От Днестра и Прута до Ахангарона и Красной реки: к 90 летию Н. К. Анисюткина
For the 90th anniversary of the Russian archaeologist N. K. Anisyutkin
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For the 90th anniversary of the Russian archaeologist N. K. Anisyutkin
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For the 90th anniversary of the Russian archaeologist N. K. Anisyutkin
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According to a widely held view the lithic raw material sources of the Mesolithic industry of Northeastern Fennoscandia were limited by quartz, which is a breakable material unsuitable for blade production. It is thought that the nature of the raw material predetermined the flake-based character of the industry. Rare blades and blade tools are considered imports. However, twenty one Early Mesolithic assemblages with varying numbers of blades have been identified in Northern Fennoscandia recently. The majority of the blades display features diagnostic of pressure and indirect percussion techniques. Similar artefacts were found in the materials of the Butovskaya, Kunda and Veretje cultures. The appearance of such artefacts in Northern Fennoscandia is seen as a result of migrations from the East European Plain. Analysis of the assemblages of the Lovozero 2—6 sites, located in the inner part of the Kola Peninsula, revealed blades (including pressure blades), their fragments, blade tools and core-platform rejuvenation flakes made of flint and local silicified rocks. In addition, information on at least ten sites with flint blades excavated in Northern Karelia in the 1970—1990s can be found in the literature. One more site, Dyalanoja 2, was excavated in 2016 on the Kem’ River. This data calls for a revision of the old view that the Mesolithic industry of Northeastern Fennoscandia was purely quartz- and “flake”-based. Furthermore, new sites have been mapped in underexplored areas along the so-called «eastern» route of settling of the region, bridging the gap between its initial and final points.
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The article is dedicated to the investigation of the current tasks of the modern study and preservation of the architectural and archaeological heritage of the peoples of Eastern Europe in the North Black Sea area based on comparative castellology and digital technologies. The comparative analysis of two outstanding monuments - the Belgorod fortress in the western part of the region and the Tyagin fortress in the eastern part, which historically go back to the history of the Moldavian and Grand Lithuanian principality of the XIV-XV centuries, is made and general trends and features in the planning structure and the architecture of the monuments are considered. The positive results of the work of scientific teams, representing scientists from different countries of the world united by special projects to study outstanding monuments, the use of modern methods of studying architectural complexes, including modeling individual objects and creating computer models of monuments in general, are presented. Questions were raised about the need for joint efforts for the preservation and tourist use of the cultural heritage, the development of good neighborly relations between the countries of the Black Sea region and Europe as a whole.
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Dans son ouvrage Castelologia comparată. Arhitectura de apărare a Ţării Moldovei între Occident şi Orient. Chişinău: Editura ARC, 2020 de 459 pages, l’architecte Mariana Şlapac présente à la fois une recherche approfondie centrée sur l’architecture militaire moldave et fonde une spécialité nouvelle: la castellologie comparée. Cette spécialité provient du croisement de la castellologie, domaine créé par l’historien et archéologue Michel de Bouärd en 1962 (Centre de recherches archéologiques médiévales de l’Université de Caen), et de l’application de méthodes comparées en architecture qui remontent aux travaux de Banister Fletcher (1896), sinon même au Recueil et parallèle des édifices de tout genre anciens et modernes de Jean-Nicolas Durand (1800).
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Among the constituent elements of the Kilia stone fortress, which guarded the eponymous Danube portcity from the end of the XV century to the end of the XVIII century, there were the entrance gates (First Great Gates, Second Great Gates, Small Gates, Greek Gates, Guild Gates, Water Gates, etc.), the towers (Arsenal Tower, Agha Tower, Armory Tower, Commander Tower, Lighthouse Tower, Bloody Tower, Prison Tower, Tower of Gedik Akhmet Pasha, Maiden Tower, Moor Tower, Elephant Tower, Wool Tower, Mountain Tower, Millet Tower, Red Tower, Flat Tower, Cracked Tower, Biscuit Tower, etc.), courtyards (“civil courtyard”, “middle courtyard”, “garrison courtyard”, “commander courtyard” or “citadel courtyard”), curtains, artillery terraces, defensive ditches, as well as internal auxiliary buildings (residential houses, barracks, a cult object, a bathhouse, etc.). The gates were located in towers or stone curtains. The towers adjoined the walls (corner and intermediate) or advanced towards the enemy. Movable machicoulis or hoardings were used as vertical flanking elements. In the Kilia stone fortress there were hollow towers and “half-towers”. Depending on the shape of the plan, the towers could be square, rectangular, round, polygonal, D-shaped and with a complex plan ones.
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The bastion fortress of Kilia, now non-existent, was designed by the French engineer François Kauffer on October 8-9, 1794. The French specialist received the order to build this fortress in April, 1795 from Sultan Selim III, and the final of the construction took place in 1797. Thus, the old stone fortifications of Kilia were replaced by a rectangular bastion fortress with four corner bastions. The period between 1680 and the Great French Revolution was called the “classic century of military engineering”, when the capabilities of the bastion system were particularly appreciated. The French military architecture of that time massively influenced on the defensive system of several countries. The bastion fortress of Kilia was also designed according to the principles of the French fortification school. Comparing several parameters of the quadrilateral bastion model proposed by the French engineer Vauban with the project made by F. Kauffer, we will notice a certain influence of this model on the bastion fortress of Kilia. Only some proportions and the plan of a corner bastion is due to the configuration of the river line. The Danubian fort also contains other component elements, that belong to the Vauban’s first manner of fortification.
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In the collection of the Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum in Bydgoszcz, there are 43 Roman coins and 1 Byzantine, which were purchased in 1972 from the former collection of the famous numismatist, Fr. Edmund Majkowski (1892-1951). The article presents this collection along with considerations on how it was formed before it came to the museum.
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Mud-brick, widely used in Egyptian architecture, became one of the symbols of the hard labourof the Israelites in ancient Egypt, assuming the metaphorical significance in the biblical narrative recounting theevents related to the Exodus. The resulting text refers specifically to this category of building material and its met-aphorical, symbolic meaning.
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The Volhynian Gymnasium, later transformed into the Volhynian Lyceum, known as “The Athensof Volhinia”, was a Polish High-School in Krzemieniec in Volhynia. It was founded by Tadeusz Czacki, then in-spector of educational establishments in the Volhynia, Kiev and Podolia governorates, with the participation ofHugo Kołłątaj. It existed during the years 1805-1831, and was reactivated in the years 1922-1939. It played a sig-nificant role in the development of the level of Polish culture in Volhynia.In Krzemieniec there was a “Medal Cabinet”, with a valuable numismatic collection based on part of the collectionleft after Stanisław August Poniatowski. Coins from ancient to contemporary periods were gathered there, and partof the gold medals of the “royal series”. The numismatic collection was intended for didactic use. For this purpose,printed “lectures” were prepared by Tadeusz Czacki. Franciszek Rudzki was particularly instrumental in develop-ing the collection. The collection was moved to Vilnius after the fall of the November Rising. Later it was dispersedto other academic centres in Kiev and Kharkov.
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The article is devoted to the study of the latest research methods of archaeological coin finds fromthe era of Ancient Rome. The paper reviews the online databases of large-scale projects that were created over thepast few years with the assistance of the American Numismatic Association and are devoted to the study of coinsand coin-hoards of the Roman Empire.The main goal of the research was to create a general overview and description of the information content of opendatabases, which can allow a digital analysis of Roman numismatics. The conducted review helps to determine theprospects for the use of digital tools in numismatic research and contributes to the deepening of knowledge aboutthe cultural heritage of the Roman Empire.A content analysis of information resources was carried out, aimed at an objective description of the textual, graph-ic and multimedia content of the material that contains the resource using the same methods and approaches thatare similar to the analysis of textual and graphic materials.
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The history of coins and money in Estonia has been researched in some depth in recent decades. We now know what currencies were minted at what times, and the large numbers of hoards of coins mean we also know about the composition of the coinage that was circulating in everyday use. It is evident that local coinage was in circulation in Estonia, as was usual throughout medieval Livonia, and that it was temporarily supplemented with foreign coins only when there was an interruption to the local supply of coins and a shortage of them. These conclusions only apply to the local people in the countryside though. No coin hoard has yet been uncovered in the Estonian towns, and only a few individual coins have been found. We consequently have an idea of the size and type of the stocks of money in the towns only from the exchange rate tables for coins and from individual publications that record the wealth of private individuals. Nobody has yet been able to produce a comprehensive summary from this of the state of money in the towns. It is obvious though that the scope of activities and contacts of the townspeople, especially the merchants, were much broader than those of the people in the villages. This inevitably meant that they had entirely different financial and monetary means and opportunities, and we may consequently ask firstly whether foreign gold and silver coins circulated in medieval and early-modern Tallinn, and if so which; secondly who owned those coins and how many of them; and thirdly whether the selection of foreign coinage owned by people in Tallinn illuminates any social patterns. This article does not address the ownership of local coins for everyday use.
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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Palaeolithic sites as geoheritage objects. It also examines in detailthe state of their preservation and the main problems related to the process of organising the protection of Palaeolithic heritagemonuments in Ukraine (using the example of Palaeolithic sites in the Podillya region). The study focuses on the distinctivefeatures of these geoheritage objects, emphasising their natural significance and unique historical features.Based on a detailed analysis of natural conditions, as well as legal aspects, this article presents ideas and best practicesthat can significantly change the Ukrainian approach to the preservation and management of Palaeolithic heritage. It highlightsthe importance of Palaeolithic sites as natural and cultural monuments that deserve our utmost care and attention.
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Les auteurs présentent un petit lot de timbres amphoriques provenant de trois sites du nord-est de la Dobroudja – Peceneaga, Zimbru II, Donca (Slava Rusă). Les 17 timbres se répartissent entre les centres de production suivants: dix sont de Thasos, deux proviennent d’Heraclée Pontique, quatre timbres appartiennent aux amphores de Sinope et un seul exemplaire – à Chersonèse Taurique. Même si certains des timbres ont déjà été publiés, nous avons considéré que leur réédition (avec quelques modifications et corrections), ainssi que d'autres timbres originaux, seront utiles aux chercheurs en archéologie classique.
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The paper presents a relatively recently discovered bronze brooch from Církvice (Kutná Hora district), which is clearly related to the Early La Tène art style. Its discovery is all the more interesting because no other finds from the beginning of the La Tène period were detected either during the rescue excavation that yielded it, or in the site’s immediate vicinity. The newly discovered unique piece of personal ornament augments the existing collection of Early La Tène brooches. Moreover, it fits well into the distribution pattern of figural brooches in which the northeast quarter of Bohemia stands out with a series of characteristics of its own
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An infant grave excavated in Lang, Styria, Austria, had a small axe as a grave gift in addition to a ceramic urn. Another grave from the cemetery of Dobova (Slovenia), where also a child was buried, contained small objects in the form of an axe and a spearhead as well as a set of four vessels. In addition to these two graves, there are more graves known in the southeastern Alps, where small objects were given as grave goods. These graves are discussed in terms of the function and symbolism of these small objects and compared in a broader context with the northeastern Austrian region and the graves from the Dürrnberg.
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Several archaeological sites from the Late Iron Age have recently been discovered in Posočje, a region along the upper and middle reaches of the River Soča/Isonzo (NW Slovenija, NE fringes of Italy), which compel us to re -examine the Latenisation of the region. Supra -regional La Tène forms began to appear in the material culture at the end of the Early Iron Age, in the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC. This was followed by a marked decrease in habitation remains, a ‘hundred -year crisis’ with very little archaeological evidence available for the time between the initial decades of the 3rd and the mid-2nd century BC. The picture then changed again with the rise of the Late Iron Age Idrija group, as most of the sites connected with this group date between 150/130 BC and the Augustan period. This is also the period of the first ancient literary sources mentioning the wider area, which inspire ever newer attempts at ethnic identifications of the population living there. The sources reveal that the Romans appear to have associated the area with the Carni.
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Approaching the pottery firing structures of the Iron Age involves dealing with a large and diverse amount of data that is difficult to disentangle. One of the most challenging aspects of studying pyro-technological evidence is the absence of a unified and valid typology and of a common vocabulary. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, various scholars, such as Duhamel, Swan, and Cuomo di Caprio, proposed typologies for pottery kilns based on different criteria. While their work is undoubtedly valuable, it does have limitations that need to be addressed, such as a neglect of the protohistoric/pre-Roman periods, and an excessive focus on the shapes of features rather than their actual functioning.Following their steps, many scholars attempted to expand and further explore issues related to ancient kilns, eventually including protohistoric evidence as well. Recent proposals have emerged (e.g. by Thér or Amicone et al.), and a significant revolutionary aspect is the development of a ‘functional’ typology that goes beyond traditional approaches primarily based on morphological features. Building upon new insights, this paper will present a discussion of the key features of the pottery kilns, trying to propose a unified terminology and a critical comparison of all the European typologies.
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Recent publications allow for secure identification of Iron Age coins from Bohemia and its surroundings. Based on an updated inventory of finds of these coin types in Switzerland, this paper aims to shed light on their distribution. The absolute majority of finds, however, does not allow us to address either the question of dating the coins or the timeframe in which they circulated in present -day Switzerland, because archaeological contexts are lacking. Other discoveries, probably numerous, will change this situation in the years to come.
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