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This paper presents the family language policies of four Estonian-non-Estonian bilingual, transnational families, with focus paid to thelanguage management efforts of the fathers and the challenges they faced,including child agency and imbalances of power. The findings indicate thatminority-language fathers also engage in ‘language work’ (Okita 2002),and demonstrated that the fathers’ language management efforts wereconstrained and determined by factors such as the level of competence themen’s spouse has in his L1, child agency, and access to a same languageculturecommunity as a supportive resource.
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Artikkel käsitleb eesti ja ungari eesnimede rahvuspärasekskujunemist. Ungaris hakkas ungaripäraseid eesnimesid tarvitusse tulema18. sajandi lõpus, Eestis soovitati eestipäraseid nimesid alates 19. sajandilõpust, nende leviku kõrgaeg oli 1930. aastate keskel. Eesti olulisema eeskujunaeestipäraste nimede suunas liikumisel on nimetatud Soomet, kaugemanamuu hulgas Ungarit. Paralleele leidub soovitatud ning kasutuseletulnud nimevalikus ja nimerühmade kasutuse rõhuasetustes, omakeelsetenimede mõju järgnevale nimetarvitusele on aga olnud erinev. Siinses artiklison käsitletud muutuste ning nimerühmade üldisi jooni. Keskendutud oneesnimedele, perekonnanimede muutused leiavad nimetamist niivõrd, kuisee on oluline üldise tausta loomiseks.
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The aim of the research is to discuss the means of expressionof positive and negative politeness in prepared and spontaneous spokenlanguage. The research is based on the speech-act theory by Searle (1976)and the theory of positive and negative politeness by Brown and Levinson(1978, 2009). The research data are conversations from the Corpus of SpokenLithuanian, which comprise semi-formal and formal communication inthe media, academic discourse, and spontaneous communication in servicedomains. In total, the research data consist of 144,893 words. The researchdemonstrates that different politeness strategies are employed in differentspoken language registers.
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The author tries to diachronically describe the dynamics of the Estonian language that can be attributed to motion in the East European and European context. The article seeks an answer to the question whether the absence of the category of the grammatical genus in Estonian Allowing the Movement as a means of vocabulary extension. On the basis of the grammar of Johannes Gutslaff it is proved that in Estonian the word formation suffix -ikauch served for education of the feminine. The proven ancient gender marker (more precisely: the mark of the sex) in Baltic Finish is connected with the marking of the stereotypically small size of the woman. The sex-neutralization of the suffix started in the eight-eenth century. The reason for this was a complicated sequence of changes of meaning of certain lex-emes.
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Estonian has lexical perfective-imperfective ‘doublets’, as inmõõtma ‘measure’, välja mõõtma ‘measure (out)’. The ‘doublets’ render theEstonian lexical aspect similar to that of Germanic, e.g. Dutch meten ‘measure’and uitmeten ‘measure out’. Finnish uses object case alternation forthe expression of the opposition, e.g. mitata/mitoittaa ‘measure’. However,Estonian also has regular morphological means to express aspectual ‘triplets’,like Slavic, as in the Russian imperfective simplex merit’ ‘measure’, theperfective izmerit’ ‘measure (out)’ and the secondary imperfective izmerjat’,approximately ‘be measuring out’. The third member of the Estonian tripletemerges via combining the particle and the partitive object case.
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With this paper I wish to investigate the nature of code-mixing found in English place names chiefly, though not exclusively, from the Danelaw area. The paper analyzes this code-mixing in the framework of contact linguistics in the light of the contact situation between Old English and Old Norse, as described by Townend (2002) and Lutz (2013), which existed from the 8th century onwards, bearing in mind, however, that the Scandinavian place names may not necessarily be the direct indicators of the nature and extent of the Scandinavian settlement itself. Historical code-switching usually and generally focuses on describing intersentential and intrasentential code-switching, and this paper aims at broadening the overall scope of the investigation through the inclusion of onomastics. The analysis will be chiefly based on the corpus of 1915 relevant place-names, with the data drawn from the Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (Mills 1998), and Fellows-Jensen’s regional studies on Scandinavian place-names in England (Fellows- Jensen 1972, 1978, 1985). The primary focus of the investigation will be those place names which contain both Scandinavian and English elements, used to contain at least one Scandinavian or English element which was replaced by an element from the other language, contain at least one element which underwent a transformation to accommodate to the phonological system of the other language and contain elements which could belong to either of the languages but cannot be decided with absolute certainty. In this paper I also argue that names (specifically the above mentioned place-names) can conform to Muysken’s (2000) category of congruent lexicalization and that word-internal code-switching, and CS in general, is in fact a phenomenon that can occur in the case of hybrid place-names.
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The paper is an attempt to analyse Barbara Klicka’s book of poetry nice, written in 2015. The interpretation is focused mainly on forms, which oscillate between prose poem and free verse. It also examines genological issues and shows main topics of presented literature, such as a revision of traditional aesthetic with an important turn into anaesthetic and its political and ethical contexts, or – in connection with philosophical, theological and social changes in the Western thought – the problem of postmodern subjectivity.
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The article traces Polish translations of Dickinson’s poetry preceding and following the publication in the nineteen nineties of 200 poems by Emily Dickinson translated by Stanisław Barańczak. It comments on some Polish poets’ response to Dickinson in their own works and points to the growing body of publications online of private selections from Dickinson’s poems previously translated by established Polish poets (mostly Barańczak or Marjańska) as well as translations and original poems inspired by Dickinson’ s work authored by less known poets, amateur translators and lovers of poetry. The article suggests that the increased Polish interest in Dickinson’s work is not only a kind of domino effect following Barańczak’s impressive translations. It also results from the growth of interest in translation studies and skills and must be related, too, to the fact that her poetry of private sensibility confronted with a dramatically changing world resonates with contemporary experience of the sensitive individual.
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The paper looks at two book-length poems by Alice Oswald’s: Dart (2002) and Memorial (2011) as translation projects, with an aim to understand both the nature of Oswald’s poetic practice and her concept of what is the meaning and goal of translation in creative work. I claim that translation, in the special sense the poet gives to this term, is at the very core of her work. In my analysis I concentrate on the physical aspect of Oswald’s poetic practice, the role of the body, movement in space, muscular effort, rhythm and memorization of poetry in her projects. I also look at the ways of crossing the divide between the human and non-human, linking language to the voice of the natural world and returning to oral poetry in her work.
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The work concerns two short letters by Stanisław Wyspiański, which haven’t been published before. The letters, adressed to Maria Siedlecka and Eliza Pareńska, seem to be important in context of the artist’s biography.
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The consequence of the European language policy and the implementation of its assumptions is the flow of glottodidactic thought, which encourages reflection on the organization of academic language education in various educational systems. Organization of language education at the law faculties in Poland and Germany is subject to dynamic transformations resulting, inter alia, from the need to adapt foreign language teaching to the requirements of the labour market. The ability to use several foreign languages and knowledge of other legal systems will allow future lawyers to practise in an international environment and is almost a requirement of the modern era, so it is worth considering how to organize the language education process in law faculties, aiming at the professionalization of education. // Konsekwencją europejskiej polityki językowej i realizacji jej założeń jest przepływ myśli glottodydaktycznej, który zachęca do refleksji na temat organizacji akademickiego kształcenia językowego w różnych systemach edukacyjnych. Organizacja kształcenia językowego na wydziałach prawa w Polsce i w Niemczech podlega dynamicznym przeobrażeniom, wynikającym między innymi z potrzeby dostosowania nauczania języków obcych do wymogów rynku pracy. Umiejętność posługiwania się kilkoma językami obcymi i znajomość innych systemów prawnych umożliwi przyszłym prawnikom wykonywanie zawodu w środowisku międzynarodowym i jest niemalże wymogiem współczesnej epoki, dlatego warto zastanowić się, jak zorganizować proces edukacji językowej na wydziałach prawa, aby zmierzał w stronę profesjonalizacji kształcenia.
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This paper presents the description of projects designed within the project-based learning, as well as the assessment of the students, participants in this type of learning, concerning the contribution of the project work to the students' cognitive and affective development, that is, to the improvement of their language skills and knowledge and their personal development. The projects were realized by the fourth-year students of the Department of English Language and Literature at the Faculty of Philosophy in Kosovska Mitrovica, while students' opinions regarding the contribution of project-based learning to their cognitive and affective development were collected by means of a questionnaire. The data were analysed by applying descriptive statistics and the final results proved the hypotheses of the research which emphasized the significance of the project-based learning approach for English language teaching at the tertiary level of education.
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Qualitative methods have increasingly been considered as a valuable approach in linguistic research, especially in the area of foreign/second language (L2) learning. In the field of teaching English as L2 to children, qualitative approaches are considered particularly suitable. The paper aims to answer a number of questions relevant to applying qualitative methods for research with children in teaching English as L2 by discussing recent studies conducted in Serbia at primary and pre-primary levels. The method applied in the paper is the analysis of interviews used to study primary learners' L2 reading development (Savić, 2017), and a pre-primary child's L2 progress (Prošić-Santovac, 2017). The former example is a prompted think-aloud protocol interview conducted with twelve 11-year old children for studying a number of issues relevant to their L2 reading skills, while the latter one refers to a structured interview conducted in a case study of using popular video cartoons for teaching English to a four-year-old child. The pedagogical implications of doing research with young and very young learners are summarized as challenges and prospects of using interviews for gaining a deeper understanding of children's L2 development, highlighting a variety of individual and contextual factors affecting the process. It is concluded that, with proper planning and application, qualitative research in general, and interviews in particular, may provide invaluable evidence on the processes of foreign language acquisition and learning.
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Translation is a common learning strategy used in beginner levels of learning English. The inefficacy of the strategy is most prominent when employed in writing. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to emphasize the benefits of incorporating the learning strategies into the teaching process. In addition, implementing contrastive analysis in teaching would boost students' understanding of the differences between Serbian and English, which are often overlooked-thus resulting in negative language transfer. It is important to underline that translation is not a uniform word-by-word process, but the transfer of meaning from one language to another, taking into account the differences between the language systems and cultures. This paper presents the results of the error analysis resulted from the inefficient application of translation as a writing strategy. The study was conducted on the sample of 35 beginner English students of the College of Applied Professional Studies in Vranje.
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The self-poetic statements of Daniel Leverkin were examined in this paper. It is going to be revealed that exactly this component of Rabies puts under question simple genre entry of this novel. Poetical thought in this novel has its consistency: it leads from testimony towards the story that has to put this testimony into context, in order to confirm its humanistic orientation. In this insufficiency of testimony and the need for the story, we recognise the key difference between aesthetics of testimony in Kiš, and fictionalisation of testimony in Pekić. In the second part of the paper, the motif of Leverkin's interruption of writing of his self-poetic journal and the character of Gabriel who is Leverkin's successor was analysed in the context of interruption of writing that is being thematized in Andrić's Omerpasa Latas, and Crnjanski's strive by the means of count Rjepnin's suicide (in Novel of London).
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The research of birds in the novel Dictionary of the Khazars begins with the comparison of the understanding of the bird universe in the poetry of Đorđe Marković Koder, and continues with the analysis of the symbolism and the function of 29 bird species mentioned in the novel. Bird species can be divided into two basic groups which include both positively and negatively connoted birds. The aim of the paper is to determine the origin of the bird symbolism in the novel and to attempt to typologize the ornithological universe of the novel. Birds who convey a positive meaning include: a) those thanks to which memory, reproduction, and the knowledge of language, the poetry of the original dictionary of the Khazars is preserved from oblivion (the parrot, the starling, the swallow, the albatross); b) birds which, as interpreters, aid the reading methods or symbolize divine or mystical knowledge (the jay, the kestrel, the pigeon, the heron, the eagle); c) symbols of spiritual values, healing, salvation, and resurrection (the 'ku,' the pigeon, the ostrich, the falcon, the chaffinch, the goose, the chicken, the barn owl). On the other side are the following birds: a) symbols of death (the hawk, the sparrow hawk, the cuckoo, the tit, the woodpecker, the crow); b) birds of the underworld, demonic and of the devil (the crow, the jackdaw, the partridge, the woodcock); c) birds that signify nothingness (the mallard, the duck, the swan, the collared dove, the swift).
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