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Religious museums, owned by different denominations, began to emerge in the first half of the nineteenth century. The museums of the Roman Catholic Church are the most numerous ones in this group. Regulations governing the activities of these institutions were included in the Code of Canon Law of 1918 and in the "Papal Directives concerning Church Art" of 1924. This issue was also regulated by a concordat of 1925 between the Republic of Poland and the Holy See. The latest directive is a circular letter of 2001 on Pastoral function of church museums.Nowadays, a number of religious museums have been created. An important issue is the permanent funding of museums. Another issue is the process of educating future priests in art history, or training church managers in the protection of cultural property. The outlined problems related to church museology indicate various tasks undertaken in this field - at every stage a different one. These tasks are closely connected with the targets set by the organizers and managers of cultural goods.
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The Book of Kells (lat. Codex Cenannensis, Irish: Leabhar Cheanannais), also known as the Gospels of Kells or the Gospels of St. Columba - a manuscript believed to have been created c. 800, richly illuminated by Celtic monks from the monastery on the island of Iona. The manuscript is considered to be one of the most valuable and important monuments of Irish Christianity and works of Gaelic art, which survived to our times. Its fame rests mainly on glamor and artistry decorations that have no equal. Great compositions filling entire pages, craftsmanship decorations and ornamentation of initials used to highlight the text, make The Book of Kells a unique and unrepeatable work of art.Since the mid-seventeenth century The Book of Kells is permanently stored in the Library of Trinity College Dublin (signature MS 58). In 2011 it has been inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.
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This article focuses on baptismal names in the parish Drobin, which was part of the Diocese of Płock, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Unfortunately, the analyzed group is relatively small, which contributes to some deviations from the general demographic trends. In order to conduct detailed studies of the Catholic population of Drobin, the author decided to introduce two periods: a ten-year period and a forty-year one. The analysis allowed for the emergence of the names that in the above periods were particularly popular among newly baptised boys and girls. The most common male names in the community under study were Jan, Stanisław, Józef, Antoni, Franciszek and Władysław. And the female names were Marianna, Józefa, Helena, Stanisława, Antonina, Zofia or Franciszka. Particular attention should be paid to the name Marianna, which was the most often chosen either as the first or middle name throughout the period under study. It is worth noting that its popularity in some decades reached about 25%. In addition, it was possible to analyze the names and classify them according to their origin: Biblical, Germanic, Latin, Hellenistic and Slavic. Then, the popularity of first and middle names was studied (both male and female ones). Finally, the article presents, as an interesting fact, a list of uncommon names which were chosen by the population of Drobin.
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The paper deals with urban geographic and demographic and geneaological layout of the part of the city of Srebrenica in the late 19th century that is located on the north of the its center - Čaršija. The centarl part (Čaršija and its surrounding) and the southern part of the city (with its mahalas (aut.tr.quarts) experienced its full development in the Middle Ages and the Ottoman period. The northern part of the city, although with elements of older urban development, experienced its intensive development in the late 19th century. A detailed urban geographic content of some city parts on the north of Čaršija is presented based on the original data from the Land Registry for c.p Srebrenica from 1894, the Srebrenica Land Registry. Cadastral plans with ratio 1:6.250 for c.p. Srebrenica, Cadastre Srebrenica. Those are traditionally urban geographic parts – mahalas: Musala, Varoš and Ciganluk. In addition to a review of basic elements of urban geographic and demographic and genealogical structural content of Musala, Varoš and Ciganluk, it is also pointed to basic urban changes of the mentioned parts of the city of Srebrenica at the late 19th century.
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The review of: - Magyar zene, magyar nyelv, magyar vers (Hungarian Music, Hungarian Language, Hungarian Poetry) by Zoltán Kodály - Vol. 2 of Kodály Zoltán hátrahagyott írásai (Zoltán Kodály’s Posthumous Writings) Collected and edited by Lajos Vargyas; Budapest: Szépirodalmi Könyvkiadó, 1993, 430 pp.
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The idea of a Budapest Expo was first raised in 1981; a year later, plans were being laid to make it one of the major events of the celebration of Hungary’s eleventh centennial, scheduled at that time for 1995. The Austrian proposal that Vienna join Budapest in hosting the Expo came in 1985. “Bridges to the Future” was to be the theme of the event. In keeping with the spirit of cooperation that was the hallmark of Austro-Hungarian relations in the 1970s and ’80s, it was to focus on the opportunities— and the need—for rapprochement, and on the new avenues of East-West cooperation.
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The review of: Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy, Viktória Pusztai, and Andrea Strbik: A zsidó Budapest: Emlékek, szertartások, történelem (Jewish Budapest: Records, Recollections, Rituals); Faces of the City Series Ed. by Géza Komoróczy, Budapest: City Hall/Center of Jewish Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1995, 2 vols., 793 pp., illustrated.
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Russian diplomat Georgy N. Michajlowskij’s personal notes recorded in the years 1914-1920, and published in two volumes in 1993 in the series: Russia in Diplomats’ Memories, have been the main base to write this article. Being a worker of state ap-paratus of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Pievcheskij Bridge in Petersburg, Michajlowskij took part in a hard activity of the Russian diplomacy during the very hot events of the World War I and revolution times. He witnessed the fall of tcharism, short period of the Provisional Government’s govern, but after Bolshevik upheaval on October 7, 1917 he faced the very full of tension weeks when his department was taken over by Lev Trockij and communist commissars. He obviously was forced to leave the Office. Having joined the White Guard movement in 1917, he worked during the next three years’ time as a diplomat at Gen. Anton lvanovich Denikin in Rostov-on-Don and Taganrog as well at Gen. baron Pyotr Wrangel in Sevastopol. He participated in many White Guard diplomatic missions to Constantinople, Paris, London, Romę and Washington where he frequently met and cooperated with the last three Tsarist ministers of foreign affairs – Sergey Dmitriyevich Sazonov, Boris W. Sturmer, Nikolai M. Pokrovskij and then, among others, with Michail I. Tereszczenko, Pavel N. Milukov, Wasyl A. Maklakow and Peter B. Struwe who became the successors and leaders of the former Russia’s policy realised then by the Provisional Government and by the White Guard movement as well. So, he had the unique opportunity to describe almost all main figures of the Russian political and social drama which action was setting itself before his eyes.The artide is focusing on some Polish motifs, too. Generally, they are based on Michajlowskij’s writings which can be regarded as very interesting and valuable historical sources, relevant to the Polish question of the time, particularly when their author used to act on behalf of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in different commissions and committees that had been appointed to resolve the Polish question. One should pay the special attention to changeable attitudes towards the Polish question expressed by different Russian authorities.
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The review of: - The Romanians: A history Vlad Georgescu; Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991, 357 pp. - A románok története (A History of the Romanians) by Zoltán Szász; Népek hazája series Budapest: Bereményi Könyvkiadó, 1993) 256 pp.
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György Jovánovics’s retrospective was one of the highlights of this year’s Venice Biennale, where many of the exhibits, to tell the truth, were something of a disappointment. It was only too obvious that the great creative trends of the ’80s had run their course, and nothing had emerged to take their place. In the French, British, Polish, Czech, and Slovak pavilions, for instance, there were works by “classics” such as Cézár, Kossoff, Opalka, Malich and Jankó vie, artists who, like Jovánovics, had ties to artistic tradition. The works of the Hungarian sculptor, however, stood out with their purposeful coherence, intellectual depth, and powerful forms.
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This is the Year of the Millecentenary Commemoration: Magyar tribes arrived roughly eleven centuries ago in the present “homeland”. It was in 1882 that the Academy of Sciences delegated a committee to decide when the tribes originally arrived. The year 895 was then pinpointed by the committee. Later, when the year 1895 was imminent, and the ambitious commemoration program was somewhat behind schedule, the government decided to postpone the whole event a year: instead of 1895: 1896. So what we celebrate this year is that Hungary is about 11 centuries old.
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Along with socialism, accurate statistics on the Hungarian book market have fallen by the wayside, yet most experts would agree that total annual turnover is probably around 70-80 million dollars, a third of which is accounted for by textbooks. Approximately 40 percent of new titles are reference books.
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The review of: Szociáldemokrácia tegnap, ma, holnap (Social Democracy Past, Present and Future) by Ferenc Fejtő; translated from the French by Lívia Görög and Belvárosi Könyvkiadó; Budapest, 1996, 178 pp.
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In the Year of the Four Emperors Rome saw many dramatic events. Despite the fact that in that period the capital of the empire was not the centre stage of events, both the city and its residents did suffer a great deal. Numerous references furnished by source literature enable us to reconstruct the image of Rome of the years 68—69. The subsequent emperors who came to the capital: Galba, Otho and Vitellius, exploited it — each of them during their brief reign — to attain their personal goals, for example by placing numerous representations of themselves in various places in the city. Each subsequent entry of an emperor to the city entailed greater and great. However, it were the gods who were blamed to the greatest extent for destroying Rome. It was them who brought about many disasters in the city by the Tiber by sending numerous mala on the capital.
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The changes which were brought to Europe in the 19th century involved not only political or economic matters but also social transformations. Substantial instances of modernisation covered also the Austrian Silesia, which in the second half of that century had a solid network of school (especially elementary school) institutions. The staff who taught there began to assert their rights and thus made attempts to make independent decisions about its professional group. Such elements constituted one of the paths toward a civic society. Within the legal framework which were established by the state the teachers of the region representing all communities which resided there (the Poles, the Czech and the Germans) began to initiate their associations, which helped them further their aims which had to do with the amelioration of the social and professional situation, and in the subsequent years also in the pursuit of a national character of education. The particular associations of teachers at the same time raised the social awareness of the residents of the region — by means of collaboration as well as competition.
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How to approach prehistory from the point of view of a Central European, “national,” ethnography raises a number of interesting questions. What I should like to do here is to recall briefly some episodes from the history of the discipline in Hungary. The title of this article may suggest that it was ethnography as an already established discipline which first started to express an interest in prehistory. In reality, the opposite was the case. It was an interest in origins and prehistorical times gradually evolving into institutionalized scholarship that turned to folk culture as a potential source for historical reconstructions. The history of ethnography, indeed what was one of its key trends, may well be described as its gradual emancipation from the role of a mere data base for prehistory.
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