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A Floating Homeland: (De)Constructing Canadianness from the Insider‑Outsider Perspective of Japanese‑Canadians

Author(s): Rafał Madeja / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2015

On the basis of Joy Kogawa’s “Obasan”, the main objective of this paper is to take under the scrutinizing eye how the central protagonist retrieves a selective portion of her childhood memories during the Second World War in an effort to reshape her fragmented identity as a Japanese-Canadian and to deal with the feeling of displacement. Analyzing essential memories, conversations, and stories within the plotline, the aim is to demonstrate that Naomi, in order to fight her identity crisis and feeling of displacement — due to the Japanese community’s sense of belonging in Canada being shuttered by the Canadian government — recasts her personal experiences to her own needs for the identity refashioning in-between cultures, therefore, in Homi Bhabha’s terms, giving life to a sort of “Third Space.” This paper will therefore demonstrate numerous ways in terms of which the protagonist intrudes upon iconic wilderness and rural landscapes in Canada — hitherto emptied of the indigenous and minorities and thus functioning as a sort of privileged sites of national identity — so as to transform them into heterogeneous and more inclusive spaces, breaking the binary opposition between away and home, a newcomer and native. Significantly, the protagonist’s storytelling may be distinguished by great attention to nature, botanical imagery, and landscapes shaped by experiences of displacement, and it may be argued that the novel is targeted at re-visiting traditional sites of identity construction as well as bringing into tensions historicizing and idealizing visions of the natural environment to challenge the myths of Japanese-Canadians’ identity that these sites were hitherto created to support. It brings into life a “Third Space” in the form of a personal island which will neither float to the Japanese Archipelago nor towards Canada, but it will be a separate entity including both. Hence, the dialogic relation between identity and rural and wilderness landscapes provides alternative forms of meaningful emplacement for the self — a personal “floating homeland” anchored in-between the two cultures.

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Концепція феміністичної критики

Author(s): Svitlana Kryvoruchko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 91/2015

In the 20th century in the 90s they started to apply actively the features of feminist criticism which were formed in American and European theoretical branches in the middle of the 20th century under the strong influence of Simone de Beauvoir’s existential point of view of a woman as a historical phenomenon to the analyses of female artistic images in the Ukrainian literary studies. The representatives of this literary school believe that female image in literature is a role model and presents a way of “socialization”. However it must be remembered that an artistic image is a fiction which does not correlate directly with reality, but is only an imitation, thus there lies its “conventionality”. “Conventionality” opens nonidentity of female images in literature and their prototypes in life. R. Jakobson differentiates “primary” and “secondary” “conventionality”. “Primary” conventionality is realistic as it reflects reality. R. Jakobson disproves the theories that defend the practice of plausibility and talks about “secondary” “conventionality”. “Secondary conventionality” destroys plausibility when it recombines the system of characters and displays creativity beyond the limits of the possible. In this case the “socialization” is expressed in the way that a literary work “tells” about the character’s formation when he\she implements cultural norms and social values. The “socialization” is determined by the influence of society on emotions of literary heroes that encourages them to reflection, reveals them not only as the objects, but as the subjects of an active action aimed at social realities. In the works by S. de Beauvoir the principle of “socialization” determines reference to “secondary” “conventionality” and opens the prospect for the object’s / subject’s development. The active “action” of subjects happens the real existence of the individual when he\she tries to know him or herself. “Feminine” is the transcendental (“secondary conditional”) unlike “female” and “feminist” which seems “real” (“social” “conditional-primary”). The aim of feminist criticism is to research female characters in male and female literature in order to reevaluate the experience, reconsider the literary canon, return from oblivion the texts written by women. Its representatives give special attention to the study of power relations that demonstrate the extent of patriarchy in one or the other culture, in order to destroy this patriarchy.

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Wybrane aspekty twórczości Wandy Karczewskiej w perspektywie powieściopisarstwa Nathalie Sarraute

Author(s): Magdalena Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

The aim of this essay is to discuss selected novels of Wanda Karczewska. The analysis includes only specific aspects of Karczewska’s writing, such as narrative techniques, and its major aim is to situate her literary works in the context of the New Novel, a French literary movement which had a significant influence on the development of modern prose, including the postmodern novel. The second, equally important, aim of this text is to present some of the virtues of Karczewska’s forgotten novels to a wider audience.

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Eugène Demolder et les lettres françaises de Belgique

Author(s): Éric Lysøe / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2016

Because it celebrates bygone times through the image given of them by “Flemish” painters, Eugene Demolder’s work offers the most complete expression of mythical representations of Belgium. However, itfully enrolls in a literary system which – unlike the onetaking place at that time in Paris – rejects any form of polarization to freely combine naturalist and symbolist inspiration veins. The analysis of the tales collected in Quatuor highlights this phenomenon, and particularly the first of them: La Femme au masque.

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Passerelles. Dialogues d’écrivains autour du silence

Author(s): Marc Courtieu / Language(s): French Issue: 7/2017

The article deals with the question of the relationship between silence and language among writers. It centers around two themes: first, the place of silence in human relations; second, the silence of the world, or, on the contrary, the voices that spring up from it. This article has a lot of writers debate upon these themes, some being rather perceptive to the positive qualities of the silence of the world and/or of their fellow men, others rather gloomy when seeing theim possibility of hearing the world, or of having more genuine relations with others.

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Le silence moderne dans « l’écriture à trou » de Valère Novarina

Author(s): Jiaying Li / Language(s): French Issue: 7/2017

This article analyses the modern vision of silence and its representation in Valère Novarina’s “holed writing”. His “verbal drama” aims todeprive the language of its communicative utilities and to restore its autonomy and theatricality, through the silence of structure and the silence of meaning. The Novarina’s silence, destined for the stage and the space, is manifested in the word itself, in the act of speaking, and in the breath.

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LA STANDARDISATION DU FRANÇAIS FAMILIER COMME PROBLÈME DE LA TRADUCTION DANS « LES GENS» DE P. LABRO.

Author(s): Andriy Bilas / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2018

Цель исследования. В статье охарактеризовано стандартизацию как проблему литературного перевода. Методы исследования: описательный (предусматривает описание стандартизации как переводческой проблемы), сравнительный (для сравнения выходных и целевых единиц), переводческий (для анализа способов стандартизации разговорных лексем). Научная новизна. Впервые предпринята попытка системно охарактеризовать вопрос нейтрализации разговорно-регистровых маркеров в лексической, фонетико-орфографической и стилистической плоскостях современного перевода. Выводы. Доказано, что замена исходной нелитературной лексики целевыми литературными аналогами обусловливает потерю богатства языка, а также обедняет язык перевода.

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THE ROMANIAN SYMBOLIST PRINT

Author(s): Andreea Roșu Cosmina / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 15/2018

Romanian Symbolism is not a simple alternative to the French one, it doesn’t deny the previous achievement, but it assimilates it and it continues it. The Romanian Symbolism puts its mark through the urban receiving nature, through the filters of civilization, stylized, refined and symmetrical. Consequently / accordingly the romantic eminescian framework is replaced with parks and gardens which have fountains and peacocks, the lime and water lilies flowers with roses and lilies, the cornets and doinas with guitars, mandolin, harps and organs. The solitude consumes in peripheral fairs in the form of modern neuroses and neurasthenia.

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Jouer à la scène et à la bourse : L’agioteur dans La Bourse de François Ponsard

Author(s): Florence Fix / Language(s): French Issue: 5/2018

The 1850 financial crisis of the French economy woke the curiosity for investors who took risks at the newly opened Bourse, the Paris stock exchange. It provided the Parisian stage with a new character, the “agioteur” or “boursicoteur”, and with it many successful comedies. The term might be new, but the typology is not: the role is clearly linked to the comedy of manners and the morality of the melodrama. As can be seen in the 1856 comedy La Bourse by Ponsard, financial investments are condemned as a loss of value and games of chance.

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF FICTION LITERATURE TO KNOWING THE EXTREME BEHAVIORS OF MAN

Author(s): Nicolae Iuga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2018

The real, empirical man's soul, is very little known, whether it is simple observations of common sense or complicated psychological theories. Even the individual himself does not know himself entirely by introspection. But there is a way of knowing by which the soul of man is fully known, without rest, and that is the prose of fiction. The author of a novel is omniscient, just as God Himself, in terms of his characters, their soul life and their destiny. And on the other hand, fictional prose is a clearer knowledge of life than other forms of knowledge, for literature is like a marvelous mirror of life. At least for these two reasons, literature is a privileged knowledge of man, especially when it comes to strong moral conflict and extreme behavioral reactions.

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THE REWRITING OF ROMANIAN AND FRENCH FAIRY TALES

Author(s): Maria Movilă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2018

The rewriting of fairy tales is a thoroughly analyzed phenomenon by Jack Zipes, who uses the term remake for any narrated or written story. He believes there is no pure or original text, even when a story follows a life that seems unique or significant enough to be communicated in a narrative form. The interpretations of a fairy tale can not only come from the perspective over textual or intertextual content, but also from an analysis of the reception elements of personal, social or cultural plans. Fairy tales are considered to be the result of a historical, mimetic and discursive process, constituted though orality. The reading of rewritten fairy tale is done on two levels, a first reading of the traditional story, and then the play of the reversed mirrors of the new story. Over time, both Charles Perrault's Tales and universal traditional fairy tales have been brought to the forefront, have become the pretext and subject of play and rewriting, and have been adapted to contemporary realities.

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MESSAGE AND IMAGE IN A PARABLE OF ROMANIA'S LAST DECADES

Author(s): Ștefan Vlăduțescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2017

This study brings into a Romanian and universal diachronic perspective the parable ”The three hundred days rain” by Gabriel Chifu. The method used is a mix of comparisons, thematics and hermeneutics. There are three significant horizons: a realistic horizon, a biblical horizon, and a parabolic horizon. It is understood that in the articulation of this three horizons a distinctive parabolic realism is invented, a realism of parabolical fission of meanings. It is argued that the parable of Gabriel Chifu finds his place in universal literature, at the intersection of two groups of paradigm parables, the line of biblical parables and the line of parables with real incidence, myth or magic of the series ”The Plague” (A. Camus) and ”One Hundred Years of Solitude” (G. G. Márquez) and that, through the role of substantiation of the word, this parable shows clear Borgesian inflections. The novel ”The three hundred days rain” is qualified as a parable of Romania’s last years and is considered to be the most valuable parabolic novel of the present Romanian literature.

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La féminité du monde dans « Le Premier Siècle apres Béatrice » d'Amin Maalouf

Author(s): Vesna R. Cakeljić / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2018

In his futuristic novel entitled The First Century after Beatrice (1992), Amin Maalouf condemns the systematic discrimination of and crimes against women, focusing his efforts on an extremely disturbing phenomenon affecting some countries, in particular China and India, in terms of the lack of tens of millions of women in the general population. The phenomenon concerned is the killing of girls and the performing of selective abortions with a view to preventing female babies to be born, resulting in a gender imbalance that may push the world over the edge. The narrator – the protagonist of the story – a famous French entomologist, witnesses certain events in various parts of the world over the course of the first three decades of the 21st century, which have endangered the existence of women and, consequently, the whole of humanity. Due to the abuse of a mysterious ‘substance’ that favourises giving birth to boys, the number of women begins to decrease drastically and the world plunges into violence and hatred. That ‘substance’, which is initially regarded as medicine, becomes an efficient pharmaceutical industry weapon, capable of decimating some hostile tribe, even an entire race of people. Men fear for their wives and daughters, who are now a rarity. By analysing multiple layers of the novel’s structure, female characters in particular, the paper first focuses on the writer’s attitudes on the significance of femininity and on the way our relation towards woman influences the future of contemporary societies. Then it shifts to Maalouf’s image of cruel misogynist traditions that deny a woman her right to life. In the end, it explores certain alarming phenomena that affect the world today, such as emigration on a mass scale caused by the economic gap between rich and poor countries, as well as identity clashes. In this analysis of Maalouf’s story on the defence of women’s existence, we also provide a review of humanistic messages by this French writer of Lebanese origin, a visionary for whom ‘the womanhood of the world’ is close to his heart.

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Schulz nasz bliźni

Author(s): Jakub Orzeszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2018

When in 1947 Pierre Klossowski called the Marquis de Sade his „neighbor,” in fact he did it on behalf of an entire generation of French intellectuals, writers, and artists, for whom the „divine Marquis” became emblematic both as a source of philosophical inspiration, and as an existential figure. Soon the author of 120 Days of Sodom would be taken into consideration by Bataille, Blanchot, Camus, and de Beauvoir, and then by Barthes, Ricoeur, Lacan, Deleuze, and Kristeva, to mention only the French. Now, after several decades, it is clear that the twentieth-century humanities made his writings one of their permanent points of reference, either negative, or positive. Therefore, Sade became a neighbor of every one of them. Still, Klossowski did not only mean rational and “structural” kinship when he called the author of Juliette his “neighbor.” His statement seems to have reached much deeper, at something most intimate and dark that remains beyond the pale of reason – Schulz called it the “basic capital of imagination,” the “roots of individual spirit,” the “mythic core.” Just like de Sade, Schulz has many devotees – commentators who also are his “neighbors.” Schulz Studies stem from a statement by Jerzy Ficowski, “I have found the Authentic.” He was then followed by many scholars who were similarly dazzled and seduced, ready to „engage in discoveries.” There are more and more of them nowadays, but Schulz, like the „divine Marquis” in the 20th century, has become for us, overwhelmed by the less and less intelligible and more and more grotesque reality of the 21st century, also a point of reference and an emblem of a certain intellectual and aesthetic identity. With his new materialism, non anthropocentrism, and the ethic of care, Schulz seems now a harbinger of a new paradigm of Polish culture, which is emerging under our eyes. Perhaps soon enough someone will claim on behalf of a whole generation of post-humanists: Schulz, our neighbor. Will it be true? For now, we are in abeyance, relying only on ourselves. In a trembling voice, with a premonition of something intimate and dark in ourselves, each of us repeats in his or her own name: Schulz, my neighbor.

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Od Valerie do Fausta i Wolnego strzelca: kilka uwag o intertekstualnej strategii I części Dziadów

Author(s): Jerzy Fiećko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2018

The author analyses intertextual relations in the first and final section of part of “Forefathers’ Eve” (Dziady), and treats them as an element of Mickiewicz’s strategy of anchoring his own work in the system of dialogue with renowned Western cultural works of the time. This dialogue takes the form of a polemic against the sentimental French models akin to de Krüdener’s “Valerie” and the Sturm und Drang movement, which was open to issues of characterisation and early German romanticism. In the first part of the book, which focuses on an analysis of the Maiden’s monologue, the author discerns a mechanism of references to Barbara Julianna de Krüdener’s novel “Valerie” and “The Sorrows of Young Werther”, with which the baroness engaged in an open dispute.

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LE RETOUR VERS LE FUTUR : SE RÉVEILLER EN PLEINE RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE

Author(s): Tomasz Wysłobocki / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2018

Carbon de Flins des Oliviers writes ‘Le réveil d’Épiménide à Paris’ at the beginning of 1790, in the spirit of general enthusiasm for the French Revolution. The play is a big success, with 26 representations over a year. But surprisingly for a contemporary reader, its author has some bitter observations on the recent events and tries to show to the public, among other things, the dangers of boundless freedom of speech proclaimed by the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen’. He exhorts the French, as they remain active and vigorous actors on the revolutionary stage, to contemplate actively the political changes, for they can always distinguish lie form truth and for nobody can manipulates them.

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Od buntu do wyzwolenia. Image kobiety nieobyczajnej według Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, Simone de Beauvoir, Françoise Sagan i Marguerite Duras

Author(s): Anna Ledwina / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

A woman’s identity, including her sexuality, reflects, as it were, her struggle for freedom within the domestic sphere, throughout history and culture, and charts her route to emancipation. In the context of cultural, moral, and ethical facts inspired by the theory of gender, the aim of the paper is to set forth a reflection on the question of the figure of the transgressive woman in French literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. This issue is viewed in relation to the sphere of the author’s personal life, as well as taking into account the historical and anthropological perspective related to the specificity and mentality of 19th and 20th century France; in particular, the social and public roles assumed by women yet imposed on them by society.

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Georges Bernanos, czyli chrześcijaństwo bez taryfy ulgowej (z okazji siedemdziesiątej rocznicy śmierci pisarza i sto trzydziestej rocznicy jego urodzin)

Author(s): Marek Tomaszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

How it came that he developed so strong a bond with that inconspicuous corner of the provinces which was in no way predestined to play any role in the life and work of the young Parisian? The biographers don’t mention any earlier connections of the Bernanos family with the northern France, today named Région Hauts-de-France. It is against the backdrop of these landscapes, remembered from childhood, that he fights persistently with the widespread belief about the easy and quiet life under the wing of church. He also doesn’t hesitate to show what the torments of self-criticism and doubt consist in. Inherent personality traits of the Bernanos’s characters are their inner unrest and the unbearable dilemmas of the soul. The individuals which appear in the Bernanos’s novels aren’t only the exceptional ones in a good or bad sense of the word – the saint heroes facing up the messengers of Satan. There are also bizarre human figures, ridiculous and frigid, indifferent to the fate of the others. But the spiritual evolution of the writer himself doesn’t resemble a harmonious, steadily ascending curve. In his life there are many falls, disasters, and above all, bitter disillusions.

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РУСИЈА У ОЧИМА МАРКИЗА ДЕ КИСТИНА

Author(s): Milan Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2010

The publishing of the abridged Serbian edition of Marquis de Custine’s book Russia in 1839 is one of the main motivations behind this review of Custine’s work. In the interpretation of Custine’s book, the author uses the frames of current debates on “symbolic geography” and the processes of “mental mapping”. Using theoretical insights about both the different ways of representing the “Other” and “Otherness” and the discursive practices of “orientalisation” (Said, Wolff, and Todorova), Custine’s work is an adequate illustration for a long lasting practice of “exoticising” and “essentialising” Russia as the opposite of “Europe” or the “West”. Simultaneously, the author argues that one of the main axes of the Russian culture itself, was the similarly constructed polarity between Russia and the West (Chaadaev, the Russian Slavophilism, Westerners, etc). As a consequence of the strong impact of this dual model of thinking, Custin’s work was able to reach such a broad recap-tion and popularity for such a long period of time. Numerous Custine’s characterizations of Russians as “slaves” who “adore their tyrants” and Russia as the “Orient without a sun” were repeatedly describing the Soviet Union during the Cold War period.

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A Comparative Study: Existentialism in No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre and Shadowless by Hasan Ali Toptaş

Author(s): Hilal Kaya / Language(s): English Issue: 99/2019

Existentialism has influenced a lot of literary works throughout history. Existentialism can be studied in literary works by means of foregrounding the existential themes and techniques. Some of these themes are being, change, freedom, selfcognizance, isolation, responsibility, free-will, and alienation. Traversing the boundary between philosophy and literature, this essay aims to analyse the existential themes of Jean Paul Sartre’s No Exit or Huis Clos (1944) and Hasan Ali Toptaş’s Shadowless or Gölgesizler (1993) with an intertextual and comparative approach. This essay considers Sartre’s No Exit and Toptaş’s Shadowless as postmodern texts. Before exploring the existentialist themes and techniques in No Exit and Shadowless, this study aims to discuss the tradition of existentialism in literature. After presenting an introductory review on such existentialist concepts in literature as existence, essence, freedom, angst, and absurd, some recurrent themes in Sartre’s and Toptaş’s works will be highlighted and analysed.

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