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The article intends to clarify the vague content of the status of minors by analysing both by legislation and current case law. Comparative method has been used as well by analysing the legislation of other European countries. The author makes some proposals de lege ferenda
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House Rules at Investigation Isolation Wards were drawn up in 1989 after the Russian government adopted the federal law regulating detention of individuals suspected or convicted of committing a crime. The bill was designed to bring Russian criminal law more in line with international standards.
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The restitution of the right to ownership of immovables that were forcibly transferred to social ownership (after World War II in the Republic of Croatia) has been reduced to the exception. The reasons for this are the doctrine that seeks to protect acquired rights and, secondly, the broadly accepted public interest of the Republic of Croatia and, above all, that all such immovables (to which social enterprises had the right of management, use or the right of disposal), in the meantime became the ownership of social enterprises and, in the case of nationalized apartments, of their tenants. The original owners (and their successors), in the case where restitution is excluded, are entitled to compensation in state bonds for the duration of 20 years, starting from the year 2000, or, in shares or stakes in the companies, of which the nationalized immovables have become the property, or, in the state Privatization Fund. On the other hand, owners of apartments are entitled to 25% of compensation in cash.
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Испуњење етичког захтева дa избор узорка људи као испитаника истраживања буде правичан претпоставка је за правну допустивост биомедицинских и клиничких истраживања. Стога је циљ овог рада да најпре укаже на то шта подразумева правичан избор узорка људи као испитаника истраживања; друго, да објасни начин на који се испитаници бирају у узорак квантитативних и квалитативних истраживања; треће, да одговори на питање да ли истраживачки узорак треба да одрази разноврсност популације и, да у закључку истакне чињеницу да људи, уопште узев, нису вољни да се одазову позиву да се укључе и да одбијају да сарађују у истраживачким студијама и о препрекама које је медицинска заједница уочила да томе стоје на путу.
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In this article, the author analyses the contents of the notion of equity in international law on shared water resources. It is stated that the content of equity in international law is not fully ascertained. However, for the purpose of distribution and using water resources, the only possible equity is the one that acts as a mitigation of a hard legal rule in its application, for the correction of absurd results, and as the fill-in of legal lacunae or the concretization of widely formulated legal principles. The principle of equitable and reasonable utilization is the basic positive legal rule in this field of international law and it is imbued with this conception of equity. It concurrently serves as a widely formulated legal principle and as an adjusting factor of the application of technical rules on the water resources distribution. However, this formulation of equitable and reasonable utilization is of little help when it comes to contested legal interpretations, competitive interests that preceded the agreement or conflict of technical rule. The author analyses the practice of the International Court of Justice in the delimitation of continental shelves to find a concept of proportionality as a key element of the effect of equity on equitable delimitations. Proportionality is adequate for application in the field of shared water resources use since this field is plagued with similar problems. The application of proportionality emphasizes water needs of riparian states as a key factor in the search for equitable solution, and second to it, on the physical and geographical traits of a watercourse. Furthermore, proportionality aids the harmonious relationship between the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization and the obligations not to cause substantial harm and to protect the environment of international watercourse.
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The changing social circumstances call for reform. The latest reform in the field of administrative law was put into effect by adopting the Administrative Disputes Act and the General Administrative Procedure Act. A significant novelty in this area is the principle of a fair trial. Namely, in the administrative dispute, the court is obliged to adjudicate a case at issue within a reasonable time, on the basis of the applicable law and the facts established in an oral public hearing. The legislator points out that the principle of fair trial is defined in this way for the first time and provided in a separate legal provision. The author believes that this principle should (at least) be extended to include the authentic content of the principle of fairness and justice. In that course, the starting point and the final goal must be Aristotelian ethics, in line with the proverb “give everyone his/her due and exercise the practice of giving at all times”. The author highly respects the legislator’s endeavor to reform the existing legislation. The existing Constitution provides quite a wide framework for such an endeavor, particularly by calling upon in the legal provisions on the rule of law and social justice. It may be useful to consider transplanting the principles of social justice and fairness (envisaged in Part 1 titled “Constitution Principles”) into some other constitutional provisions (e.g. Part 5 titled “Organization of Government”), which would make the principles binding in all circumstances.
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The acts deciding on selection, appointment, nomination or deprivation have a unique legal character, regardless of which subject appears in the capacity of the enactor of the respective act – the Government, President of the Republic, National Assembly, ministry or the appropriate non-governmental subject. From the viewpoint of the coherence of the legal system coherence and of the citizens’ or artificial persons’ legal security, it is not good to treat these acts differently in situations which are in essence identical. We consider that it is a question of acts which differ from administrative acts, for a basic reason: they are passed in matters which are not administrative ones. Therefore, the distinction between matters in which decisions are made in regard to appointment, nomination or deprivation and matters of administration, regulated in Art. 43, Par. 2 of the Government Act, should be equally implemented by competent judicial instances, or by other appropriate authorities in the Republic of Serbia.
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Mutual relatedness of law and morality appears at three levels of legal order (legislature, application of law and interpretation of law); since law and morality have a common origin and common goal, every legislative decision at the same time represents a political decision, and thus the realization of the goals of social policy. Arguments for making legislative decisions always have an ethical pretext, although the very notion of morality changed in time. Ethical arguments could be sensu stricte also ethically relevant, which was noticed by numerous theoreticians. For several years, there has been a theoretical discourse about that issue among sociologists, philosophers of morality and, above all, legal theoreticians. In that discourse, moral arguments surpass all other reasons, although the principles of differentiation of legal and moral norms are more or less agreed upon. Another controversial issue is if, and to which degree, it is possible and permissible to pass moral laws analogically to classical legislature. People also talk about „moral legislature" which reflects the specificity of the relation between law and morality in the legislative process. It is a general conclusion that the rational legislator in the legislating process has to start from the principles of law as a moral minimum.
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In this paper, the author focuses on the legal regulation of animal transport as a special domain in the legal protection of animal welfare. With reference to the European Convention for the Protection of Animals During International Transport, the Animal Welfare Act of the Republic of Serbia and the accompanying statutory acts on this issue, as well as the Council Regulations (EC) No. 1255/97 and No. 1/ 2005, the author casts more light on the normative framework governing the commer cial transport of animals, without embarking on the analysis of the veterinary and sanitary requirements and respective veterinary and sanitary control of animal transport. The author points to the principal drawbacks in the process of drafting the national statutory acts on animal transport, discusses the degree of (in)compliance of the national regulations on animal transport withthe European legislation on this matter and emphasizes the need to take a wide range of legal measures in order to provide for a more substantial protection of animal welfare during transport
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Посебну категорију физичких лица која имају неповољан правни положај и због тога су дискриминисана чине тзв. правно невидљива лица – физичка лица која нису призната као субјекти права јер нису из различитих разлога уписана у матичне књиге рођених и која због тога немају службена документа којима могу да докажу свој идентитет, пребивалиште и држављанство. Пошто ова физичка лица нису призната као субјекти права, она не могу да уживају и врше сва она права која припадају грађанима једне државе, нити имају могућност да, као странке у судским поступцима, штите своју личност, права и интересе. Да би се решио правни статус правно невидљивих лица, која представљају најугроженију друштвену групу и сузбила њихова дискриминација, законодавац је новелама Закона о ванпарничном поступку из 2012. уредио посебан статусни ванпарнични поступак за доказивање рођења и на тај начин обезбедио овим лицима могућност да буду уписана у матичне књиге рођених. Упис у матичне књиге рођених представља први и почетни корак у погледу заштите ове категорије лица јер се тако омогућава да и она започну да врше она права која припадају физичким лицима као субјектима права.
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ЕКОЛОГОПРАВНИ АСПЕКТИ
This scientific study is dedicated to problems related to the legal protection of the Black Sea coastal zone in the Republic of Bulgaria. Their actuality is determined to increasing degradation of the environment in this region of the country. The attention is paid to problems related to the state of the national legislation, legal measures for the protection of the environment in this region and liability for infringement of the existing Bulgarian legislation in this field. Finally some general conclusions and recommendations are given from the examined regulation.
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This scientific study is dedicated to the legal protection of the environment in the region of the Black Sea coastal zone in Bulgaria. Its actuality is related to increasing degradation of the environment in this region. The attention is paid to legal measures for the protection of the environment in this region according to some special and general domestic laws as well as to liability for infringement of the existing legislation in this field. Finally some general conclusions and recommendations are given from the examined regulation.
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This scientific study is dedicated to problems related to the legal protection of the environment from harmful impact of chemical substances. Their actuality is determined to increasing degradation of the environment related to the different kinds of use of chemical substances and mixtures in industry and agriculture. The attention is paid to three groups of problems: a) environmental requirements under the Protection from harmful impact of chemical substances and mixtures Act, 2000; b) environmental requirements under another regulations with subsidiarity implementation in this field; c) liability for the infringement of the Bulgarian legislation in this field. Finally some general conclusions and recommendations are given from the examined regulation.
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This scientific study is dedicated to the legal protection of the environment from radioactive pollution in the Republic of Bulgaria. Its actuality is related to increasing degradation of the environment on a global level. The attention is paid to legal measures for the protection of the environment according to some special and general domestic laws as well as to liability for infringement of the existing legislation in this field. Finally some general conclusions and recommendations are given from the examined regulation.
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Легитимни хируршки захват у човеково тело претпоставља три битна услова: 1) медицинску индикацију захвата; 2) пристанак обавештеног пацијента на захват; 3) поступање лекара (хирурга) према правилима струке и пажљиво. Ако неки од тих услова недостаје, хируршки захват има карактер лекарске грешке што повлачи одговорност лекара. To је чврст правни став, који је довољно разјашњен и у нашој домаћој стручној литератури.Није, међутим,у довољној мери разјашњен однос између медицинске индикације захвата и пацијентовог права на самоодређење у односу на властито тело. У том контексту, намећу се три практична питања. Прво, да ли пацијентово право на самоодређење подразумева и могућност да пацијент учествује у одређивању медицинске индикације поступка за његово лечење, или се то право своди искључиво на овлашћење да пристане или не пристане на оно што му лекар предложи. Друго, може ли пристанак или чак упорно настојање пацијента да оправда хируршки захват у његово тело који није медицински индикован? При том су могуће две различите ситуације, тј. да је лекар свестан недостатка индикације захвата или да погрешно сматра да индикација постоји. Треће, може ли пацијент, захваљујући своме праву самоодређења, да преузме на себе одговорност за хируршки захват у своје тело који, по мишљењу лекара, није медицински индикован? Другим речима, може ли се одговорност лекара за медицински захват споразумом између њега и пацијента унапред искључити?На основу спроведених истраживања, аутор ће закључити да неиндиковани хируршки захват у пацијентово тело представља правно недопустив чин, лекарску грешку, која повлачи одговорност. Ни упорно настојање пацијента да се такав захват обави није у стању да промени његову противправну природу. Јер лекар има и правну и моралну обавезу да пре било каквог захвата у пацијентово тело постави његову медицинску индикацију. Ако неиндикованим поступком нанесе штету пацијентовом здрављу, следује му одговорност која се, пo правилу, не може унапред ни споразумно искључити.
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The paper deals with issues with regard to the legal culture and upbringing as a precondition for the legal regulation effectiveness in modern democratic states. These issues are interpreted as part of the culture of the society which englobes knowledge, beliefs, customs, laws and various other abilities, which human beings get to, know in the process of their socialization. The philosophic and sociological understanding of culture is being considered as a system of complex and multi-layer structure, formed historically. Legal culture as part of the general culture of the society is related to the use of legal values, which may motivate people towards a positive social behavior without external intervention or compulsion.
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