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The article is devoted to issues related to the project of the Organization of the Government Commission of War prepared at the beginning of 1816 and sanctioned by the Emperor aft er the alterations on October 17, 1816. It focuses on the reconstruction of the course of events related to this project prepared on the order of Grand Duke Konstantin and according to his vision of a ministerial organization contrary to the concept regulated in the constitution. Then it analyzes the content of the project and presents the attitude of members of the Council of State to it. The problem had both its political and constitutional dimension. It put the members of the Council in a difficult position because, on the one hand, it were inconsistent with the Constitutional Act, privileging the minister to an extent that undermined the principle of collegiality in government commissions guaranteed by its provisions. On the other hand, due to the uncompromising attitude of the Grand Duke Konstantin, it exposed the Polish government to a serious confl ict with the imperial brother.
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In the first half of the 19th century, the concepts of Polish penitentiary reformers (e.g. J.U. Niemcewicz, K. Potocki, or F. Skarbek) appeared. These demands largely related to the need to improve sanitary conditions in prisons, and above all to create a medical care system for inmates. In response, the government authorities took some real steps. And so, by the decision of the Prince Governor of September 17, 1823, the prison instruction issued by the Government Commission for Internal and Clergy was approved. It introduced not only the obligation to organize lazaret prisons, but also to keep a doctor on a permanent basis. Th ey were included in the prison service, and thus included among the civil servants of the Kingdom of Poland. However, the lack of adequate funding and the small number of qualified medics made implementation of prison regulations difficult. Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, the administrative authorities struggled with the problem of ensuring adequate medical staff in prison hospitals.
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The article is the second and last part of a publication (part I in Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego 2021, vol. 24) devoted to the reconstruction of the events that led to the issuance of decree Urządzenie gmin i wójtów (Establishment of communes and wójts) of May 30, 1818. This legal act shaped the organization of rural communes in the Kingdom of Poland for several decades, until the act of February 19, 1864. The part II of the article is devoted to the analysis of the content of the debate on the draft prepared in May 1817 and the counter-proposal presented by the president of the Mazovian Voivodeship Commission Rajmund Rembieliński. Both drafts were rejected. After a one-year break (related to the involvement of the Council of State in the work on the bills for the Sejm of 1818) the new project was agreed upon. The fundamental problem of how to exercise effective administrative supervision over the activities conducted by commune heads has not been solved.
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The archive of the Franciscan Monastery in Tolisa houses two documents concerning the fate of two cannons found in Gračanica during the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The author of the first document is Fra Martin Nedić (1810-1895), who left a note about the cannons of Gračanica in his extensive manuscript miscellany called “Prolokol”. The second note comes from Fra Pavo Knežević (1843-1896), who served as a parish priest in Špionica from 1876 to 1885. His record was compiled in 1935 by the parish priest of Špionica, Fra Petar Ević (1890-1985), in a text titled “Brief Historical Notes on the Parish of Špionica.” According to these records and auxiliary literature, after the Austro-Hungarian army occupied Gračanica, they found two cannons which were promised to the priest in Špionica for the purpose of casting bells. Fra Pavo Knežević describes his attempts and eventual success in acquiring the cannons, which were then sent by Fra Martin Nedić to Pécs, where three bells for Špionica were cast from them: a large one weighing 278 kilograms, dedicated to St. Joseph, the patron saint of the parish; a medium one, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, weighing 170 kilograms; and a small one, weighing 83 kilograms, dedicated to the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. From the remaining material, a small bell for the parish in Semeljci, weighing 58 kilograms, was also cast. During the First World War, in 1916, the large and small bells were confiscated from the parish of Špionica to be melted down into cannons.
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The Weinburg estate and villa in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland are among the favorite travel destinations of King Carol I of Romania (1839-1914, Prince of Romania from 1866, King from 1881). Several episodes in his life, some dramatic (such as his refuge from the revolutionary excesses of 1848 or his shelter from the cholera epidemic in 1855), others pleasant (the vacations he spent there with his parents, brothers and grandparents), connect him to this place. Even his journey to Bucharest in the spring of 1866, to take up the mission of prince entrusted to him by the Romanians, would have been hard to imagine without a Swiss passport, which he acquired thanks to this family property. Weinburg is a place that not only played host to King Charles I, but also profoundly influenced his biography.
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Piotr Hiacynt (Jacek) Pruszcz (1605-1667?), a hagiographer, panegyrist and the author of guides to churches and holy places, published in 1662 the work Morze łaski Bożey (The Sea of God’s Grace), presenting centers of the cult of Christ and the Mother of God in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Like many Baroque authors, he was a compiler, using information borrowed from others. Tracing the sources of his knowledge allows us to consider him an educated man. Although he was not a professor but only a janitor of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, he had to soak up the academic atmosphere and also had access to library resources. He knew the Bible and theological literature perfectly, including works on Mariology, popular in his time. When preparing the guide, he used historical and hagiographic works, sanctuary literature and pamphlets. He also drew information from manuscript materials: indulgences granted by the Holy See, files of clerical commissions, testimonies about miracles and graces, and monastic, parish and city archives. When he did not have access to written sources, he referred to tradition and oral transmission.
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This article discusses the origins, structure and main theses contained in Liber singularis de cruce et cruciariis by Heinrich Kipping (1623-1678), a German scholar active in Bremen, a city that was in Swedish hands at the time. The work was printed there in 1671, and it represented literature devoted to the theme of the Cross, which developed from the mid-16 century to the late 17th-century. This period can be divided into several stages, and the most productive was from the 1590s to the 1620s. Kipping’s work in question belongs to the late period. This author examines various issues related to the shape of crosses and the penalty of crucifixion, inflicted on convicted criminals. Liber singularis is divided by 35 exercitationes. In each of them, Kipping presents a separate issue related to crosses and crucifixion. He makes use of the vast array of ancient and early Christian sources, also taking account of works written by 16th-century and 17th-century scholars dealing with the Holy Rood. Kipping proposes his own solutions to issues concerning the cross and the process of crucifixion, using the historical-philological method. The paper recapitulates the literary period in question.
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The text concerns the Górki suburb of Lublin, absent from the literature and recorded in the early years of the 17th century. The records contained in the Lublin municipal books, which have not found their way into academia yet, make it possible to locate this little-known part of Lublin. The suburb was in the northern part of extensive Krakowskie Przedmieście, noted both earlier and later, situated to the west of the walled city. For some time, Górki was probably treated as a separate suburb.
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The article presents Andreas von Witowski, a Prussian officer who was hailed by German 19th-century historiography as a hero of the Napoleonic wars in Upper Silesia. Witowski reportedly defended Upper Silesians against the plundering forays of Polish insurgents from New Silesia, who severely affected Upper Silesians in 1806-1807. The article recounts the actual course of events of the 1806-1807 campaign in the borderlands between Upper and New Silesia, demonstrating that the story of Witowski told by Prussian historiography – contrary to the facts – was expected to be one of several cornerstones underlying the legend of German Silesia.
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The present paper discusses the conflicts between the Holy See and the Protestant German states (Prussia, Hanover, Baden, Württemberg, Electoral Hesse, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau) related to the government’s interference in episcopal elections and the choice of controversial candidates. The study covers the period from the publication of the bull De salute animarum which defined the relations between the papacy and Prussia (1821) to the unification of Germany (1871). Primary sources are the archival records of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, the papal consultative body. In the surveyed period the Congregation held 11 sittings devoted to the questionable elections. They concerned the affairs of Breslau (1836 and 1842), Trier (1837-1840), Limburg (1841), Hildesheim (1841), Rottenburg (1846-1847) and Freiburg im Breisgau (1869). The study sheds new light on the long-standing dispute about the interpretation of agreements concluded between the Holy See and the respective governments in the 1820s and on Rome’s policy towards state authorities and local Churches.
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This contribution is devoted to Józef Domański, an officer of insurgent cavalry (rittmaster) in 1863 and 1864. After graduating from the county school in Siedlce in 1861, he moved to the First Gymnasium in Nowolipki, Warsaw. Then, he went on to study in the capital at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Warsaw Main School. The January Uprising found him while he was there. As a volunteer cavalryman, he found himself in the unit commanded by Colonel Józef Jankowski „Szydłowski“. He operated over a wide area, moving with his cavalry from the outskirts of Warsaw to the voivodeships of Podlasie, Sandomierz and Lublin. He fought in thirty battles and skirmishes that were mostly victorious. Wanting to avoid repressions of 1864-1867 that followed the Uprising, he spent some time in exile in France. There, he undertook legal studies, which he continued in the Warsaw Main School in 1868. After graduation in 1869, he obtained his MA in law and administration. He was a public servant at the Government Justice Commission, worked as an assessor in the Correctional Court in Siedlce, then as a consistory attorney, and a sworn advocate in Warsaw. This city became his own until his death. It is worth looking slightly more critically at the fact that the dates of his death and burial have not been established in the research to date and the available literature on the subject.
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The religious movement known as Reformation started by Martin Luther in 1517 divided the Christian world in to Catholics and Protestants. His critiques of indulgences and corruption in the Church led to a spiritual revolution with many consequences. The influence he exerts on the religious and philosophical thoughts of the laity undermines the authority of the Catholic Church, indisputable for centuries, until now. He teaches people that they don`t need a mediator to communicate with God. All they need is the ability to read, the Bible translated in their own language, and strong faith. With his propaganda, Luther put an end to a worldview that had defined people`s life for centuries. By acquainting people with the true word of the Bible in their native language Luther gains many followers not only among the poor but also among the aristocracy. Reformation divides Europe into North and South – borders that have survived to this day. The Nordic countries followed Luther and his doctrine, while the Southern ones remain attached to the Catholic Church.
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The article describes one of the most terrible natural disasters in the Bulgarian lands in the XIX century – the earthquake that shook the Sofia field on September 18, 1858. Historical evidence from the era shows that the natural disaster had a magnitude of 6.3 on the Richter scale. 80% of the houses have been demolished – in whole or partially. The few in number stone buildings in the city, mainly churches and mosques, are almost completely demolished or cracked. The population reacted relatively adequately – abandoned the houses for several months, while the aftershocks lasted. During and after the natural disaster, Christians, Muslims, and Jews helped each other – mainly to repair houses and to support the homeless families. Although severe, the effects of the earthquake were overcome relatively quickly and successfully. After September 18, 1858, the Bulgarian community has preserved and has strengthened its dominant position in the future capital of the Principality of Bulgaria.
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The article examines the formation of political elite in Greece during the „long nineteenth century“, the process of rethinking the role and place of traditionally influential people and families and changes in political conditions under the influence of certain external and internal crisis situations. Like most social phenomena, elites are a historically evolving phenomenon, and in times of crisis they die out or lose their decisive influence in order to give way to new "players" on the political scene. The aim of the study is to trace the emergence, change and disappearance of some elites, the extent to which this occurs under the influence of crisis situations and the relationship. The article examines specific moments of crisis in the selected period, which influenced the development of the Greek state such as the crisis in the mid-40s of the XIX century after the uprising in 1843 with a request to introduce a constitution; the crisis over the change of monarch 1862-1863; the crisis around 1878; "The Long Depression 1873-1896"; the crisis of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897; the crisis of 1909 after the Goody coup; The Balkan Wars.
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This article aims to examine the security sector in Russia during XIX century and more specifically during the reign of Alexander II, but also his heirs. The main focus is taken by the political police as an integral part from the security services in the empire. Their way of functioning, as well as their flaws who brought the need of reforming the sector. The reform might be considered finalized during Petr Stolypin, but even the renewed system for national security is unable to save the empire from a painful end.
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The following article traces the attitude of the liberal Radoslavists regarding Russia's policy in the period 1886-1896, when diplomatic relations between St.Petersburg and Sofia were severed. The emphasis is on clarifying the reasons why one of the major Bulgarian parties has long shown a negative attitude towards Russia's plans and actions in the Balkans. Certain details of Radoslavists policy are highlighted. A new reading of some sources related to the topic has been made and new ideas have been introduced.
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The current article examines the consequences and trends in foreign and domestic policy, caused by one of the most significant events in the National liberation movement of Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians after the Berlin Congress - the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903. The question has been repeatedly raised whether it is a defeat based on its brutal suppression, or whether it is more important for the fate of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia. This is the source of my current thoughts, specifically related to the topic of this scientific forum - crises as catharsis. What are the real consequences, what place does this province occupy in the field of European politics in the Balkans and what new lines are being drawn in it, is there continuity and an upgrade in some spheres of public life - church, education, etc., how the Exarchate is healing the wounds inflicted on it and restores its organizational network and activities in places. At the same time, the question arises about the mistakes that inevitably accompany all processes, made mostly by passiveness, poor preparation and neglect of problems. In any case, the uprising was a turning point in the development of the Macedonian question, the way forward of which was marked by many twists and turns. In this complex atmosphere, the Bulgarian Exarchate remains the unavoidable factor on which the Bulgarian population in the European vilayets of the Ottoman Empire relies.
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Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign not only led to the discovery of the monuments of the pharaonic state, but also opened a new chapter in medical science. Encounter with many epidemic and endemic diseases has led to rationalization of views on the spread of infections. This was the case, among others, in the case of the plague, epidemics of which often broke out in the Middle East, practically at the gates of Europe. Creating a model of sanitary procedures contributed to reducing the risk.
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From the 13th century onwards, Turkish medicine in the Ottoman geography began producing its own written works. In the 17th and 18th centuries, it turned its focus towards the West, resulting in a more diverse and rich body of literature. During this period, treatment methods rooted in tradition and belief, particularly around folk medicine, were employed. It can be said that the developments of this period are easily traceable through treatises. These writings often discuss treatment methods and cures for diseases, as well as antidotes used against poisonings. Although there have been some limited studies on these works, the absence of a study specifically on the translated and examined manuscript in this research prompted its initiation. This paper is based on a manuscript registered under the name “Risale-i Beyan-ı Havass-ı Panzehir” in the Collection of Mustafa Hakkı Yeşil Library of Kütahya Municipality, Türkiye (Catalog number: B024242/01). Although the library records list it as “Risale-i Beyan-ı Havass-ı Panzehir,” the author prefers the name “Derbeyān-ı cevher” at the beginning of the work. However, he immediately adds, “Ammā baʿd; risāle-i ʿamelı̇ ̄ olan pānzehiri ḫavāṣṣı beyānındadur.” In this paper, the manuscript’s mentioned antidote-whose specific substance is not explicitly stated in the relevant manuscript-is classified into twenty-three remedies. The linguistic elements used in treatments, such as animal and plant names, are evaluated within the framework of contributions to the Turkish language’s lexicon.
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