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The 23-year-old history of lectures devoted to the legacy of brothers Maksim and Gavrila Goretsky becomes the basis in the process of revealing their scientific results. In the article an attempt has been made to systematize creative works of Maksim Goretsky. The author of the article shows an extent of examination of the writer’s specific works.
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This article presents an interpretation of the book of poetry Relearning the Alphabet, written by Denise Levertov in 1970, with references to the Hasidic tradition of perceiving nature and music. My interpretation focuses on the poet’s use of stories and symbols taken from the tradition of her ancestors and the way in which she employs them in her poems in order to emphasize the uniqueness of the world. Eclecticism is mentioned as it also contributes to Levertov’s spiritual development. The main thesis of my article is that the source of the poet’s sensitivity to the environment and music is derived from her Hasidic heritage.
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One of the ways of understanding linguistic emotivity is taking into account an anthropological approach. The first anthropologist who recognized the emotive aspect of language was the founding father of social anthropology Bronisław Malinowski, thus forming the foundation for future ethnolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. According to the view of these subdisciplines the role of speech cannot be defined only in terms of phonology, morphology or syntax but also in terms of semantics and pragmatics. Taking into account all the above mentioned aspects of language allows finding out basic oppositional functions of language: referential andemotive. The latter one means the impact of cultural contexts on language (eg. religious cult vsacademic lecture), as well as the creative role of language that shapes the nature of communication and culture itself. Anthropological studies are followed in this respect by discussed below some approaches of linguistics, literary studies, philosophy and sociology.
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In political discourse, the recipient is collective and intentional. Being a part of public discourse,political discourse abounds in speech acts that have emotive-evaluative function. In the presentpaper, the Author discusses the most frequent evaluative-emotive acts gleaned from parliamentaryspeeches, and these include: accusations, complaining, bragging, expressing recognition and justification. The methodological framework adopted by the Author adheres to the model proposed byAleksy Awdiejew. Another phenomenon observable in public discourse is aggression. Irrespectiveof this, expressing emotions in public discourse is sometimes ideologically motivated.
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This article discusses changes in the poetry of Karol Wojtyła which appear in his texts under the influence of St. John’s of the Cross mystical theology and St. Thomas’s of Aquinas concept of being. In comparison with his earlier poems written before WWII, which lavishly use variety of figures of speech and cultural allusions, his later texts composed in the 1940’s, such as the one’s included into “Shores of Silence”, are more condensed and ascetic. This change introduces new aesthetic and cognitive quality into his poetry. These poems are more focused on individual images and well wrought metaphors. This trait makes them more meditative and contemplative.
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The paper is dedicated to the theme of a holiday in the book ‘Where the Pine Trees Ring’ written by a Russian author Lyudmila Kol, nowadays a resident of Finland. In general, the book represents an autobiographical text that is notable for its many-sidedness and variety. The writer narrates in a delicate manner, but not without irony “about the country where the Finns live,” about the Finns themselves, the Finnish soul, about what is “hidden under the mask of a modern lifestyle.” The Russian author notices that the yearly life of modern Finns (very businesslike and dynamic) is organized according to various family celebrations. Religious, national, and local holidays occupy a considerable place in the book. There are comments about Palm Sunday, Juhannuspäivä, the Harvest Festival, the Independence Day, Christmas, the Sweden Day, about Pancake Week, Runeberg Day (birthday of the national poet) and others. The holidays presented in the text reflect the peculiar features of the Finns’ consciousness and their way of thinking, as well as the Russian author’s perception thereof and her attitude towards them.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the Brest Bible (its lexis and phraseology) on the religious poetry of the followers of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland and the Polish Reformed Church in the 16th and 17th centuries. The article is a preliminary study of the subject. The author analysed thematically consistent poems on death and divided them into three types: occasional poetry, represented by Cyprian Bazylik’s Short description of an affair at the death and funeral of the Enlightened Duchess Elżbieta of Szydłowiec Radziwiłłowa (Krótkie wypisanie sprawy przy śmierci i pogrzebie Oświeconej Księżny Paniej Halżbiety z Szydłowca Radziwiłowej, 1562); functional literature, illustrated with four songs from a Protestant hymnary by Krzysztof Kraiński (1609) and Andrzej Hünefeld (1646); and fine poetry, for which the author chose the The Quartan Fever Penance (Pokuta w kwartanie, written in 1652). For the Old-Polish Protestant authors of religious poetry, the Calvinist Bible is a constant reference point. It determines but by no means limits the horizons of imagination. Writing about deathly issues, the authors of occasional, high-art poetry or hymnary songs rarely borrow from the lexis of the Brest Bible and freely realize their artistic concepts. In their works there are only a few most expressive phrases and lexemes from the first Polish Protestant Bible. In the analyzed poems, Biblical phrases usually appear in the form of paraphrases, well-thought-out verses or Biblical scenes. The poets borrow words or Biblical phrases only when the described plot is scarcely known, usually drawn from a rarely referred to Old-Testament book. This gesture can be interpreted as a token of the poet’s circumspection.
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The syntax of nominal constructions has so far attracted relatively little attention in the rapidly growing literature on sign languages. In Poland, there have been virtually no studies addressing the topic. The goal of the present paper is to offer an overview of the nominal syntax of PJM (polski język migowy), the visual-spatial language of the Polish Deaf, which is diachronically and synchronically independent of spoken/written Polish. A key, and novel, aspect of the present proposal is that we base our descriptive model on a detailed investigation of extensive empirical data. For the purposes of this study, we have carefully inspected a sample of video material extracted from the first-ever corpus of PJM that is currently being compiled at the University of Warsaw. An in-depth examination of the data has allowed us to produce a typology of PJM nominal constructions involving adjectives and other adnominal modifiers. The present paper outlines the word-order generalizations that emerge from the analyzed data. We observe that PJM adjectives show a clear tendency to appear in postposition with respect to the head noun, whereas other adnominal modifiers (such as numerals or possessives) most often precede the noun. Additionally, we confront these findings with data on spoken Polish nominals extracted from the National Corpus of Polish.
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The present article analyzes the Vilamovicean language within the framework of language contact. The author studies various sociolinguistic, lexical and grammatical features and properties, which are typical of mixed languages, and which can be found in Vilamovicean. The evidence suggests that Vilamovicean can be defined as a mixed German(ic)-Polish language, relatively advanced on the cline(s) of mixing. Although Vilamovicean originated as an exemplary member of the German(ic) family – and although the bulk of its components are still German(ic) – due to prolonged and intense contact with Polish, the ethnolect became similar to this Slavic language.
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The works of the Austrian writer Peter Handke, particularly A Winter Journey to the Danube, Sava, Morava, and Drina Rivers or Justice for Serbia (1995) and A Summer Addendum to a Winter's Journey (1996) are the subject of debate which has been going on in Europe for almost two decades with varying degrees of intensity. After a brief overview of the genesis of the so-called Yugoslavian polemics, the paper discusses the author´s attitude and consideration of the issues related to Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily the genocide in Srebrenica and the events in Eastern Bosnia. A part of the paper deals with the reception of Handke´s texts and the above-mentioned polemics in Bosnia and Herzegovina using a selection of texts from the daily newspapers and magazines from Bosnia and Herzegovina as an example.
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The article is devoted to Jan Błoński’s connections with French literature and culture. Błoński, a Francophile and expert on France, repeatedly wrote about the greatest French novelists and playwrights. He also showed interest in twentieth-century French philosophy and French literary criticism (i.a. criticism of consciousness) and was engaged in translation and popularization activities as well. In the French texts of culture he has seen model forms of experiencing the modern cultural, historical and civilisation transformations. However, it did not prevent him from keeping the critical approach to many phenomena present in the French culture. The author of the article thus shows both the main areas of interest and fascination of the critic, as well as those phenomena in contemporary French literature and theory to which Błoński retained far-reaching scepticism.
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This paper focuses on technologies that allow a learner of French to improve pronunciation skills. This aspect of language instruction is very often neglected by the teachers who usually pin the blame on lack of time. However, in recent years we have witnessed the proliferation of Internet resources that can be used to help learners work autonomously on various aspects of their pronunciation. In our paper, we will also focus on different tools as well as methods used by the teachers to create new materials for language teaching and make them available on the Web as well as monitor the process of students’ language learning outside the classroom.
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Community and individual are major topics of philosophical discussions during the 17th–18th centuries in Europe. Is there a natural need of living together? What urges people to join and stay together despite the constant hostility and fighting? How to combine a duty to the community with individual freedom? A concept of the common is mostly negative in Skovoroda’s texts because the philosopher was in the permanent conflict with society, praised solitude and self-knowledge. The paper argues that this theme was very important for his concept of an ideal man. The analysis is structured into three sections: individual and society (duty to the community), individual and individual (friendship), truth and spiritual community (choir). It is said that Skovoroda’s perfect community correlates with the idea of ‘symphony’ as the cognitive and ethical principle.
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The goal of this article is to present the critical reception of the biography and works of Joseph Conrad in Poland in 1897–1945. Special emphasis is put on the political, social, cultural and aesthetic factors conditioning this process. The reception originated in the era of partitions, whereas Conrad’s relative popularity among the intellectual and artistic elite started only in the interwar period. A special role in promotion of Conrad was played by Stefan Żeromski and the poets associated with the “Skamander” group. In later years, Conrad became the object of fascination of many representatives of the generation of 1910, who were highly infl uenced by Józef Ujejski, author of the monograph O Konradzie Korzeniowskim [On Konrad Korzeniowski]. Conrad’s works played a special role during World War II – they provided moral support to many people struggling against the Nazi and Stalinist totalitarianism.
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