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Research of personality of Keiki (Nurmagambet) Kukembaiula (1877–1922) – Kazakh national hero, participant of the Central Asian revolt (1916) against the Russian tsar administration and after 1917 participant of the national liberation movement against the Bolshevism (Sovietization) of Central Asian nations (the socalled “Basmachi movement”) – was not undertaken in the Soviet period for obvious reasons. Nevertheless, the image of the Kazakh hero was reflected in some of the artistic and literary works of that time. After declaration of the independence of Kazakhstan, a number of articles appeared in the periodical press and various publications on the life of Keiki-Batyr were published as well. However, they were written mostly on the basis of legends and oral stories about him, and there were various inaccuracies and inconsistencies concerning his life and the fight against Soviet power in the region. The aim of this study is the scientific depiction of the life of Keiki Kukembaiula.
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This article is the first study on the churches of Kosmozero Pogost, located in the centre of the Zaonezhye Peninsula. Even the only remaining monument of the Pogost - the Church of Alexander Svirsky – has not been described in detail in the literature so far. The article traces the construction history and describes the architectural features of the Church of the Assumption (1720), the Church of Alexander Svirsky (1769–1770), the bell tower and the fence of the Pogost, using the archival sources found by the author. A number of new documents from the XIX and the XX centuries from the archives of Petrozavodsk, St. Petersburg and Moscow are introduced into scientific circulation. Previously unpublished materials of the research of these monuments conducted in the XX century are involved. The article expands the knowledge of church construction in Zaonezhye in the XVIII century, and enables to compare the monuments of this period with the earlier examples of the Western Prionezhye architectural tradition.
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The article highlights the events of the Civil War and military intervention in the North-West of Russia in the spring and summer of 1919. Having studied archival documents and memoirs sources, the author tells about the preparation and conduct of the landing operation against the White Finnish troops on the eastern coast of Lake Ladoga in the area of Vidlitsa and Tuluoksa settlements by the Red Army command. On June 27, 1919, the units of the First Infantry Division of the Red Army (under the command of M. P. Gusarov, the Chief of the Division and Commander of the Interlake District) together with the ships of the Baltic Sea naval forces and the Onega military flotilla (under the command of E. S. Pantserzhansky) destroyed the base of the Olonets volunteer army, which was used by Finland’s military and political leaders for personnel replacement, as well as for the supply of arms, ammunition, food, and other material means. The operation timeline was minutely traced, the events were reconstructed, and the historiography of the topic was refined significantly. In conclusion, it is emphasized that as a result of the landing operation the operational situation in the isthmus between Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga changed in favor of the Red Army, the threat of Petrozavodsk being captured was eliminated, and the control over the sovereign territory of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on the eastern coast of Lake Ladoga was restored.
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Archival documents of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, first introduced into scientific circulation in this publication, enable us to give a representation of the historical events of 1944 related to the “Karelian issue” raised by the war correspondent of the Pravda newspaper M. M. Shur during the offensive operation of the Karelian Front. The article covers the process of considering the national issue by the Central Committee of the USSR Communist Party, with the results not recorded in protocols. The authors substantiate the statement that the solution of the “Karelian issue” was driven by a complex of external and internal factors. For the USSR political leadership the priority was to prevent the exacerbation of the military and political situation in the North to sign an armistice with Finland.
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The alcohol monopoly which existed in the Russian Empire at the turn of the XX century remains an important object of research forRussian historical science. In certain historical periods, the alcohol issue significantly influenced the determination of the developmentvector of the country’s domestic policy. The relevance of this problem in modern Russia is obvious. The role of the alcoholmonopoly in the formation of the socio-economic climate has been the subject of a large number of works in which the problemhas been analyzed both on a national and regional scale. Russian materials are used for studying this topic for the first time, whichdetermines the research novelty. The analyzed published statistical materials, archival data and information from the periodicalpress indicate a systematic increase in the supply of officially-sold alcoholic beverages to the region before the First World War. Atthe same time, an increase in alcohol consumption by the rural population of Karelia was recorded. The negative socio-economicconsequences of these trends included significant financial losses suffered by the peasants. Concrete examples demonstrate how detrimentalthe impact of this outflow of finances was on the development of the peasant households. In addition, the negative impact ofincreased alcohol consumption on the moral character of the village was studied. However, in addition to negative factors, the studyestablished a certain economic benefit from alcohol consumption for the peasants of the border townships in the Olonets province,which resulted from smuggling alcohol to Finland.
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The problem of juvenile delinquency in Karelia between 1918 and 1935 and the government measures against it are fully addressedand analyzed for the first time on the basis of various sources. The relevance of the topic is in the study of and critical reflection on theexperience gained in the previous periods. It is of interest in connection with the improvement of the modern methods of work withchild offenders while the crime rates among youngsters remain high. The research centers on the activities of commissions for casesof minors, demonstrates the changes in the age of criminal responsibility for juvenile offenders, lists the types of crimes committedby them, and describes the network of institutions for these children in Karelia. Measures taken by commissions for cases of minorstowards juvenile offenders are identified. These measures could succeed only with the right approach towards child offenders andthe sufficient number of special facilities. The research revealed that in Karelia all possible legal measures were applied to juvenileoffenders, except for the medical ones due to the lack of specialized institutions. The study shows a gradual build-up of the repressiveelement when working with juvenile offenders, which was against the government’s commitment to create favorable environmentfor the upbringing and socialization of Soviet children.
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The publication presents an archival document of the funds of the Russian archive of socio-political history (RGASPI). The document is a report prepared by the editor-in-chief of the journal «Technology — to the youth» for the Komsomol Central Committee. The report summarizes the results of the survey of Clubs of fans of science fiction (CFSF), which the journal conducted in 1982—1983. The document describes the social and age structure of the CFSF, tasks, problems that they experience in their activities. The comments give a description of the document, its attribution. The circumstances of the creation of the report are analyzed. Ideological and political conditions are described; assumptions on authorship of the document are expressed. An attempt is also made to determine the source knowledge of the published report. Three problems are identified, in the study of which this document can be useful to researchers. First, it is the degree of independence of the CFSF from the authorities; second, it is an assessment of the organizational unity of the Soviet fan movement; third, the importance that the Soviet ideological leadership attached to science fiction. The comments also describe the events that followed the creation of this document. We are talking about repressive campaigns against the journal «Technology — to the youth» and against the clubs of science fiction fans, which occurred in 1984. And although the connection of these events with the published document is more than indirect, all these events are within the framework of ideological control over science fiction. The detailed notes explain the terms, abbreviations, proper names mentioned in the report.
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This article investigates responses of Soviet schoolchildren of middle and older ages towards the Spanish Civil War and the arrival of Republican children to the USSR in the second half of the 1930s. Interest in reactions of this age category is connected with the fact that soon after they would bear the brunt of sacrifices in the struggle with Nazi Germany and received the status of front-line generation. Emotionally perceived events in a distant country became the source of its ideas about the future total war of the USSR and an important frontier in psychological preparation for it. Despite the refusal of the country’s political leadership to foment a revolution in Spain, this idea was guiding for young Soviet citizens. The Republican struggle, meaningful as an outbreak of world revolution, gave rise to their various manifestations of solidarity, including the collection of funds, attempts of individual and group escapes to Spain, and the self-organization of paramilitary units to join international teams. In the light of the dramatic experience of the Spanish Republicans, the future of the communist project among Soviet youth was now linked only to the fierce war that the Soviet Union was to withstand with some not necessarily decisive support from the progressive world community.
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This article explores the historiography of publishing sources on the history of Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Red-Army Deputies during the Civil War. The publication of documents related to the history of the Petrograd Soviet began in the 1920s. The political environment of the 1930s made this inconvenient: a study of the activities of the Soviet was conducted, first of all, in the context of the defense of Petrograd from the troops of General Yudenich. The publication of materials related to the Petrosoviet was stopped, as they often featured the names of figures deleted from Stalinist historiography: G. Zinoviev, G. Evdokimov, and others. In the post-war period, historians concentrated on activities of the Petrograd Soviet and its committees in 1917, resulting in a number of large-scale publications of sources. However, this situation did not touch documents of the Petrosoviet for the Civil War years. In 2019, a collection of transcripts from 1919 was released, to some extent filling this gap. This publication is in great interest, and it receives significant attention in this article.
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In the first half of the 19th century, Vienna was one of the most important centres of political, cultural, social, and economic life in Europe. Here, various sociopolitical issues were intensely discussed, and a great amount of information was gathered. The revolution of 1848 – 1849 stirred up a debate about the future of the Habsburg Empire, Hungary and about nations living in this region. Politicians, but also the public, started to be interested in the Slovak issues. Therefore, Viennese press started to reflect on the situation of the Slovaks, their politics and activities. This paper is shining light on the reflection of the Slovak question in the newly established Viennese political newspaper “Die Presse”, which was widely read throughout the Europe.
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The author of this study tries to analyze the possibility of using George Moss' "brutalization theory" to clarify the outbreak of violence during the Ukrainian Revolution (1917–1921). After researching each part of this theoretical concept, the author claims that it does not fit into the Ukrainian case. The author's arguments prove that this construct, built on the Western European narrative, cannot be used to understand the causes of violence during the Ukrainian Revolution.
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While we strive to develop existing research on fanzines in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), this article provides an introduction to the discussion about of fanzines and the specific historical contexts of CEE. This thematic issue aims to open a debate about CEE subcultures and alternative-press practices in the context of the relationship between the local and the global in contemporary history. With the cross-disciplinary view in this issue and the comparative view in the forthcoming issue we want to open up questions that go beyond the mainstream discourses in history and cultural heritage studies in CEE. The forming of a critical public, which often took place on the pages of fanzines, is reflected in the alternative narratives that undermine well-established stories of late socialism and post-socialism in CEE. Alternative scenes played a significant role in the transformation of CEE societies in recent decades, and their impact can be traced in the political and cultural debates of societies at large. Thus, research on fanzines can offer new insights from a “history from below” perspective. This article provides an overview of fanzine research and highlights three important contexts of fanzine analysis: the first is based on the interaction between creators, recipients, and their networks; the second highlights the special economic considerations of fanzine production and distribution; and the third focuses on the specific nature of the visuality and content of fanzines. We also discuss cultural transfer both between East and West and within the CEE.
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Science developed in Romania in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. By “science” we mean the physical and natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, geology or biology, although they have not always had the form and content they have today. With the inauguration of the Universities of Iași and Bucharest, the development of science in the Romanian Kingdom was put on a solid footing. Both Universities had Faculties of Sciences, although initially they were not autonomous, but shared the same framework with the studies of philosophy. In Iași, the scientific courses were initially integrated within the Faculty of Philosophy, together with the studies of “letters” and “theology”, according to the model practiced at the time in Germany. Within the University of Bucharest, the Faculty of Sciences went through the same process of diversification and specialization of departments. At the beginning of the 20th century, the research institutes and laboratories were affiliated with the faculties of science and the medical universities. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century, the level of Romanian science was considered satisfactory, while the Romanian scientists proved to be very receptive to the evolution of universal sciences.
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This article examines the way rulers are depicted in Icelandic literary sources such as Egils saga and some other literary sources belonging to medieval Scandinavia. We may presume that the construction and description of the image of Norwegian kings in that age, when Christianity had not totally replaced the Old beliefs in Iceland, are conclusive when attempting to better understand and analyze the mixed ideology of power in 12th and 13th century Norway and Iceland. Our aim is to explore the foundations of the political ideology of Early Medieval Norway, which were consolidated in the 12th and 13th centuries, when the authors and sources constructed an intercultural model of kingship based on the recently Christianized culture over which the influences of the old faith was overlapping.
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The text attempts to reconstruct the major factors that shaped the modern economic, political and intellectual orders. Based on the assumption that the philosophical and ideological sources of the modern state were derived from social, economic and technological changes, the article explains how these changes were prepared in the modern age and how they influence development in the following 200 years. It also presents the ideas of dependencies between the rise of the modern state and capitalist economy. The conclusion presents the challenges connected with new means of communication, new trends in economy and new social expectations, as well as the role that may be played by academic circles in responding to these.
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The subject of the article is to show and analyze inscriptions in Hiberno-Latin language in Marian Scotus’ World Chronicle (11th century). Marian Scotus was an Irish monk who led the life of an ascetic in Mainz, where he wrote a great Latin universal chronicle in which he applied his own count of years from the birth of Christ, shifting the date of birth 22 years back. The notes in the native language contained in the manuscript are evidence of a bond with the Irish chaplet that has not been broken despite many years spent in Germany. They show an interesting part of intellectual conditioning in the Middle Ages.
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The review of: Magdalena Grabowska, Zerwana genealogia. Działalność społeczna i polityczna kobiet po 1945 roku a współczesny polski ruch kobiecy; Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar 2018, ss. 322, ISBN 978-83-7383-931-1
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