a affirmé qu’une culture par l’imitation n’est pas souhaitable. Partisan d’une démocratie rurale, Nicolae Bălcescu, a été l’un des principaux promoteurs combatifs de la résolution du problème rural. Le phénomène d’occidentalisation était plein de tergiversations et d’ambiguïtés, au XIXe siècle. Il est visible depuis les années 1830 et s’est manifesté à travers la génération de jeunes qui admirent la culture française. Elle se faisait appeler la génération « bonjuriste », qui faisait des études juridiques, historiques, philologiques, philosophiques à Paris, Vienne, Rome, etc. Les jeunes « bonjuristi » ou « duelgi » étaient progressistes, ils voulaient la modernisation rapide de la société roumaine. Ils avaient le sentiment persistant d’appartenir à une nation marquée par une infériorité culturelle. En effet, la situation des Principautés était très difficile, du point de vue social, politique, économique et culturel, même après l’abolition du régime phanariot. Mais les conservateurs n’aimaient pas l’enthousiasme des changements, ils ne voulaient pas l’occidentalisation des jeunes. Les « bonjuriști » ou les « combattants » ont soutenu que tout devait changer: langue, institutions politiques, vêtements, mode de vie. Dans les Principautés (notamment en Muntenia), l'influence française et italienne dans la langue roumaine s’est manifestée, contribuant à cette tendance des « bonjuriști », devenus en grande partie des « artisans de paix » manteau occidental. La critique junimiste des « formes sans fond » a été la première forme articulée par le conservatisme roumain, influencé, seulement partiellement, par le conservatisme européen.
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This article approaches the moralist side of Titu Maiorescu and Nicolae Iorga. Maiorescu is the first Romanian moralist in the true sense of the word. Familiar with the ancient thinkers, the French moralists and the German moral philosophy, especially Schopenhauer, Maiorescu is an observer and a harsh judge of the mores of his society. Iorga, the most productive Romanian moralist, thinks of man, in full Romanian modernity, in terms of tradition (the honest man, with his purpose and respect for old rules, “ashamed” in his nature by the shamelessness of life). In his Musings,Iorga is always thinking of the traditional man, whom he wants to rescue from the shamelessness of modernity.
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preservation of the criteria underlying the latter’s constitution polarized post–1989 literary journalists and critics’ opinions. The supporters of preservation and perpetuation of the aesthetic criterion proclaim that the Romanian communist literature was a form of “resistance through culture” and that, consequently, the canon then built should be conserved along with the aesthetic autonomy thesis considered as its basis. On the other hand, the advocates of the more radical or moderate revision of the pre–1990 scale of values and the criteria that created it believe in the overlap between the aesthetic criterion and the ethical one or even in the subordination of the former to the latter. In this last case, of importance is the writers’ attitude towards the former regime, their open or concealed collaborationism or, on the contrary, the resistance they managed to oppose to the political element.
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