Az Újbabiloni Birodalom és az Achaimenida Birodalom történelmének vázlata (Kr. e. 626–486)
The essay published here presents the history of the New Babylonian Empire and the Achaimenid Empire (626–486 B.C.).
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The essay published here presents the history of the New Babylonian Empire and the Achaimenid Empire (626–486 B.C.).
More...
Aequitas (equity) was part of the Roman conception of law (ius est ars boni et aequi), which in turn was, according to Roman jurists, grounded in justice (iustitia). The ideas of aequitas and iustitia in the broad sense are also found in various Latin legal phrases, a selection of which is cited in this article. They constitute significant arguments and topics in legal reasoning and justification even today. Some criteria of equity and justice can also be seen in how the concepts of aequitas or iustitia are applied to different situations (cases) or legal institutions (examples in the article). The most evident reference to aequitas in Rome was in the Praetor’s Edict and, consequently, it was the Praetor’s law, practically enforced in court, that turned into the main equity tendency in Roman law. Praetors were supported by the strongly deliberative activity of Roman jurisprudence. As a result, lawyers occupied the already accepted role of priests of law and justice (sacerdotes iustitiae). The discussed concepts were thus an expression of a creative approach to statutory interpretation. They stressed what was socially, morally and legally good, right and just, in the application of law. The idea of equity, conveyed by Roman law, eventually became a fundamental thesis of European legal culture.
More...
Léon Herrmann’s attempt at identifying the six anonymous leaders presented by Seneca in his De ira as exempla of the victims of anger has met little interest so far. As in the sixth one he wanted us to see Jesus of Nazareth, it is no surprise that his attempt remained neglected as a whole, since his method of discovering new non-Christian testimonies to Jesus and early Christianity has rightly fallen into disrepute as being almost non-scientific. Seneca’s leaders, however, do not draw too much attention even of his modern commentators or translators who only now and then try to identify them and never more than two of them. Herrmann’s attempt and the few reactions to it thus at least increases the number of candidates and some clues are even at hand for better verification of all the identifications as yet suggested of these sixth leaders. Following these clues, there are some conditions, yet certainly very unlikely to have actually occurred, under which Jesus could be considered to have been in Seneca’s mind. Further interesting speculations on the date of the De ira and the conditions of the early Christian community in Rome can be added, yet bearing in mind the very frail basis upon which they rest.
More...
Orphism and Thracian arts coordinate with the state-making ability of the Proto-Bulgarians to serve as a basis for the genesis of the Bulgarian people. Continuity in civilizations creates favorable conditions for lasting upgrading, which is crucial for national fate. The Thracians did not disappear but left a significant cultural and historical heritage,and the ancient Bulgarians gave the name to the state, which was preserved for centuries. The Slavs underwent a series of beneficial effects, the language having a priority. Every group/tribe of the Bulgarian people has its undisputed merits, so that today Bulgaria is on the world map.
More...
Despite longstanding archaeological research in Nicopolis ad Nestum in Roman Thracia, the site still has not yielded any conclusive evidence on its foundation date. Instead, the debate has long been focused on scanty numismatic and ancient literary sources, pointing largely to city’s Trajanic origins. Latest attempts to re-evaluate the situation in favour of an earlier enterprise taken by the triumvir Mark Antony in the last years of the Roman Republic are much disputable. Along with many arguments denying Nicopolis’s Antonian foundation, the present paper discusses several neglected documents – military diplomas, issued to veteran-sailors from the Ravenna fleet in the summer of AD 142 after 26 years of service. Three copies speak of “Nicopolis ex Bessia” as sailors’ home, which is to be identified with Nicopolis ad Nestum. Peculiar expression “ex Bessia” is not to be understood strictly formulaic as “city ex province” (i.e. “ex Thracia”), as is the case with the majority of later documents, but rather as a residual practice from the 1st century in designating the tribal home of the veterans. In a larger sense it is the territory (or at least part of it) of the Thracian Bessi. The evidence is met by Pliny (NH 4.11.40), and his “Bessorumque multa nomina” inhabiting the Middle Mesta (Nestus) region. Thus “Nicopolis ex Bessia” has entered military records upon soldiers’ recruitment in AD 116, marking a new-born civic foundation and the still incipient phase of organizing the urban territory within the larger tribal area of the Bessi. Therefore, the discharge documents in question can only confirm the information from other sources and in the same time to narrow the foundation date of Nicopolis ad Nestum under Trajan somewhere between AD 107, after the Dacian wars, and the emperor’s Parthian campaign of AD 116.
More...
The paper focuses on the bishop´s position in his Christian community and his position within the Roman Empire, especially after Constantine‘s turn. The function of the bishop, his position and his powers gradually changed in the Late Antiquity, which was also reflected in the imperial legislation. To some extent, the bishops represented state authorities, especially the judicial ones, and took care of the poor and the needy. As the economic power of the Christian communities increased, the bishops became important members of the local honorability. Nevertheless, their main role remained the pastoral care and administration of the Christian community.
More...Data about a Category of Bone Tools with the Function of Polishing and Shaping
More...Ein Depotfund von Eisernen Werkzeugen aus dem Dorf Levski, Region Pazardjik
More...Melsas, the Founder of Mesambria, on a Coin from the 5th Century BC
More...The Getic Territory of Sboryanovo, Northeast Bulgaria, in the Late Hellenistic Age [2nd Century BC - 1st Century AD]
More...The Panagyurishte Gold Tresure - the Light of Knowledge or the Smile of Pan
More...
Mythology has been a source of inspiration for many kinds of arts such as literature, music, painting and sculpture. In particular, the Western art, which was nurtured from the ancient Greek civilization and Greek mythology, has found its special place today. As in many different areas of music, the flute repertoire also has works inspired by mythology. It can be said that the flute is perhaps the most suitable instrument for describing a semi-goat half human Pan who is an important mythological character in music. In this study, in order to interpret better the Pan themed works in the flute repertory, it is firstly focused on to present Greek mythology, the place of music in mythology, the importance of the instruments and the ethos of the instruments in the mythology, who is the character of Pan, the relationship of Pan with the flute, how the composers process Pan in their flute work. As a result of the literature reviews, it is concluded that there is a special relationship between the flute and the Pan character, and in the flute works it is concluded that the the flute plays Pan theme with the scales which are reflecting the Greek modes.
More...
The article introduces the philosophical conception of “Christian marriage” worked out by St. Augustine in the treatise De bono coniugali (400–401 AD) which is a part of his polemics with the Manichaeans and Iuvinian(us). The treatise has been evaluated in the light of the Augustian methodology of De civitate Dei (410–430 AD). The author concludes that in writing De civitate Dei St. Augustine took inspiration from the methodology outlined in the earlier De bono coniugali.
More...
Christians of the “martyrs era” (especially during the second century AD), discussed not only their role in the polytheistic world and eventually deified political ruler (emperor) but also the basis of authority and legitimacy of the ruler. St. Irenaeus of Lyons and Melito were written also on existing a possible normative context binding ruler which is non-Christian. The author of the study argues that their positions were not identical, and moreover, to some extent were polemical with the views found in the statements of the emperor Marcus Aurelius.
More...
The oldest poem of the European culture is the work dedicated to the war – Iliad. It is frequently believed that this war is the almost separate, most important heroine of the epic. This rather common opinion, that Homer would praise war and put military struggles ahead of times of peace, I would like to undermine in this work. Both in Iliad and Odyssey, there is a clear critique not only of the war itself but also more generally – of violence as a way of solving conflicts, while the times of peace and peaceful life are praised. In this article, I draw attention to various motifs presented in both epics, confirming the above thesis: statements of the heroes, presented symbolism, behavior of the gods, and finally the character of Achilles, who, while being the ideal warrior, remains also the main exponent of all doubts concerning the warfare. These doubts, as well as his wishes for another life most fully reflect Homer’s ambivalent attitude to war and provoke reflection on whether the poet actually was the praising her glory, or whether he tried to express the belief in the rightness of a different way of life and conflict resolution.
More...
Hypereides’ In Defence of Euxenippos against Polyeuktos upon His Indictment for Treason was dated 334 BCE by its first publisher Churchill Babington. Domenico Comparetti, however, soon restricted the possible date of its emergence to the period between 330 and 324 BCE. He argued that the orator could only cite the phrase „Molossia is mine” from the letter Olympias, Alexandros’ mother addressed to the Athenians, if Olympias had meanwhile become the true ruler of the territory, that is, after 331 BCE, her brother’s death. Th is dating has been taken for granted for at least a century and a half, resulting in several emendations and interpretative alternatives aligned with this notion by various editors. Th is paper argues that, in keeping with the traditional, easily interpretable text, the speech must be dated to 334/333 BCE, no change is necessary, Churchill Babington was right.
More...
In this study, I attempt to give some sense of how Kritoboulos of Imbros deployed the toolkit of characterisation, and of how subtle his means for ēthopoiia were. In doing so, I examine the interplays between characterisation, style and structure, and detect, where it is detectable, the historiographical traditions which Kritoboulos’ methods for forming characters stem from. I also try to answer the question why Kritoboulos used certain repeated phrases in his portraits.
More...