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Aspects of semantic features in the Albanian lexicon, and in particular the aspects of polysemantics and homo-semantics have been the scope of studies either in isolation or in interaction with one another, but as well they have been studies in relation to many other phenomena such as: the root of the meaning (Thomai,2009), synonymy (Islamaj, 1985) etc. A study of these two phenomena which are closely inter-related is both of theoretical and practical value. In particular, the practical value is directly related to the compilation of explanatory and translation dictionaries (Thomai, 1972), which serves as an interface of the semantic structures of words
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The article discusses the problem of noun synonyms in the seventeenth-centuryagricultural guidebooks by Jakub Kazimierz Haur. The research focused on two importantaspects: 1) similarity of meaning between synonyms (the semantic criterion), and 2)interchangeability of synonyms (the criterion of context). A detailed analysis shows thatin addition to the basic distinction between full and partial synonyms there are severalvarious combinations of synonyms that were created on the basis of two main criteria,which are used in a description of synonymy.
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The author presents a formant -asy (-‘asy) creating names of colours, e.g. białasy,czerwonasy, szarasy, żółtasy, that existed in the old Polish language until the second part ofthe 18th century. These are adjectival derivatives whose meaning is related to a partial orweakened feature defined in the word-formation base. In the Polish dialects derivatives wereformed with the help of a formant -asy not only from adjectives naming colours e.g. burasy,modrasy, posiwasy, but also from those naming flavours e.g. słodkasy, physical characteristicsof objects e.g. mokrasy, przydługasy, and negative features of living beings e.g. głuptasy,ubogasy, starasy. The author indicates their geographical range - north, south and insulareastern peripheries of Polish lingual area – on the basis of the data taken from publishedsources. The appearance of derivatives with a morpheme -as- created from an adjectivebiały, that originate from other Slavonic languages, suggest that the morpheme was knownin the whole Slavic territory. The persistence of the formant -asy in the old Polish languageand Polish dialects makes our ethno-lingual area the example of peripheral territory wherethe innovation occurred in the connectivity of the mentioned suffix with basic adjectivesof various meaning.
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In the article the author presents some issues related to the description of the phoneticsystem and the morphology of the Polish dialect used in the South-Eastern Borderlands(on the basis of Trembowla and Wierzbowiec). The manuscript obtained by the author includesmemoirs, descriptions of everyday life in the South-Eastern Borderlands before the SecondWorld War, a dictionary of words which were then in use, family letters, songs, prayers – thus,the description of the local dialect shall have a value for the documentary history of Polish.
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The authors present a selection of sportspersons’ nicknames and pseudonyms used in the Polish and European media. The onomastic material was excerpted from the press, radio, television and the Internet. Dozens of personal names of Polish and world sportspersons were collected and analysed. The material was taken from the texts in, among others, Polish, English, German and Spanish. This paper aims at a typology of sportspersons’ nicknames and pseudonyms and it constitutes an attempt to unveil the primary onomastic and language-systemic mechanisms behind such formations. Also, their semantic as well as structural-grammatical motivation is discussed.
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The article has aimed to present the history and determinants of a few proper nouns used in Polish comedy Sami swoi. The title of the movie, the name of the place that Kargul and Pawlak come from, the name of the place where the action of the comedy takes place and the name of the main character have been analyzed. The analysis was based on archive materials (screenplay, radio drama, shorthand records) which helped the author to investigate changes in film onomastics, and to point out some extra-linguistic factors which influenced the model of film onomastics. Likewise, a connection between the proper nouns used in the film, its plot and its general reception was established.
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This paper analyzes Caryl Churchill’s play in the light of Riane Eisler’s theory of Cultural Transformation, expressed in The Chalice and the Blade: Our History Our Future and centered on the shift from “the partnership model“ to “the dominator model” of society. Churchill’s play The Hospital at the Time of the Revolution, Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth on which it is based, and Aime Cesaire’s Discourse on Colonialism, show how colonialism functions as a manifestation of “the dominator model”, represented by the blade. In keeping with Naomi Wallace’s view that writing should be a transgression and liberation from ideologica prejudices, and Harold Pinter’s view that the search for truth should be the subject of art, this paper higlights the links that exist between imperialism, colonialism, and Nacism, and exposes the traumas that destructive social organizations continue to inflicts upon man.
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In connection with the key issue in Thracian phonetics of the graphic variants with alternation of voiceless and voiceless aspirated plosive consonant and variants with alternation of voiced and voiceless consonant different kind of Thracian names have been examined in the paper: hydronyms (Ἄèсõò/ Iatrus/ Ieterus, Ἀèэсáò/ Atyras, Иéáгüëá/ Tiagula, Pathissus/ Parthiscus/ Πáсôßσêον, ФÝáсοò/ ИÝáéсοò, Utus/ Uthis, Timachus/ Timacum, *Óáëäοâõσσοò/ *Óáëôοâõσσοò, Pingus/ Pincus etc.); personal names (like Áěáäοêοò/ Amadochus, Áõëοõêåνèοò/ Aulucentus, Dentis/ Дåνèéò, Danda/ Дáνôù, Еπôησõ÷οò/ Еπôησõêοò, Еπôáêåνèοò/ Eftecentus, Zimarcus/ Жéěáс÷οò, Жåéπáò/ Жåéâáò, Кåôсéποсéò/ Кåäсéποëéò, ÓéôЬëêηò/ Sithalcus, Óπáсôáêοò/ Sparticus/ Óπáсôõ÷οò); settlement names (Ἀсгßäáõá/ Arcidava, Дßåсνá/ Tierna, Кэшåëá/ Chympsala, Мηêэâåсνá/ Мηêэπåсνá, Sparton/ Sparthon, ФЬсáνôοò/ ДЬсáνäοò, Фüěοé/ Thomi); tribal names (Всэгåò/ Всэêåò, Дüëοгêοé/ Dolongi, Ксησôῶνåò/ Γсáσôῶνåò, Фсáõσοß/ Thrausi); god epitheta (Кåνäсåéσοò, Кåνäсåéσåéá/ Кåνôсåéσåéá) etc. The usual explanation of this phenomenon is that it was due to the shifting of consonants in the Thracian language. The following view is substantiated in the paper: The occurrence of names with the variants aspirated/non-aspirated consonants was territorially spread from Dacia, Moesia and Scythia Minor (Pathissus, Ἄèсõò, Thomi, Amadochus) to the Propontis, the Aegean Sea and the islands (Ἀèэсáò, ἈèсõÀëáôοò). Consequently, this variation is not due to the different presence of the Indo-European consonant in two different languages or dialects. A look at the variation of aspirated/non-aspirated consonant shows that some forms with aspirated consonants are earlier than those with non-aspirated ones, as in Ἄèсõò and Timachus, whereas in others they are later (Amadochus, Breierophara, Sithalcus, Óπáсôõ÷οò); in a third category it is not possible to determine a chronological difference (Еπôησõ÷οò, Жéěáс÷οò). Hence, the phenomenon was not a result of any internal linguistic evolution either. In the light of these facts a more appropriate explanation of the cited graphic variants can be the following: the voiceless plosive consonants in Thracian, due to their different pronunciation compared to the Greek sounds (probably more tense), were also rendered by means of Greek aspirated consonants, which was possible because such consonants were absent in Thracian. There is also the possibility of dual use of the Greek aspirated consonants: on the one hand, for voiceless plosives, and on the other – for spirants. The rendering of a dental spirant can possibly be assumed for some rare cases of è/ σ alternation as in Дåνèåëῆôáé/ Denseletae, Жâåëèοõсäοò/ Жâåëσοõсäοò and Óåэèáò with the form of the genitive variant Óηõσá. In variants of names rendered in some cases by means of a voiced and in other cases – by a voiceless consonant, the explanation should probably be sought again in the imprecise correspondence between the Thracian and Greek or Latin voiced consonants, that is why voiceless consonants were also used in some cases for the graphic rendering of the Thracian ones. The examples of double writing with voiced and voiceless consonant are much fewer than those of alternation of voiceless and voiceless aspirated ones, which might be assumed as an indirect confirmation of the idea of absence of aspirated voiceless consonants in Thracian. I believe that for this reason the Greek aspirated consonants may have also been used to render simple voiceless consonants, whereas the presence of voiceless consonants limited the double transcriptions of the voiced consonants, in spite of their different (softer) pronunciation compared to the respective Greek sounds.
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The present study offers a theoretical overview of the approaches of style in a literary text. Themain directions are presented in strict relation to their relevance to highlighting the specificity of acertain type of literary production. To well-known names of international stylisticians there havebeen added outstanding Romanian names whose contribution to the domain is consideredundoubtedly valuable
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"Social networks gives right of speech to legions of idiots”. These are the words from Umberto Ecodirecting an attack on Internet during the ceremony in the University of Torino to award himHonoris Causa for Communication and media culture. After these statements “the networkpeople” felt offended and they launched a harsh attack against the writer. Therefore I decided toget deeply focused on such argument and made researches to create an idea about the writer‟sreflection and tried to formulate a potential personal consideration.The purpose for doing this is not to protect Eco: he is part of those people of reputation in culturewho with their work have changed the way we study language and communication, let alone hisextraordinary talent as a novelist. I conducted this analysis to better understand his opinion onInternet, social networks and technology. In this reflection I have indicated that his harsh wordsdid not come out of nothing, in contrary, he made similar statements in other cases.The theory developed by him was complete, consolidated and logically argued. Behind this attacklies a reflection on such an important topic for our society: Internet information filtering, necessityof education on internet, things which need to get started since the early school education. At theend of the article I have provided a short information about a platform, an online multimediacompiled by him named Encyclomedia, an encyclopedia based on a new concept which is dedicatedto the history of humankind by establishing links between what is searched in internet with relationto literature, science, art, music, economy, society, religion. This project demonstrates the fact thatthis man regardless of being part of cultural environment of “Novecento” tried to utilize the newtechnology to the benefit of knowledge and its dissemination.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the aspects of audiovisuals use in FL classroom. It is awell-known fact that that audiovisuals are part of our everyday life for many decades, and latelythey have been included in the learning process within the communicative approach, under thepressure of a greater importance of pragmatic and authentic communication. There are manybenefits coming from their use in the FL classrooms in the neurolinguistic aspect. Recently, manysuggestions have been provided on the implementation of audiovisual materials in the foreignlanguage class, some special criteria teachers should take into consideration during the process,but also concrete examples of such materials used in FL classroom generally, and particularly inthat of Italian language.
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This article describes and elaborates on the educational potential of virtual reality, focusing on the use of three-dimensional environments in foreign languages teaching process. The study is concentrated on the analysis of one of the most used products recently, the virtual platform SECOND LIFE, by pointing out at potential possibilities that this platform offers to the didactic of foreign languages, but without leaving behind problems with which many users have to face during its implementation and use. In the introduction, the article focuses on the technology role in teaching in general and especially on foreign languages teaching. It continues on elaborating shortly on virtual reality, what it is, how it started, where it is used, and putting more emphasis on the use and possibilities it offers for the educational process and especially for foreign languages teaching.
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The exclamative sentences and vocatives, onomatopoeic words and other examples of expressivelanguage help to give expressive power to Pirandello‟s fiction. The „sound‟ is of utmost importancein this writer‟s works. Thus, it is only logical to assert that interjections, onomatopoeic words andvocatives are main ingredients in the melodic structure of his fiction. The line between theseelements and other expressive phrases is often not very well-defined due to their variety. The linebetween vocatives, exclamative sentences and other elements which are matched by the intonationand use in communication explains why these elements provide constantly the interjections group. Itis important to consider not only the intonation as a marker, because many direct vocations tosupernatural powers lose their meaning when they become interjections. This paper provides ananalysis of the expressive elements that Pirandello uses in his stories and the way these elementshave been translated into Albanian. We will explore whether the translators have managed toconvey even in our language the expressiveness of Pirandello‟s fiction which is one of the definingcharacteristics of his style. The paper focuses on false interjections and onomatopoeic words. Thefalse interjections are difficult to classify since, in most of the cases, they are words that belong toother parts of speech but are used as interjections. The interjections, subject to this analysis, belongto the spoken language and are, somehow, fixed phrases in the language. The analysis also includesthe onomatopoeic words which are created in direct imitation of the sound as well as constructionswhich, as a result of some changes, adopt an imitation function, although it is entirely subjective innature.
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Analyzed have been the ideas of adult education and its place in the pedagogical heritage at the endof XIX – beginning XX centuries. We studied on the basis of works of A. Schjapov, A. Pruhavin, V.Vahterov, P. Kazanzev , O. Hermonius, H. Falbork, S. Siripolko the main ideas and basic notions ofadults‟ education which were developed at the end of XIX – beginning XX centuries in the form ofout-of-school education theory. We can state that at the end of XIX – beginning XX century in theform of out-of-school education theory there were established theoretical foundations of adulteducation. Fundamental ideas were formed and scientific problems and contradictions wereemphasized. Search for optimal forms and methods of work were performed. Such scientists as E.Medynskyj, S. Siropolko, V.Charnaluskyj etc formed the main principles of out-of-school education.The analyze of theoretical views shows that fundamental ideas of scientists end of XIX – beginningXX century are not only contradictive to each other and to the main principles of pedagogicmovement but also complete each other. Wide range of basic ideas of adult education wasoriginally formulated in the works of V.Charnouskyj and later they were concretized in the works ofS. Siropolko and developed in the theoretical views of E. Medynskyj. Now we can speak aboutimportant works dedicated to the theory and praxis of adult education of leading scientists of thebeginning of XX century.
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The well-known Italian writer Luigi Pirandello has his own specific style of writing. When hewrites, he does it in a spontaneous way as if he is talking to his friends. His way of writing is closerto speech. Their lexicon is often rich with redundant words, colloquial ticks which spray thecolloquial language with affective conotations sometimes of a higher intensity. İn this paper, it hasbeen tried to analyze redundant words, the different colloquial ticks, as well as the questionsarising in Pirandello‟s short stories. Moreover, the object of this study will also be the rendering ofthese characteristics when traslating the short stories in Albanian.
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In his interviews, Steve Tesich often referred to Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. This is not surprising because he is of Slavic origin and because, as an undergraduate student in Indiana, and graduate student at Columbia, he studied Russian Literature. The influence of Dostoevsky is obvious in his play On the Open Road, where the second coming of Christ (reference to the Grand Inquisitor chapter in The Brothers Karamazov) is central to both the plot and the overall meaning of the play. This paper will highlight Tesich’s less obvious connection with Tolstoy, and focus on the importance that Tolstoy’s evolving views on war and peace (and the Tolstoy-Gandhi-Martin Luther King connection and tradition) had on the development of Tesich’s own ‘historical sense’ and anti-war art and activism. This paper argues that in his late plays, preoccupied with ethical questions, Tesich was composing his own version of Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God Is Within You, and clarifying his own “New Theory of Life”.
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This paper strives to connect thematically and conceptually F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov (in particular The legend of the Grand Inquisitor) and Steve Tesich’s play On The Open Road and shed light on their similarity in terms of these authors’ understanding of the will to meaning as an omnipotent and essential driving force of human nature. In addition to the motif of Christ’s second coming, which the authors deliberately incorporate into their works so as to criticize the historical practice of destruction and violation of human creative potentialities which keeps occurring within the materialistic, utilitarian and technological world, Tesich and Dostoevsky are preoccupied with the problem of human (negative) freedom from and (positive) freedom for, as well as the rule of instrumental reason that has reduced man to a calculating machine. Drawing on the ideas of Dostoevsky, Fromm, Schopenhauer, Golding and Tesich, the paper also discusses the modern man’s ethos and tries to find a solution to the global morality crisis that has taken over the entire civilization of our time.
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Ivo Andrić is mostly known as an author, but he was a political activist as well. It is noteworthy that no other Nobel Prize winner (the case of Winston Churchill taken aside) has been as directly involved in events of international political importance as Andrić. The archives are full of documents supporting this claim.As a young man, he belonged to the movement later known as “Mlada Bosna” and personally knew Gavrilo Princip, the assassin of Franz-Ferdinand. Andrić reached the peak of his political power between 1935 and 1939 as a close aide of Foreign Minister Milan Stojadinović, who was Prime Minister as well and made him his deputy in the Foreign Ministry of the Yugoslav Kingdom.When Stojadinović was ousted in 1939, the new government made Andrić its envoy to Berlin.Hitler received him first in April 1939 and later met him on several occasions. As it was Andrić’s task to secure German arms supplies to the Yugoslav army, he dealt with Hermann Göring aswell.After the war, Andric never set foot on German or Austrian soil again and turned down all invitations coming from these countries, including one from the Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft.The article argues that in detailing Andrićs life, not only can the Yugoslav, but equally the European history of the 20th century in general be told.
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