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The paper raises the question of the functionalization of the figure of St. Clement of Ohrid in modern culture comparing his representation in the Bulgarian and Macedonian traditions. The focus is on various texts of the Bulgarian and Macedonian National Revivals (perceived as historiographical constructs). The points of reference are two “grand narratives” inscribed into the Bulgarian and Macedonian scientific discourses. The aim is to show the context for the modern creating of the “beginning of the nation”. The paper presents both the 19th century image of the most famous Cyrillo-Methodian disciple and a hermeneutic deconstruction of its usage.
More...Felix Kanitz; Bulgarians; Ottoman Empire
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The author presents the impact of Utopian thought on the French political and legal culture during the Age of Enlightenment. Contemporary Utopias were the ideological background of the French Revolution. The machinations of 18th century France aside, we can call this time the “Age of Utopia”. This is confirmed by the studies of many French scholars and researchers. Professor Bronisław Baczko, a Polish philosopher and historian, also presented this view in his work: “Utopian Lights: The Evolution of the Idea of Social Progress” (English Edition: New York 1989). It should be noted that the Enlightenment Utopias were concentrating on the nature of man and his social, economic, political and legal life. The texts of Utopians were also associated with philosophy and literature. They challenged the old order: Feudalism and Absolutism. In this way, the Utopias were the ideological weapon in the fight for a better world, that could only be redeemed by the Revolution.
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In the 15th century the economic relations between England and the Baltic countries became more intensified. The Baltic market was an important receiver of English cloth, and – at the same time – supplied the English shipyards with all the basic raw materials and semi-finished products. It is worth reminding that in the mid-16th century raw materials for the shipbuilding industry accounted for 1/2 to 3/4 of the Baltic exports to England, and textile products accounted for 80% of the value of the English imports to the Baltic countries. Most of these raw materials were delivered by the economy of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which up to the middle of the 17th century kept the dominant position in the commercial exchange between the Baltic region and the West of Europe. The key role in the Baltic trade with England was played by three ports: Elbląg (Elbing), Gdańsk (Danzig) and Królewiec (Königsberg). The prominent role of Elbląg resulted from the fact that the Eastland Company had its headquarters there. After the truce in Altmark was signed (1629) the Eastland Company practically lost its headquarters as its stay in Elbląg became pointless because of the restrictions imposed by the Polish Sejm (Parliament) on the trade with the ports under the Swedish rule. After the liquidation of the Eastland Company’s office in Elbląg the port’s participation in the Baltic trade was taken over by Gdańsk, Królewiec and partly by the Livonian ports. Since the 1680s the Baltic trade concentrated in the Swedish ports. In England the ports that participated in the Baltic trade were mainly the ones from the Eastern coast: London, Hull and Newcastle.
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The article examines the influence exercised by Polish language with regard to military terminology of old Romanian vocabulary. By establishing three lexical-semantic fields, we shall take into account generic names of military personnel, generic names of military grades and generic names of weaponry and munitions. Polish influence over Romanian old vocabulary between XVI and XVIII centuries is the result of direct relations between Romanian and Polish savants, due to contact of Moldavian scholars with Polish schools during their studies and with Polish realities or due to presence of Polish people in Moldova, as missionaries and/or travelers. Therefore, we shall examine how Polish influence has distributed over Romanian old texts, such as chronicles or text translations from Polish language by rendering to Romanian language lexical loanwords into the military field of direct Polish origin or lexemes in Polish originated from Latin or sometimes, a Romanic idiom.
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The article describes legal regulations concerning death penalty in Russia from 1398 to 2008. The analysis shows that the death penalty was commonly present in Russian legal acts. The article describes the evolution of the range of death penalty. It was used not only against crimes like homicide, but also against political crimes. It was an instrument in political fight and in repressive criminal policy. The article shows also the means of execution of capital punishment. Throughout the ages it was executed in a very brutal way, to make it painful for the executed person. The death penalty in Russia should not be analyzed only in historical perspective, because it still exists in present criminal code of Russian Federation.
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Ecclesiastical and educational movement of the Bulgarians in northern Macedonia in 30-60 years of nineteenth century was headed by prominent teachers. These first leaders of the nation relied on the rich linguistic heritage of old Bulgarian manuscripts preserved in Northern Macedonia monasteries. Jordan Hajikonstantinov (Djinot) also worked through the pedagogical ideas of "Bulgarian grammar" by Neophyte Rilski.
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Although having no appreciable influence on the Bulgarian society, the Union of Bulgarian Fascists was a formation that built to a large extent the image of the ultra right political space in the Kingdom.
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