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On the evening of December 21, 1923 the participants in the creation of the Macedonian Scientific Institute (MSI) departed from the hall № 10 of the Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski with the thought that marked "the beginning of a great work".
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The organ of the Macedonian Scientific Institute has not omitted (directed its attention to) the following aspects of international relations connected with the Bulgarian national question and corresponding problems of the Bulgarians from Macedonia.
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The research paper describes the role of families in the language development of their children. The main points of the paper concern: the parent's education, the relationships within the families and the language education of the children (and how the families support the language development of their children). The components of the home environment which are taken to account include the financial status of the family as well as the cultural and social components. But the most important part of the home environment is the parents themselves, because the parents have the most important impact on the development of the vocabulary of their children. There are other components such as: the abilities of perception of the children, their physical and psychological development (which are described in the paper). The abilities of the children to learn (in different age groups) are described too.There are differences in the way the children speak according to the region of the country in which they live, as well as their age, social status and examples taken from the home environment. There are other possible difficulties in learning too. The abilities for the language development of the children include such elements as: their comprehension, their ability to memorize things, their ability to use new words etc. These components decide their future learning success. In conclusion the most important ideas and findings are shown, which should be helpful in order to work on the language development of the children and for future research.
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Positive and negative information related to pupils’ functioning given to parents by the teacher plays an essential role in the modification of the child behaviour. The study presents the results of the investigation on information given by teachers: their characteristics, content, and their influence on a child's education. Opinions were analyzed from two perspectives: teachers and parents. Elementary school teachers took part in the study (N = 29) as well as parents of children from this level of the education (N = 57). A new questionnaire, devised by the authors, was applied. Results show that both groups participating in the study find information significant for the education. Respondents said that information is formulated “often” and is “quite extensive” and the various aspects of child’s functioning is included. Moreover, information from teachers is not one-dimensional, but often combines praise and criticism.
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Changing social attitudes and ways of thinking about people is a very difficult task; nonetheless it is important to take action to change the asexual and the negative image of disabled woman fairly widely held in our society. In a situation of completely unaware global recognition of disability without regards of gender of these individuals, a serious problem arises, in particular – the perception of women with disabilities. Changing the approach to women with disabilities requires most of all a change in a binary way of thinking derived from prejudices and stereotypes. The transformations in this field are also noticeable in the category of scientific discourses of the body, gender and femininity. The article there will present issues related to the social functioning of women with physical disabilities as well as the perception of them by nursing students and students of physical education. Taken considerations are an attempt to by pass exemplification of gender in relation to people with disabilities treated globally omitting the gender difference.
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During the interwar period, the town of Prešov was responsible for the provision of medical care to the whole of the Šariš region. In the 1920s, three hospitals were operating in Prešov – the town's public hospital, the infectious diseases hospital, and the military hospital. In 1935, a brand new Prešov District Public Hospital was put into service. Just like other Slovak cities, Prešov was also affected by a post-war crisis; this became reflected in the welfare of the citizens. Poor social and hygienic conditions caused the spread of all sorts of diseases. The town's authorities had limited finances, yet still tried to improve medical and hygienic conditions within the town through the enforcement of various rules and regulations, which proved to be effective. This was also why the level of sickness did not significantly increase; on the contrary, both the population growth and birth rates rose. To maintain the relevant level of health care, the main support was provided with town, state or district finance or by private doctors, by nurses, and by the local branch of the Czechoslovak Red Cross.
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Reforma oświaty, prowadzona przez Komisję Edukacji Narodowej, trwała dziesięć lat, tj. do 1783 r. Jeśli chodzi o reformę struktury administracyjnej edukacji, to najpierw zreformowano dwie szkoły główne, które zyskały nadzór nad dwiema prowincjami edukacyjnymi. Reformy Szkoły Głównej Koronnej, czyli Akademii Krakowskiej, dokonał Hugo Kołłątaj w latach 1777–1780, a reformę Szkoły Głównej Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, czyli Akademii Wileńskiej, przeprowadził w latach 1780–1781 Marcin Poczobut-Odlanicki. Tym dwom uczelniom wyższym były administracyjnie podporządkowane tzw. szkoły wydziałowe, tj. 7-klasowe szkoły średnie, które z kolei sprawowały nadzór nad tzw. Szkołami podwydziałowymi, czyli 7-klasowymi szkołami podstawowymi. Na najniższym szczeblu systemu edukacyjnego funkcjonowały szkoły parafi alne.
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This paper aims to show the influence of 20th century quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity on the philosophical problems of Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. Evolution as a non-relativistic being can be attributed only to the process as a whole. Quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity are not compatible with the evolution process of separate elements of the system. It seems to be in contradiction to Darwin’s theory of evolution as a slow and gradual process of separate elements in the biological system. According to many scientists and philosophers of science the Darwin’s theory does not explain the whole Universe evolution as well as does not explain the origin of life. Explanation of events and processes, reliance on concepts not laws, refutation of typology by Darwin theory of evolution are not established by standards of scientific reasoning. Many scientific facts from modern physics indicate that Darwin’s theory of evolution is in crisis.
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This article examines a diachronic change in political thought of Polish National Democracy between its emergence as a coherent political movement and the final crystallization of its political program after the 1905 Revolution. It scrutinizes it as a [failed] answer for the political modernity, seen as a condition of groundlessness of the social and a radical contingency of the political. I argue that such a comprehension can shed light on reasons for deep alternations in the structure of national-democratic thought. From progressive social radicalism, through politically envisioned nation-building, they turned into exclusionary and xenophobic nationalism. The change was ushered by the urgent need for a foundation for political thinking, ultimate envisioning of the society as a closed, positively defined entity and reinventing the teleological horizon. A reoccupation of the place of legitimacy of the social order by a biologically conceptualized nation followed. This reoccupation of the old structure of thought, imprinting itself on the new ideas facing contingency, prevented an adequate confrontation with political modernity and lead national democracy to an authoritarian turn, simultaneously „closing” the concept of the nation in Polish political thinking for years.
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The paper follows up the discussion on the interpretation of ancient works decorated with the image of a female figure sitting on a bull, who is identified as Europa, a Maenad or Nike depending on the overall context of the scene. A part of these finds with a similar scene are part of grave goods (predominantly Southern Italic vases), which has given grounds to some scholars to associate the images of Europa on a bull with burial beliefs and with notions about the World Beyond. Numerous examples are cited of ceramic vases with similar images, found as grave offerings or as parts of trisnae in tumular graves along the Northern Black Sea coast. In conclusion, the author emphasises that the image of Europa preserved for a rather long time some features of the ancient Great Goddess of the Aegean basin. That circumstance, as well as her inclusion in the Dionysian circle, has probably resulted in the perception of her journey as a symbol of the journey to the World Beyond.
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Interim Committee headed by Boris Sarafov was one of the main fractions in the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), formed in the years after the Ilinden Uprising.
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The article traces the emergence and stratification of the word pandur/pandurin in Bulgarian language and Bulgarian dialects, of which detailed material is presented.
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Peyami Safa is the leading philosopher who left greatmarks on Turkish idea. In 1930’s when Kemalist revolution changed the society radically in the political, economic and social aspects; Safa was in struggle for understanding and describing the philosophy that rested on the basis of those changes. His approach in this period, in which he tried to make sense of Kemalist revolution with his own point of view is dualist. Peyami Safa both sincerely adopted Kemalist revolution’s fitting the nation into the basis of political legitimacy and its enlightened quality for raising individuals that do research with a scientific method, question and criticise, and, in the depht of history, looked, with a conservative concern, for the roots of this new political and social structure that Kemalist revolution vivified.
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Modernization term is a process of disintegration social institutions from traditions. As modernization process which began in Turkey in 18th Century has fell short of social goals, it also get reactions from Turkish society. In this article, the reasons of overallnegative reactions of society and aforesaid failure are discussed in background (social class and economical) extent of modernity process. In the process which includes more than two hundred historical periods, peasentry class that constitutes predominant majority of the society are oppressed and excluded from society, only a small group benefit from innovations and regulations. In reality, Modernity process is not the reason for impoverishment and oppression of wide majority of Turkish society. However impoverishment and oppression process of peasentry class that began in 16th century continued the process of modernity that began in 18th century and deepened. For this reason all the images of modernity process constitutes manner, behavior and life habits that Turkish society seen as responsible either openly or secretly. The subject area of the article includes the era which started in Selim the third period and the end of one party term in 20th century. Social reactions towards modernization in Turkey are exemplified with four social eventsoccurred in 2015. These events are general elections that is in 2015, national football matches that are played in Konya and Istanbul, Kebab and Turnip Festival which is attacked as it includes alcohol, and reactions towards New Year celebrations. The reason for selection of only these examples to objectify reactions towards modernization process is because these social events constitute the most powerful agenda items in 2015. Two basic ways are followed to collect historical content data. Firstly, researches with sociological-content that are related with this period are used. In reality, Turkey has a rich sociological literature that researches the social structure between 18th and 20th century. Secondly, social-realistic kind of literature, which aims to reflect the period as it is, is used. In Turkey, an attempt which aims to use social-realistic native literature kinds in sociology area is still new. Besides, products of realistic-social literature kinds’ focusing on social realities and their aiming of reflecting social realities as it is, makes them one of the primary data collection tools.
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In terms of literary history Franz Kafka is included in the new objectivism. He writes in a term that the destruction of the belief of enlightened mind could solve everything and irrational and intuitive dimension take the place of mind reaching the reality. In this term, including 1919-1932, the outcomes of the World War I, developments in the field of industry, science and technology, the impact of the economic structure on people and man’s being crushed under the domination of matter and for this reason turning into mass people are aroused again in the works of Kafka on fictional platform. The boundaries between subject and object are erased. The reality gets into pieces and details become important. In this study, proceeding from Kafka’s story called Penal Colony, who is the pioneer of the modern literary movement, bureaucratic/hierarchical dilemma of the most important component of modern society, man’s being crushed under the domination of matter and turning into authoritarian personality will be tried to analyze in the context of kafkaeskque elements with socio-psychological and autobiographical approach.
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Turkish writer İrfan Yalçın’s novel “Ölümün Ağzı” and French writer Emile Zola’s “Germinal” novels tell the workers’ struggle who put their life in danger to earn money. Employer- employee relationships and problems of workers have been infering in both of these works. Miners’ who have difficult lifes in the mines, their difficult working areas and their economical problems have been telling in these novels. Emile Zola’s “Germinal” novel is one of the famous work in the world literature. Because Zola tells in this novel miner’s life drama who are belong to the low class in society and he explains their life to the world. Also in the novel “Ölümün Ağzı” irfan Yalçın explains the difficult life of the miners in the Turkish literature. The Works of İrfan Yalçın’s “Ölümün Ağzı” and Emile Zola’s “Germinal” will be analized by using sociological method with datas of comparative literute science. Known as sociological critics argue that literature is an expression of the society in which it involves. In this context, social facts, social events and changes create the writer, work and the reader. While the literary work is examined, the sociological condition and changes must be taken into consideration. The aim of this study in which “Ölümün Ağzı” and “Germinal” will be probed, isto reveal the similarity between two literary Works that belong to different societies.
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In late 1990’s, weblogs emerged as a new medium of literature along with the developing digital communication technologies. The number of blogs started to increase rapidly as from the second half of the 2000’s, while the noteworthy amount of female participants in this medium brought in a new direction to blogs. In Turkey, female bloggers gained visibility particularly as from the year 2006. Today, blogs continue to constitute a significant communication medium for women. Due to its formal characteristics concerning the organization of the text, blog literature has been associated with letters or the type of literature that takes the narration of life as its subject. Arguments that forge a link between the language of blogs and female literariness in consideration of the visibility of female bloggers in the net, claimed that with its fragmental and partial characteristics and its quality of being open to association, creativity, feelings and fiction, blog language re-summons the experience of women literature forgotten during the creation of the literary conventions of the 18th - 19th century modernism. In parallel with the return of the forgotten literary language of the woman, it has been asserted that the language of blogs is a feminized language. The present study, which analyses the pages of 21 female bloggers in Turkey in terms of language, freedom of expression, topics and discursive articulations, aims to extend the theoretical argument that correlates blog language with women’s literature. While the results of the analysis has been in line with the argument concerning the feminization of blog language, they also set forth some contradicting findings, and the argument was further extended towards the questions directed at the new subject of the new digital era.
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The last 2000 years have seen a change in the prices of silver, grain, land as well as a change in living costs, the salary of hired labourers and police informers. The relationships between those figures have also changed and the monetary systems are quite different nowadays. Thus, it is difficult to answer an apparently simple question: how much is Judas’s 30 pieces of silver? An equivalent of 30 pieces of silver could be 95 zlotys, but also 46 500 zlotys (i.e. about $28 and $13 700 respectively). However, it is obvious that this amount of money is dramatically little in comparison with the scale of betrayal of God and no sum of money would be adequate. But again: even if Judas had lacked faith in Jesus, the sum of money was excessively small for betraying a good and innocent man by one who was chosen by that man from the others and in whom his companions placed so much confidence. Even if Judas had realized that, it was unfortunately too late (Mt. 27: 1–5).
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