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Review of : Krzysztof DYBCIAK – Maciej Nowak Na łuku elektrycznym. O pisaniu Andrzeja Bobkowskiego [“In an Electric Arc: On Andrzej Bobkowski’s Way of Writing”](Warszawa: Więź, 2014).
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Review of : Krzysztof DYBCIAK – Maciej Nowak Na łuku elektrycznym. O pisaniu Andrzeja Bobkowskiego [“In an Electric Arc: On Andrzej Bobkowski’s Way of Writing”](Warszawa: Więź, 2014).
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Ve svych minulych přispěvcich zveřejněnych v tomto časopisu (naposledy: Organon F 17, 239 – 240) jsem se pokusil ukazat, jak lze rozborem vět typu1 „jednorožci existuji v bajich, a(le) ve skutečnem světě neexistuji“ dovodit, že je existence predikatem prvniho řadu (= že se vypovida o individuich). Vychazel jsem ze skutečnosti, že v bajich o jednorožcich mluvime a že v nich tedy existenci jednorožců předpokládáme. Mou argumentaci kriticky posoudil prof. P. Materna a o něco později kratšim člankem i dr. A. Dolak (tamtež). Pokusim se odpovědět oběma kritikům zaroveň. Prof. Materna vysvětlil ve svych přispěvcich, jak se chapou v ramci transparentni intenzionalni logiky (dale: „TILky“) věty typu „jednorožci existuji v bajich, ale ve skutečnem světě neexistuji“.
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Jurij Lotman beschreibt in seinem Text über die Symbolik St. Petersburgs und über die Problematik der Semiotik der Stadt, wie in der russischen Prosa der Konflikt St. Petersburgs als „künstlerischer Text“ und St. Petersburg als „Metasprache“ die gesamte semiotische Geschichte der Stadt durchzieht.
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This paper deals with the description and analysis of syntactic and semantic features of incomplete verbs in Arabic, their classification and their syntactic status within a complex predicate. These verbs represent an extremely heterogeneous group of verbs consisting of individual groups of verbs interconnected according to their semantic features and syntactic usage. In the paper, incomplete or auxiliary verbs will be examined from the perspective of phrase structure building. The starting point is the hypothesis that incomplete verbs in Arabic are partly grammaticalized, that is they have passed the first phase of grammaticalization, i.e. desemantization, in which their basic lexical meaning has been reduced or completely lost in favour of grammatical meanings. As dependents within a complex predicate, they have the syntactic function of specifiers.
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This paper discusses the semantic relations between common nouns of Slavic ori- gin in contemporary Serbian and Bulgarian, as well as their phonological and proso- dic adaptations and integrations in the respective lexical systems. The emphasis is laid on a wide scope of convergence or divergence in the semantics of formally similar no- minal lexemes, ranging from formal-stylistic equivalence to semantic exclusivity. This research presents the methodological procedure for a comparative semantic analysis of common noun lexemes of Slavic origin in genetically related (Slavic) languages.
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The subject of this article is subcategorization of Russian mental verbs (verbs of knowledge, understanding and thinking) considering information encoded in their form and structure about the mental (intellectual) functions and time schemata, i.e. taking into account such characteristics as continuity and limitations. The author refers to the extensive literature on this subject, above all, the publications of Russian researchers, such as L. M. Vasiliev, G. A. Zolotova, N. J. Shvedova et al., and also presents an analysis of the collected empirical material (543 units of modern Russian language). The conclusions concern the division of verbs into semantic classes as well as the degree of representation of each class.
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A fragment of the dialectical linguistic image of the world which represents the concept of the human intellect is linguistically manifested through the lexical-semantic subfield of abilities, which with the subfields of temperament and character completes the lexical-semantic field of human psychological characteristics and gives a more comprehensive account of the psychological profile of the Prizren dialectical persona. Within the lexical-semantic subfield of abilities we identify two parameters for the classification of lexemes, one in the field of intellectual and one in the field of psychomotor abilities. The lexical paradigm, based on semantic fields theory, is represented as a system of units organized into smaller lexical groups: the LSG of adjectives with the hyperseme ‘intellectual abilities’ and the LSG of adjectives with the hyperseme ‘psychomotor abilities’. The human intellectual abilities are primarily reflected in the smart – dumb opposition. The set of units used to represent the negative sphere of human intellectual abilities is disproportionately broader in comparison to the lexical groups whose constituents have a more positive connotation. The constituents of the lexical-semantic subfield abilities combine elements from the intellectual sphere of the human psyche (smart, sensible, wise, able, skillful, agile, resourceful, quickwitted, sharp; dumb, imprudent, distracted, foolish, witless, crazy, insane). Here we can clearly see the distinction between the opposites smart – dumb and smart – crazy, while on the negative axis we can note the gradual transition from a mental state into a psychological state (dumb – crazy; crazy – dumb). The number of lexical features which can be used to mark the human intellectual capacity, the choice of the lexeme used to mark a man as a bearer of these features, and the high production of expressives in the domain of human intellectual characterization indicate that the principles of the intellect have a significant role to play in the understanding of the conceptualization of an individual among various speakers of a particular dialect.
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The article is devoted to the functional-semantic correlation between the qualitative adverbs and the forms of the substantive built by the model of “the preposition c ( with ) + a noun in the instrumental case”, which have denotative similarity and root (derivational) affinity. It is established that explanatory dictionaries don’t give an answer to the question of how these linguistic means differ. It is revealed that members of such lexical pairs can have specific lexical and grammatical semantics, differ in their syntactic compatibility and as a result express the same attribute with varying degrees of detail.
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In my investigation, I worked with 6 persons with diagnosed aphasia. I introduce some possible perspectives on the exploration of the extent of speech damage in persons with aphasia and the various ways in which they substitute for language deficiency with the aid of gestures. From the viewpoint of data processing methods, on the one hand, I explore the parameters of spoken language, such as the quantity of words, and, on the other hand, the parameters of gestures, such as the quantity of gestures, diversity of gestures, etc. In aphasic persons speaking Czech, I verify the following assumption established by Jakob et al. (2011): the more speech-limited an aphasic person is, the more gestures he/she produces during the interpretation of a story. It was found that the number of words produced by aphasic persons varies, partially dependent on the specific type of aphasia. This is particularly true on both ends of the scale – people with large speech distortion use the highest quantity of gestures, people with low speech distortion use gestures to a lesser extent. Within the classification of semantic gestures, I focus particularly on iconic and deictic gestures. In addition, I presume that symbolic gestures (i.e. emblems) do not occur in aphasic persons’ speech, because aphasic persons prefer gestures that display the plot in the most concrete way. My data correlate with other studies dealing with this topic – aphasic persons do use gestures intentionally to substitute for their verbal deficiency. At the same time, they mostly use very concrete (iconic) gestures, which enable them to transmit a large volume of information.
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This paper investigates the question whether implicative verbs should be considered as soft presupposition triggers, i.e., as triggers activating optional context repairs. I present the results of an experiment in which test subjects were asked to read short dialogues containing either presupposition triggers or conversational implicatures and, next, answer the questions regarding the information communicated on the level of presupposition or implicatures, respectively. The results of within-subject ANOVA show that presuppositions activated by the use of implicative verbs are significantly less accessible and illicit significantly longer response times than presuppositions activated by the use of hard triggers, suggesting that they can be classified as soft presupposition triggers. The obtained results also show that presuppositions activated by the use of different triggers are heterogenous in regards to the accessibility of information.
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This article uses the material of anonymous Internet forums to analyse the semantic field of deception by the instrumentality of artificial neural networks. Two major imageboards were investigated: 2ch.hk and 4chan.org, being the most popular Russian and American imageboards. For the experiment an algorithm called Word2vec was used to examine 30 million word usages for either of the languages. This analysis revealed 10 words with the greatest semantic proximity to terms from semantic fields of «deception» for Russian and American English. The results showed the tendency among native Russian imageboard users to link the concept of deception with religion and spiritual sphere, while American forum users associate deception with politics and related concepts.
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The article considers the meanings of two botanical terms vazdazelen ( evergreen) and zimzelen (persistent) that in the Croatian written use have been taken to be synonyms but actually they are not. The term vazdazelen (evergreen) denote the plants that do not lose their leaves in autumn, but they keep them green in summer and in winter. The term zimzelen (persistent) refers to the plants that lose their leaves every years, however, the leaves remain on the tree over the winter and falls just before the appearance of the new leaves.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze and evaluate how meaning is being constructed or deconstructed through the (re) presentation of an actor and the character he plays in the performances staged by Gintaras Varnas. Research methods: narratological analysis, comparative analysis. Also the theories and concepts of structuralists and post structuralists were used while forming the theoretical tools for this research. The research showed that in the works of Gintaras Varnas an actor has to fulfill a traditional function – to create a fictional character who is part of the semantic layer of the performance revealing a non-homogeneous personality. Other means that help an actor reveal heterogeneity of the character he is playing are also used, for instance, the intense relationship between an actor’s playing and video projections. It was also noticed that an actor usually has to manipulate different layers of a narrative and create a „play within a play“. In this way an actor constructs a narrative using not only diegetic mimesis but also its shifts. Moreover, an actor and the character he is playing merge truthfulness and dreaminess which are especially important in the works of this stage director. Thus the elements both sustaining the concord of the whole performance and disassembling it are being created through the (re)presentation of an actor and character in Gintaras Varnasʼ performances.
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Eto smo se ovdje jedva ičim drugim bavili doli sadržajima i njihovim formama: pognuta glava – uzdignuta glava, trokuti – putanje bijega. Istina je da se pognuta glava spreže s fotografijom, uzdignuta glava sa zvukom, u domeni izraza. No, dok god se izraz, njegova forma i njegova deformacija ne razmatraju sami za sebe, ne može se naći pravi izlaz, čak niti na razini sadržaja. Jedino nam izraz daje postupak. Problem izraza Kafka nije postavio na nekakav apstraktan i univerzalan način, nego u odnosu s književnostima koje nazivamo manjinskim – na primjer, židovska književnost u Varšavi ili u Pragu. Manjinska književnost nije književnost nekog manjinskog jezika nego je to, radije, književnost koju neka manjina stvara u nekom većinskom jeziku. No, prvo obilježje je u svakom slučaju to da je jezik tu izložen izraženom koeficijentu deteritorijalizacije. Kafka u tom smislu definira slijepu ulicu koja priječi Židovima Praga pristup pisanju i koja njihovu književnost pretvara u nešto nemoguće: nemoguće ne pisati, nemoguće pisati na njemačkom, nemoguće nekako drukčije pisati.
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Since the new edition of Pavličić’s short story collection Lađa od vode (Boat Made of Water) was relatively recently published under the auspices of the art collective that bears the same title as Pavličić’s collection, it is worthwhile to examine the most significant narrative devices of this work, that originally appeared in 1972, alongside some other important Yugoslav fantasy works (Zavjera kartografa/Conspiracy of the Cartographers by Goran Tribuson; Talhe ili Šedrvanski vrt/Talha or the Shadirvan Garden by Irfan Horozović; Noćni fijaker/Nocturnal Hansom Cab by Vlado Urošević). As a collection of fantastic prose, Boat Made of Water brings together a series of poetic devices that could be termed as mysterious, mystical and irrational. Pavličić sees a literary work as a linguistic sign. He problematizes communication, the system of signs and the possibility of a dialogue with the reader. This paper points out the importance features of his work whose reception has been ongoing for the past almost thirty years. In that regard, the collection is discussed as a literary paradigm of postmodernist fantasy.
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Research of kinship terms is an important part of lexicology and of social culture studies. This article defines German and Chinese kinship terms, determines their characteristics and presents their semantics in order to compare the terms in the two languages. The Author attempts to identify key differences between Chinese and German culture in this respect and to determine their underlying causes.
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The present research is an attempt at systematic and consistent formal analysis of lexical semantics of Serbian secondary aspectual verbs krenuti, uzeti and stati. Theoretical background of the research is the Lexical Projectionist Model proposed by B. Levin (1993), along with the primary postulates of aspectual event segmentation introduced by A. Freed (1979). We claim that the primary lexical meaning of the verbs krenuti, uzeti and stati is the key to their capacity to appear with additional (modal and phase) denotations when they are used as complement-taking verbs. We propose formal lexical specifications which are to encode all the relevant semantic features and complement preferences for each verb under analysis, on the level of the lexicon.Secondary aspectualisers also carry markers of inherent semantics which influence the way in which they denote phase: krenuti is additionally marked for dynamicity and causality, whereas uzeti and stati both express strong dynamic Aktionsart on the constructional (syntactic) level. In terms of event segmentation, krenuti modifies either the onset or the nucleus of the aspectual event, while uzeti and stati as a rule refer to its nucleus. Consequently, out of the three analysed verbs, only krenuti can appear with the complement whose event can be cancelled (cf. Dufey 2006, Nagy 2016, Milivojević 2021c).
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The biblical text has a very rich history in the context of lexical semantics. This important aspect comes from his millenary tradition, being the most translated text from all times. The Bible or the Holy Scripture contain expressions with symbolical meaning, allegorical constructions used in a spiritual context, etymologically interpretations which give us the possibility to understand the history of terms and their evolution. In our study, we will try to describe, in a brief outline, the lexical semantics characteristics of the biblical text. In this concern, we will refer to the next points of view: etymology, semantic changes, basic concepts and sense relations. Our research will have as support the official Romanian and English Versions of Bible.
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Highly valued by contemporary society, the beauty sector is booming. The dynamism of this interdisciplinary field, open to scientific research and increasingly oriented towards medicine, pharmacology and chemistry, is also reflected in its specific language, which mixes codes and covers a varied register of uses ranging from ultra-scientific to ultra-vulgarized, as well as in its composite terminology, dazzling, abundant, marked by an incessant neology. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the specific translation problems posed by the variety of specialized texts in the field of beauty and cosmetology, and to show that the translation practice in this sector must be seen as a complex task, requiring from the specialized translator a multi-competence approach and global solutions capable to cover the different terminological, semantic, semiotic, communicational and marketing aspects that combine in the multidimensional discourse characteristic of the beauty sector.
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