GLOCALIZATION OR "LOOKING IN BOTH DIRECTIONS"
The paper analyses and compares glocalization and GILT processes in general and also applied to website localization. Glocalization is considered from several perspectives.
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The paper analyses and compares glocalization and GILT processes in general and also applied to website localization. Glocalization is considered from several perspectives.
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Can the use of linguistic devices to achieve persuasion, such as metaphor, irony and hyperbole, ever be “too persuasive”, i.e., overshoot its rhetorical aim? More specifically, can the combination of such devices be “too much of a good thing” in that it commits speakers (and approving hearers) to actions that they were not part of their persuasion intentions? This paper investigates the semantic and pragmatic development of the Brexit-related applications of the metaphorical proverb, You cannot have your cake and eat it, during 2016–2019 in British public discourse. At the start of that period, the proverb’s reversal into the assertion “We can have our cake and eat it!” by the then Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson and other “Brexiteers” became a highly prominent endorsement of Brexit and its supposed benefits for the UK; it even temporarily set the agenda for the public perception of UK–EU negotiations. Over time it became an object of hyperbolic praise as well as derision and recently seems to have lost much of its persuasive force. The paper argues that the proverb’s new reversed application by Johnson was initially successful in reviving its metaphorical meaning and framing it in a hyperbolic rhetorical context but that it also pushed Brexit proponents to an “all-or-nothing” outcome of the conflict narrative, both vis-à-vis the EU and within the British political debate. Thus, rhetorical success can lead to argumentative (and political) commitments that may have been not foreseen by the speaker and may run counter to their persuasive interests.
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This article studies figurative uses of metaphors and metonymies utilized to frame the discourse of transplantology. We assume a somewhat wider view of framing than is usually found in the literature and argue that framing effects can be observed on a cline stretching from the private to the institutional pole. We combine this approach with the findings of the prospect theory that distinguishes between gain-framing and loss-framing as two strategic choices in tackling an issue in discourse. The framing tools, as we show in our analysis of authentic materials, in order to be effective need to be adapted to the section of, or the point on, the cline occupied by a particular subtype of discourse. Although the focus in the cognitive linguistic literature is on how conceptual metaphors are employed in framing discourse, we point out that metonymies, interacting with these metaphors, can also play a very important role. The framing tools used in public campaign aimed at winning new organ donors are strategically mostly gain-framed, and as a rule globally based on the GIFT metaphor. It seems that the metaphorical use of GIFT as a global choice in institutional contexts is not very efficient since it is too general and vague to make discourse more persuasive at the personal level, as expected in the light of the exemplification theory. This metaphor is more effective when adapted accordingly, as we demonstrated on some campaigns supported by or based on metonymic presentation of various aspects stressing the quality of life after transplantation
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According to political realism, conflict is an immanent feature of world politics (Morgenthau 1948/1973). Drawing on this basic premise, it can be expected that the CONFLICT frame is routinely exploited by politicians to explain and justify their foreign policy (Musolff 2016). Conflict is especially prevalent in populist narratives, where the “pure people” are juxtaposed with the “corrupt elite” (Mudde 2004). Accordingly, we hypothesized that the current Hungarian populist government would also frame its turbulent relationship with the EU by metaphorically conceptualizing it as a violent conflict. Drawing on a discourse dynamics approach to metaphor identification (Cameron et al. 2009; 2010), we analysed the metaphorical framing of the term Brüsszel (‘Brussels’) found in articles published on official government websites between 2015 and 2017. Our results indicate that explicit manifestation of the CONFLICT frame in the form of violent conflict (such as a military operation) is less prevalent in contemporary government rhetoric, as opposed to the EU AS PERSON frame. This latter conceptualization, however, is manifested by metaphorical scenarios that evoke conflictual relations with varying degrees (and thus feed into populist narratives) by making sense of the EU as an authority figure, a partner in a joint venture, a bully, and an opponent in a battle.
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Applying conceptual blending theory, the paper analyses the construction of the meaning of a satirical text ridiculing the language employed by politicians to frame the debate on current political and social issues. In particular, it focuses on the language used by Donald Trump in explaining his anti-immigration stances through a poem based on the fable about the farmer and the viper, and a satirical text providing a new version of the poem, which criticizes Trump’s immigration policy. The paper examines the creation of the humorous meaning of the text in conceptual blending. The humorous meaning is created in the blended space due to the unusual combination of related structures, which results in incongruity (Coulson 2002; Marín-Arrese 2003). Furthermore, as blending can be used as a rhetorical tool influencing the audience to change the reality and even act upon it (Coulson 2006; Coulson & Oakley 2006; Coulson & Pascual 2006; Oakley & Coulson 2008), the analysis of the construction of the meaning of the satirical text as a product of conceptual blending can reveal rhetorical and argumentative goals in political discourse.
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From the results presented in this paper it appears that Gheg vernaculars in the field of morphology do not differ much between them, these differences are much less within the northeastern Ghegerisht vernaculars. Gjakova vernacular mainly coincides with the other vernaculars of the northeastern group of Ghegerisht, in particular with those of Dukagjini Plain. However, even within this system, under the influence of important factors, such as time and space, changes have taken place, knowing of which is undoubtedly of interest to language studies in general. This topic was treated by considering the grammatical categories that are present in this vernacular and that in some way reflect the internal historical development of this linguistic area. In this paper, we observe the main features of the noun in this vernacular, which in many cases emerge with peculiarities that are of interest to study. The findings presented here are part of my research of recent years on the dialectal vernaculars of this linguistic area. The study is done in comparative approach with the surrounding vernaculars, but also with standard Albanian language. Based on the results obtained in this paper, the nouns in Gjakova vernacular emerge with characteristics similar to the surrounding vernaculars; there is a greater closeness with Deçani vernacular, then Has and Anadrin vernacular. Regarding the latter, this vernacular in many respects is closer to Rahoveci vernacular. From the analysis we have noticed that in relation to Deçani vernacular the closest is the speech of the villages of this linguistic area, resulting in some not very big differences with the speech within the city. As we have treated them within the paper, there are some internal differences, such as the speech within the city in relation to the speech of the villages, etc. From what was said above, we can say that the nouns in Gjakova vernacular are characterized by some peculiarities that are not very emphasized, but that confirm the common linguistic developments within northeastern Ghegerisht vernaculars.
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Review of: Naim Berisha “Vëzhgime leksiko‐frazeologjike në të folmet e rrafshit të Dukagjinit”, Instituti Albanologjik, Prishtinë, 2017, 346 f. Review by: Abdurrahim Maxhuni
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The researchers' interest in the field of language teaching and learning was based on the lexicon as it represents the basis for language proficiency. As a matter of fact, it is considered as a basic input for learning it whether it is a mother tongue or a second language. Furthermore, recent studies in language teaching and learning have confirmed the importance of the lexicon in developing language skills and achieving learning goals. The lexicon is a key factor to the development of the linguistic competencies of the learner: both at the production and the understanding levels. It is also an important component of language ownership and acquiring knowledge of it while considering pedagogical problems and the educational constraints presented by the subject of educational lexicon. Taking into consideration of all what was mentioned above, we chose the subject of this research, which seeks to authenticate to which extent the morphological awareness is contributing to the development of the Arabic mental lexicon of non-Arabic speaking learners (Faculty of Theology! at Sakarya University, Turkey), based on the results of researches on the relationship between linguistic awareness and language learning. We will emphasize the assumption that sensitive processes, especially morphological awareness, have an impact on the development of the lexicon. This has also implications on the processes of understanding and production.
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The text speaks of the priest and linguist Šime Starčević and especially about his homilies. It concerns his work Homilies from 1850 when homilies were arranged through the church year. The structures of the homilies are observed, the characteristics of Starčević's approach to the subject and functionality of homilies in his time.
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This work consists of the archery book "Tezkire-i Rumât", which is written by the Sheikh and archer Abdullah Al-khateeb who is also the author of the 17th century. Yet, five copies of this book were discovered. Moreover, many studies were conducted to define this book. In these studies information is introduced about the history of writing, the archers of that period and the content of the book. In this work, We could not find the lost copies, hence we did not review the missing copies of the book. This study compares the copy that has barcode number NEKTY2638 in Istanbul University to copy number 395 in Michigan University that was recently reproduced. This article discusses the content, copies, archery terms and the archery fields in the book. This book is considered as a historical document since it provides information about the archers who lived between the year of 1453 and 1689, the names of the cities and places, the challenges held during that period, the archery fields, the archery distances, the records achieved by the archers, the names of the wind that they used to hold archery sessions in, the ottoman archery and the archery terms. Moreover, this work studies linguistics, phonetics, spelling, the diverse structure and words that were not unused previously, as well as revealing the features of orthography as much as possible. Many examples are presented under those titles.
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Cause of dictionaries cover the entire vocabulary of a language, they are the basic resources for the survival, preservation and transfer of that language to future generations. Verse dictionaries, on the other hand, were the types of dictionaries that we encountered in the Ottoman field, especially since the XVI. century. Although some of them were written to show the artistic power of the author, most of the verse dictionaries were written to be used in the field of education. Bilingual verse dictionaries were prepared that are easier to memorize, especially depending on the importance of memorization in foreign language learning activities. One of these dictionaries is "Tuhfe-i Şâhidî", which is a Persian-Turkish verse dictionary written by Şâhidî İbrahim Dede to understand Mevleviism and especially Mevlana, who wrote all his works in Persian. In this article, the vocabulary of Şâhidî's dictionary will be examined and the features of the vocabulary of his era will be determined. In addition to being a diachronic work in a way, this analysis will try to explain the developments and changes in the vocabulary of the language by making simultaneous determinations by making connections between the vocabulary of that day and the present vocabulary.
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Akaki Shanidze discusses the category of causation in the old Georgian in its third volume of his works; He considers the causation morphosyntax number in the context of the morphological category and names it as “Contact” (he did not apply the term “Causation”). As for direct contact he discusses it as a non-causative formation, while intermediary causation is the causative one, when in the act there are two objects one verbal (VS-K) and another real (RS – Э) or a Causator and an Executor. As for the function, there is a great difference, the form of a direct contact means one actor, which is known as a subject and it acts directly with a direct objective person (or a direct object). Intermediary contact means two actors, one is a leader (or an organizer), and the second is an implementer (an executor). The leader is a subject, while the direct implementer (an executor) is an indirect object. According to the study by Akaki Shanidze there are some questions raised regarding the causation morpho-syntactic peculiarities in the Old Georgian language. Based on the study, it seems that the intermediary contact (or causation) is linked with the transitiveness. There is one form (of a transitive verb), which can express transitiveness and at the same time express causation. Though Ak. Shanidze did not formulate it this way. He did not discuss the causation in reference with other Caucasian languages. Regardless we can find the answer regarding identity in terms of form and bi-functional causation in it. The languages of the northern Caucasus have no transition and causation, they express them by the same form. It refers to the objective conjugation which is performed based on class and the verb expresses transition by means of a direct object marking, it does not require to express transition separately; while in Georgian, transition has no mark, while availability of a direct object is important for the transition, the objective conjugation marks, the verbs of an objective conjugations are remained, like I “g-a-k-eb” (გაქებ - praise) you, where the priority is an object and regardless Georgian is the language expressing the personal conjugation, this is the pattern of the class conjugation, remained in Georgian, which was characterized as a class conjugation language before divergence from Kartvelian languages, later on it became class-person and finally person conjugation one by the influence of other systems of languages having the person conjugation.
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Temporal adverbials are a heterogeneous group of expressions whose distribution and functions are similar to those of the lexical category of adverbs and which express different aspects of the cognitive category of time. In the article a classification of Croatian temporal adverbials of position is proposed based on Klein’s (1994; 2009a) classification of these expressions. This paper analyses some Croatian temporal adverbials of position which are characterized by placing events on the timeline in the past – tada, u POSS vrijeme, u svoje vrijeme, jednom, nekoć i nekad(a). The source of the examples discussed is the hrWaC corpus (Ljubešić and Klubička 2014). The way in which the temporal adverbials found in the examples place the events on the timeline has been represented following the approach by Haspelmath (1997) and the discussion has been complemented with an analysis of their anaphoric and/or deictic properties. The paper offers some observations about how these adverbials are linked to a temporal reference and proposes criteria for their classification in Croatian.
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This paper analyses the semantic role of the subject in constructions with sensory verbs from a cognitive-grammatical perspective, and primarily its agentivity. Namely, the basic categorisation of perception verbs is established precisely in relation to the semantic role of the subject in constructions with perception verbs, while the main semantic determinant of the subject, based on which sensory verbs are divided into volition or active perception verbs, non-volition or passive perception verbs and flip-verbs, is its agentivity. The main goal of this paper is to review the generally accepted categorisation of sensory verbs as stative verbs or state verbs, especially when it comes to verbs like see and hear, which are often classified as passive perception verbs and stative verbs based on superficial and imprecise language tests, while the subject is often described as passive, non-volition, and non-agentive, which then leads to imprecise grammatical descriptions and misunderstandings, not only of perception verbs but also of other grammatical concepts important for studying verbs in general, such as event structure of construction or aktionsart, semantic verb extensions, syntactic environment in which they appear, transitivity, etc. In this paper, the analysis of the semantic role of the subject in constructions with sensory verbs of sight and hearing is based on the methodology of cognitive linguistics, i.e. cognitive grammar, with emphasis on the idea of language embodiment, which includes an encyclopaedic view of meaning, the concept of canonical event model and the idea of gradual categories based on prototype effects.
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Two publications by Rolandas Kregždys – Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodyno specifikacija / Charakterystyka słownika polonizmów w języku litewskim [Specification of the Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in Lithuanian] and Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodynas / Słownik polonizmów w języku litewskim [Dictionary of Polish Loanwords in Lithuanian], both published in Vilnius in 2016 in the series Studia Etymologica Baltica – enable a closer look at Polish-Lithuanian relations through the prism of lexis. As discussed in this article, there is a clear disparity in these relations. While the Lithuanian language adopted a lot of Polonisms (maybe even about 3,000), Lithuanian borrowings in the general Polish language are a resource of at most a dozen or so words. This can be explained by the power of the Polish language. Polish loans in Lithuanian are mostly old words (extracted from documents from the sixteenth–eighteenth centuries), including those originating from Western European languages. Thanks to them, the Polish language has enabled and strengthened cultural transmission, perpetuating the position of Lithuania in the sphere of Western (Latin) culture.
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A critical appraisal is attempted of the three structurally-designated theses that are typically voiced in relation to what etymology is and what it consists in: (i) etymology is diachronic in scope, (ii) etymology involves the reconstruction of protoforms and proto-senses, and (iii) etymology is based on the earliest possible attestations. The examination is guided and motivated by Yakov Malkiel’s etymological research as well as by selected studies of the Lublin-based cognitive ethnolinguists. It is, then, concluded that etymological investigations are more likely to be productive and successful if (i) the temporal perspective employed is that of panchrony, not of the diachronysynchrony distinction, (ii) the reconstruction aims at identifying ways of cross-generational conceptualisation (mentalities), rather than original forms, and (iii) the examination includes the whole of the historical spectrum of attestations, not just earliest records. This all leads to a full appreciation of the kind of etymology that feeds on texts, not words or lexemes, and on cognitive and experiential contexts, not on purely linguistic abstractions.
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The artricle compares the concept of home/house in Polish, Serbian, and Russian. It is a continuation of research carried out by the authors within the EUROJOS project and the volume on home/house of the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and their Neighbours. The analysis aims to identify the common conceptual base, as well as the culture-specific aspects that distinguish each of the languacultures under scrutiny. The relevant cultural concepts in the three languacultures share a common base image but are distinguished through their culture-specific characteristics. That base is universal: rather than being limited to the Slavic context, it can be found in other languages, sometimes very distant ones. In Polish, Serbian, and Russian, home is above all viewed as a non-material, social, and functional value, as a community of people that share it, one that provides the sense of security and unconditional acceptance. Common features are also found in the network of relationships triggered by each cultural concept in question, such as the notion of family. The culture-specific content, in turn, derives from different historical and cultural conditions: those contribute to the peculiarities of the Polish patriotic manor, the Serbian Kosovo, or the Russian communal apartments. These specific cultural concepts reflect changes in the culture, mentality, and worldview in each languaculture.
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The review of: Szymon Gruda, Language and Culture Contact Phenomena in the Sixteenth-Century Vocabulario trilingüe in Spanish, Latin and Nahuatl, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 20181, 218 s.
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The article deals with the elements of "foreign language" (foreign words borrowed from the Russian language) in the character's speech of spoken language, in the language of folk songs, satirical works, in fiction, describes the specifics of the use of barbarisms, borrowed words, jargons. In this regard, the following issues are covered: - the types of "foreign words" are defined, such as: barbarism, borrowed words, jargons. - the analysis of the above-mentioned linguistic elements are carried out in accordance with the direction of the research which were selected from the texts of folk songs, feuilletons, humorous poems, poetic and prose works of the outstanding Kazakh poet, writer, playwright, satirist I. Zhansugurov. - since ancient times, the Kazakh people were closely connected with the Russian nation in the economic, social, cultural and political spheres, therefore, the article describes the features of using Russian words and foreign language elements borrowed through the Russian language. -function of barbarisms. Pronunciation of words, separate words, combinations with the changed morphemic and syntactic structure are considered as barbarisms. - Barbarisms are actively used in spoken language. The authors prove the fact that the reason for this is daily communication with representatives of other ethnic groups. - In the language of folk songs foreign language elements are used for humor, ridicule, satire. - In the text of a satirical work, the elements of a" foreign language", especially in the character's speech are the basis for determining its behavior, temperament, worldview, degree of professionalism and speech etiquette. - The role of borrowed words in an artwork. Borrowing increases the lexical richness of the language serves as a source of new roots, other word-formation elements and terms, expands and nuances the nomenclature of concepts used in different areas of society. The process of borrowing is organic to the language, a natural form of language contact and a source of language change. - The role and importance of foreign language elements in the language of the character is determined. The author's speech and the speech of the characters are distinguished in an artwork. The author's language is a story about phenomena, events, characters, actions of characters, it has an assessment of people, facts. The language of the characters is a means of individualization. It is caused by age, education, profession, mood, temperament, culture of the hero.
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The current research is devoted to the issue of giving name/title and (nomination), its motivation. The title is considered in various scientific aspects as the main object of science which is called onomaciology. Among them the titles of the national sports and games, as well as their approbation. The author intends to analyze the issue of Kazakh national sports, nomination of game titles and their motivation. Thus, the scientific aspect of the given research includes the content of the Kazakh national sports, the names of the games and ways of its transfer. The study of research subject in detail («indete zertteu» A. Kaidar) is based on the theory of «internal form» (V. Humboldt). The reason is that this theory is crucial in revealing the inner content of the national realities, identifying their demotivative (obsolete motivation), remotivative (revival of motivation, its birth). It is not enough for contemporary science to reveal the Kazakh national sports and definitions of games’ names. Within the ambit of modern anthropological paradigm, the recognition of the native tongue as an internal phenomenon is actual. It proves the concept of Humboldt that the inner form of the language is related to the lifestyle of the ethnos and its national identity. The empirical material of the research is aikel, bugynai (children’s games), zhedesh (hiding cup), eshmek (bone of goat), koimek (bone of sheep), khan (asyk game), myrshym (youth game) etc., simple lexical units; aigolek, aikulak (evening children's games), kyzbori (evening youth games), baltamtap (youth game) and other titles of national games were analyzed. From the point of view of the onomastics process, it can be seen that there are two stages in the formation of each names given above. The first stage consists of motives that lead to the formation of names, and in the second stage the names are formed according to the laws of language development (abstraction, transformation, etc.). For example, kures, zharys, altybakan, aksuiek, sokyrteke, karakulak, aigolek; depending the type of balls kyzmaidop, kazandop, kakpadop, tospadop; games about finding something inemtap, baltamtap; depending the types of whip kuderi kamshy, doiyr kamshy, dure kamshy; serekkulak, kyzbori, sakkulak, tenge ilu, ulek pen tailak etc. all the game names can be found as complex ones, that have the subconscious units on the basis of the original meaning of the initial elements. Therefore, it is essential that the ethnical approach to studying the motivational nature of national sports and games’ names is of great importance.
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