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The subject matter of this research paper is the crime of genocide as the “crime of crimes”, its legal elements and prosecution in Bosnia and Herzegovina before various judicial forums. The author gives an overview of relevant judicial decisions of international judicial bodies such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice, as well as decisions of national courts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Germany ensued from criminal proceedings instituted against a number of persons and states as the subjects of public law. It is well-known to professional and general public that the international,as well as the national courts of Bosnia and Herzegovina have qualified the atrocities of apocalyptic proportions perpetrated in Srebrenica in July 1995 as the crime - the criminal offence of genocide. However, on the side lines of international and domestic collective memory has remained the fact that the German courts on the basis of universal jurisdiction have established that the crime of genocide had been committed in other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina - in Doboj, Kotor Varoš, Osmaci near Zvornik and Foca. Besides, this paper analyzes the constituting legal elements of this crime primarily on the basis of jurisprudence of the international and national courts of the above referred countries, thereby advocating the need for a reinterpretation of certain elements of genocide vis-à-vis the accepted jurisprudence of mentioned courts, and offering the proposals for the novel legal definition of genocide.
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The paper proposes a discussion on the forms and interdependences of power and property in Ancient Thrace. The author presents his views on the existence of complex economic and social forms, with emphasis on the situation in Thrace described by Xenophon and Thucydides, on Xenophon’s narrative on the situation in the region of the Straits at the very end of the 5th century BC, and proposes a new interpretation of Aristotle’s information on the tax collected by Kotys. The information provided by the Greek authors from the late 6th until the mid-4th century BC is evidence of the preservation of strong elements of autonomous rule in the public structures in some places, which often led to attempts at restoring tribal autonomy. Based on the analysis, the conclusion reached is that a complex structure of the institutions of administrative and political power existed in the lands of Ancient Thrace in that period, and that the processes and the stages of the economic and political development of the Thracian lands are yet to be specified on the basis of geographic and chronological characteristics. Only after identifying the characteristics of the elements of the economic and political mosaic over the entire territory of the country it will be possible to raise the issue of the real model of royal power and its sub-variants.
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Sparatokos was a Thracian dynast from the 5th century BC, who had his own coinage, but about whose rule there is no written evidence. Based on two references in Thucydides, where Sparadokos’ name appears as the name of the father of Seuthes, Sitalkes’ nephew, it is believed that Sparadokos was brother of Sitalkes and accordingly son of Teres. However, the word ἀδελφιδοῦς (nephew) means both brother’s and sister’s son, and this allows the hypothesis that Sparadokos was Sitalkes’ brother-in-law, not brother. It is highly probable that a political alliance was concluded between the Odrysian dynastic home and Sparadokos as the ruler of one or more tribes in the southeastern part of Thrace through the marriage of the daughter of Teres and sister of Sitalkes.
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In the mid-1820s a certain Wallachian landlord, one of the leading figures of the local gentry, embarked on a two-year European journey that took him from Pest through Germany and Switzerland to Venice and Milan. During the trip he recorded in great detail whatever seemed relevant to him. In Vienna, for instance, charmed by the “merry and happy life of the people” and finding no reason for complaint except the dust raised by the impressive number of carriages, he made the rather odd attempt to visit an asylum. The director of that institution apologetically refused, explaining that the precarious mental condition of his patients might be worsened by the sight of the unusually dressed visitor wearing the Oriental cloak typical of his native country. Apart from its genuinely funny side, this incident is, nonetheless, symptomatic.
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The review of: Mezőváros és reformáció. Tanulmányok a korai magyar polgárosodás kérdéséhez (Market-towns and the Reformation. Studies on Early Hungarian Embourgeoisement) by Ferenc Szakály; In the series Humanizmus és Reformációi, edited by József Jankovics, Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 1995, 486 pp.
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The review of: Az 1956-os magyar forradalom lengyel dokumentumai (Polish Documents on the Hungarian Revolution of 1956); Translated and compiled by János Tischler, Budapest: Institute for the Research of the 1956 Revolution—Windsor, 1996, 248 pp.
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The review of: Az elitek átváltozása Tanulmányok és publicisztikai írások 1994-1996 (Elites in Metamorphosis Studies and Journalistic Writings 1994-1996) by Erzsébet Szalai; Budapest: Cserépfalvi Kiadó, 1996, 200 pp.
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The review of: A rendszerváltó elit tündöklése és bukása (The Rise and Fall of the Regime-transforming Elite) by László Lengyel; Budapest: Helikon, 1996, 261 pp.
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In 1896, Hungary marked the millennium of the Magyars’ settlement in the Carpathian Basin by a special Act of Parliament. The year 1996 as the 1100th anniversary of the same event is equally arbitrary albeit once again enacted. Just about none of the evidence points to 896 as the year of the Conquest. However, there can be no doubt about the lasting significance of one of the ventures commemorating the year, the exhibition arranged by the Hungarian National Museum in the monumental building designed by Mihály Pollack to house the original core collection which Ferenc Széchényi endowed to the nation as early as in 1802. The most durable aspect of this venture is undoubtedly the (as yet unfinished) restoration work which has been carried out on this magnum opus of Hungarian neo-Classical architecture.
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The review of: Theo Pirker, M. Rainer Lepsius, Rainer Weinert and Hans-Hermann Hertle: Der Plan als Befehl und Fiktion. Wirtschaftsführung in der DDR. Gespráche und Analysen; Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1995, 381 pp.
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The review of: II Collegia Germanico-Ungarico di Roma. Contribute alia storia della cultura ungherese in eta barocca by István Bitskey; Roma: Viella, 1996, 138 pp., Studi e Fonti per la storia dell’Universitá Roma, Nova serie: 3
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The review of: Aczél and Our Times (Aczél és korunk) by Sándor Révész; Budapest, Sík Kiadó, 1997, 435 pp.
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“What can a scholastic do in the 20th century?”—asks Katalin Vidrányi in the title of her article written in 1970. If her characteristically systematic and pithy analysis can be summarized in a single sentence, the author’s answer is: many things, but not too much. For if we survey the Christian philosophies carefully classified and perceptively analyzed by Vidrányi, we find that in the last analysis they are all characterized by the same hopeless eclecticism and inability to achieve a genuine synthesis, that is to say, one which would be comparable to that produced by scholasticism (in particular, by Thomism).
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The review of: Die Bewáltigung dér Mifie. Ernst Manheim: Soziologe und Anthropologe by Elisabeth Welzig; Wien-Köln-Weimar: Böhlau Verlag 1997, 292 pp.
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The Caucasus Region is an important location for both Turkey and Georgia. These two neighbor states have had perfect literary associations dating back centuries. In addition to the interest of Turkish literature as much as Georgian readers, Georgian literature attracts attention of Turkish readers in recent years. Today, Turkish-Georgian literary and cultural relations are important in this context. The work has been translated into various languages since about two centuries. It is the first translation began in the beginning of 1802 by whom Evgeny Bolkhovitinov, was translated into Russian. 162 manuscripts and 32 pieces of the work reached today. The work was first translated into Turkish by Zeynel Abidin Makas and Bilal Dindar as the Kaplan Postlu Şövalye in 1991. In this article, the concepts of "Majnunluk" are studied with the works of Shota Rustaveli and Kaplan Postlu Şövalye which can be considered as the masterpieces of Georgian literature. Good political, socio-cultural and economic relations continuing between the two countries today; the pieces of the writers and poets will be contributed in terms of literary relations.
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There are a number of available social historical theories explaining the origins of inequality between Jews and Gentiles. One of the best known long-standing theory explains modern Jewish success with the pre-emancipation exclusion of Jews, attributing their unique business style to their pariah status. The study explores this theory’s German origins, and its subsequent history in Hungary. Following the introduction of the Marxist background of the idea, the study turns to the analysis of Weber and Sombart’s debate about the birth of modern capitalist spirit, which gave rise to the concept of pariah capitalism. Both scholars agreed that Jewish success is rooted in the otherness of Jews suggesting that their seclusion led to the development of double morality, which brought about the characteristic Jewish ruthlessness in their dealings with the outside world. The Sombart–Weberian idea of pariah capitalism was integrated into Hungarian historiography by István Hajnal. In his interpretation, the Jewish success story simply meant the upward mobility of aliens in society, which he used to reveal the structural faults of social development in East Central Europe. Since Hajnal’s interpretation was heavily judgmental about Jews, this narrative lost its legitimacy after the Holocaust. István Bibó was the first historian who managed to strip the concept of pariah capitalism of its impropriety. Following in his footsteps Péter Hanák constructed the complete historical narrative of the Jew condemned to success by his exclusion, using Weber’s puritans as exemplars for the Jewish harbingers of Hungarian capitalism. The study ends with a brief reflection whether the theory of pariah capitalism has valid conclusions to offer for contemporary historiographical interpretations of Jewish success.
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Intellectuals’ living in a closed cast system leads to the disconnection of cultural exchange with the wider society. However, e healthy society is based on the integration of their intellectuals and people in sociological terms. The basic issue in sociological terms is ensuring social integration and positive functions of intellectuals this process. In Ottoman period, classical state bureaucracy is classified as İlmiye (ulama; the educated class of Muslim legal scholars/intellectuals/judicial bureaucracy), Kalemiye (administrative bureaucracy) and Seyfiye (military bureaucracy). The most important two aspect of this structure, that is Kalemiye and Seyfiye are comprised of people who are religiously convert/educated in Palace school (Enderun), that is, foreign, noble people by devshirme system also known as the blood tax or tribute in blood, to a great extent and for a long period of time. However, contact with Muslim and Turkish segments of the people continued officially by İlmiye strata, and as a communicative link in social and civic terms by tekkes and zawiyas (dervish lodges) up to the Republican period. This channel was closed with the closure of these dervish lodges. Thus, the disconnection and lack of communication between state and people was deepened and it resulted with a huge question of intellectuals. Hacıeminoğlu, with their thought and writings, brought up this problematic with all its evidence. He had struggled to reestablish the relations between people/society/nation and intellectuals based on history and culture during his lifetime. He tried to mention and problematize the alienation of intellectuals to their own society and culture. He lived as a nationalist intellectual, for 63 years, during his life time. His life had been the projection of Turkey of three decades from 1960 to 1980s. He had modern ideas and he was an exactly modernist person. He was an idealist.
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Although the basics were based upon ancient times because of economic activities, Adam Smith because of his work “Nation’s Wealth „or Woodrow Wilson because of his mentioning the difference between politics-administration, it’s hard to specify the starting point of economics and administration chronologically. Because it’s hard to document ancient times clearly, the unclear signs of economics and administration before Wilson and even Smith, the general view are that it’s better to specify an origin which is western tendency, updated. But it can be said that today’s capitalist understanding, the basics of economics and administration were formed in the end of middle ages because of the radical changes in the form of socio-economic, beliefs, politics in Europe in the end of the middle ages. Here the analysis to be reliable, perception of middle ages shouldn’t be restricted with the mercantilism and physiocratic period as in many publications. Because of British tendency publications, dissociation from Prussia Empire making Germany Holland’s trading allied, Germany and Germany’s social politics were ignored with taking cameralism as a sub-type of mercantilism; embodies some differences between the understanding of Spanish, French, Italian and British mercantilism.
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Directly from the west side of the town of Srebrenica is a village Bajramovići. This resort is in the professional and scientific literature almost unknown, although from ancient times is on routes of very old and important road communications. The paper provides a detailed overview of Bajramovići at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. A lot of data about the older history of the village and a number of antiques in it are given in this paper. In particular, the old roads, the old parts of the village and the family Bajramović is described in detail. This research on Bajramovići is done on the basis of so far unused sources, primarily land registry books and cadastral maps, from the Austro-Hungarian period.
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