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Fascinated by Transylvania, Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889) sought to come into contact with its outstanding personalities and with the land itself, whose image would later leave an imprint upon his work. His contacts included Aron Pumnul, on whose death he wrote an ode, Andrei Mureşanu, and somewhat later Iosif Vulcan and the Metropolitan Bishop Andrei Șaguna. The present article looks at Eminescu’s travels across Transylvania. The author analyzes, on the one hand, the relations between this enlightening experienceand Eminescu’s debut as a journalist, and, on the other, the emergence of a particular sensitivity towards essential experiences, in a word, the foundations of Eminescu’s ideology.
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The Phanariot Constantine (Kaisarios) Dapontes fled in 1746 to the Crimea, where he was received benevolently, with the recommendation of Constantine Mavrocordatos, Prince of Wallachia, by the Tatar Khan Selim II Giray. He wrote in the so-called political verses a dialogical report on his sojourn, which he enfolded in his huge Καθρέπτης γυναικών, i.e. “Women’s Mirror”.Dapontes was the first (early) modern Greek author, who made the Crimea accessible to the Greeks of his time. He also raised awareness that this place was — though Tartarian — a truly Greek place, but without referring to the Greek antiquity and the Byzantine times. Since the work was very common, his portrayal of the Crimea should not be without effect.Dapontes wrote nothing remarkably new about the political situation in Crimea, but he made some information available for his compatriots. What is important are Dapontes' remarks about the monastery landscape of rough beauty, which contrasts with the Arcadian riverside meadows, and about the Greek population living near Bakhchisarai.
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Developmental language disorder (DLD) is one o/ the most common language disorders in preschool and school age, and it also persists later in life. Children with DLD show a range of expressive and/or receptive difficulties in language, including vocabulary acquisition. The goal of this research was to explore the differences between persons with developmental language disorder and persons with typical language development (TLD) in lexical diversity. Earlier research focused on spoken discourse of younger speakers. In the present research, written discourse of speakers covering a broad age range was explored. 1Wenty participants with DLD and 19 with TLD were selected from the Croatian Corpus of Non-professional Written Language (Kuvač Kraljević, Hržica and Kologranić Belić, in press). They produced narrative language samples based on the Expression, Reception and Recall of Narrative Instrument (ERKNI; Bishop, 2004). To measure lexical diversity,four measures were calculated: the number of different words (NDW) and type-token ratio (ITR) on a restricted number of words, the moving average type-token ration (MATTR) and lexical diversity D on full-length samples. The independent samples t-test was used to compare the two groups. Participants with DLD had significantly lower results on all four measures. This leads to the conclusion that all four measures can differentiate groups of participants with different language status. Persons with DLD showed difficulties in using vocabulary when producing written narratives, which is a demanding language production task.
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The paper deals with the quantitative definiteness of objects and phenomena, which is treated as a semantic feature. Attention is drawn to the denotational means of expressing the quantitative characteristic and its parameters, which are interpreted through comparison and opposition. The specific expression of the features ‘plurality‘, ‘singularity‘, ‘collectiveness‘, etc, through the derivational means of language is presented in connection with its relation to the means of grammatical expression of quantitative definiteness. On the basis of examples from speech, the paper offers an explanation of the deviations from the norm of the literary language, which are due to the asymmetry between the “logical“ and the “grammatical“ in syntactic connection.
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The modern concept of multimodality envisages diversity (multiplicity) in the presentation of information channels (auditory and visual) in communication. This fact presents multiple opportunities for a simultaneous, multidimensional interpretation of the variability in an individual’s speech when used in different types of discourse, which in the future could potentially lead to a cross-modal approach in research. Multimodal oral discourse (sounding speech) is characterised by a segmental (verbal) component and a multitude of non-segmental (paraverbal, prosodic) parameters which supplement the verbal component in real time use. The visual channel, on the other hand, contains a series of extraverbal elements that complement and refine the information conveyed. In the article the multimodal presentation of speech is illustrated by examples of Bulgarian children’s speech.
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The research paper presents and discusses various opinions of survey respondents regarding 6 benefits from following the Bulgarian standard language grammar norms. The empiric data has been derived from a nationally representative survey that investigates Bulgarians’ opinions on and attitudes towards complying with the grammar rules of the Bulgarian standard language. Following P. Garvin’s theory (Garvin 1993) in interpreting my respondents’ replies, I present a hierarchy of the language attitudes towards the standard Bulgarian language, which is based on native’s views on the hierarchy of the benefits that one could gain from following the Bulgarian standard language grammar rules.
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The establishment of commodity-money economics has a long history. It starts with the exchange of gifts in primitive communities through the barter trade in the Middle Age. Practically all terms connected to trade and finance reveal a story, which stands behind their names. Gold and silver were treated as other goods of weight and such currencies as pound still keep track of this. The town Joachimsthal became godfather of the Habsburg thaler, the Scandinavian daler and the American dollar. The right of authorities to mint coins is reflected in the appellations ducat, real, sovereign or imperial. The Bulgarian name of the game heads or tails refer to the calligraphic monogram of Ottoman sultans, which was stamped out on the coins. The paper traces the evolution of financial terms on evidence of selected languages.
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The paper studies stylistics in Bulgarian and French press.
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The role of baby talk is shown as a specific linguistic register and communicative strategy not restricted to the adult’s adaptation to the specifics of the communication with the child, but also has teaching, socializing and creative functions as far as it reflects the reverse influence of the child on the adults, revealing the creative potential of both sides. The methodology of Conversation Analysis (Garfinkel, Sacks, Schegloff, Jefferson) is applied to the study of conversations/dialogues between adults and children, which does not presume or set up beforehand any theoretical models or schemes of interpretation, but studies conversations in their spontaneous flow, as a specific ‘local management’ mechanism (‘network of procedures’) for the ordering of turn-taking as well as of the positions and roles in a given conversation.
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Colors are present in all areas of our life, even their absence has a meaning, life is black and white or grey without colors. The study reviews colors black, white, blue, red, yellow and grey in the Bulgarian and Hungarian phraseology. Black stands mostly for death, sorrow and darkness. White is the opposite – it symbolizes birth, happiness and light. Blue connotes beating due to the hint a hit causes to our skin. Green means green light – free go – borrowed from the traffic light. Red is the color of health, yellow the color of illness. Grey is linked to economy.
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The text is an attempt to present and justify the existence of etymological word formation information in the bilingual Check-Bulgarian Dictionary of Interjections and Interjection Phrases. The focus is directed not that much towards elementary facts, but towards the opportunities which the application of such a diachronically-synchronic aspect, especially in a comparative plan, provides.
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The article deals with the use of the Bulgarian name for Christmas (Koleda) for an icicle in the Eastern Rhodopes and South Rhodopes Bulgarian dialects. The range of its distribution is described. Other remnants of the Christian past in the dialects of the Rhodopean Bulgarians, professing Muslim religion, are also mentioned.
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The main task of the translator – interlingual and intercultural communication, the transfer of meaning from one language to another – in the past and now, has always been almost the same in nature, only the tools available to the translator are changing and developing. What changes do we see in the area of translation? What do translators face and what do they need to adapt to? The text deals with the technologies that are already, and will continue to be, an integral part of everyday translation and points out some of the main translation tools that the modern translator works with.
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The paper examines the specifics of historicism and the relation between time and translation in the translation theory. The subjects of analyses are the three monographs in the field of German studies in Bulgaria, which are published by Lyubomir Ognyanov-Rizor, Anna Lilova and Ana Dimova. In the foreground is the interest in the principle of historicism in translation at the time of writing of the theory by the three authors. The development of this principle is investigated, as well as its applied potential.
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