Die osteuropäischen Staaten und ihre Beziehungen zur nichtkommunistischen Welt
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The paper discusses the anthropo-geographic study conducted by Titus Cristureanu in the interwar period, which contains a well-documented microtethory on European cartography, as well as confirmed or denied hypotheses over time regarding the international context. His analysis, with some ideological "escapes", falls within the broader field of international relations and discusses concepts of interest in the era such as the border, the state, the international alliance, the political pressure, and soon. An important part of the study focuses on the situation of Great Romania in relation to its neighbors.
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Donald Trump is probably the most controversial American president after the end of the Cold War. Until now, any journalist attempt for analysis of his foreign policy falls in the immediate trap of ideological and emotional bias. The aim of this paper is to avoid (as much as it is possible) this trap and to focus on the nature and essence of Trump’s administration foreign policy towards the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The paper conducts qualitative and comparative analysis of the Barack Obama and Donald Trump administrations towards the region in pursuit of the elements of change and continuity between the two administrations. Based on the research findings the author argues that during the Trump administration the region plays more important role in the American Foreign Policy.
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The gradually mounting negotiating crisis in recent years, combined with the inability of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to perform its basic functions, has demonstrated some weaknesses and inefficiencies of the multilateral trading system. This provokes a discussion about the role of the organisation as the main regulator of world trade and, consequently, about the need to reform the multilateral system. Regaining the WTO’s position as a leader in global trade liberalisation and as a key forum for trade negotiations now requires a thorough reform of the organisation in many areas. This paper aims to analyse the issues related to the actions taken by the EU to modernise the multilateral system under the WTO. The article presents the results of an analysis aimed at confirming the thesis that the EU, leading the efforts to rebuild the position of the WTO in the global economy, against the background of today’s diffuse global balance of power, will have to engage in its reform with other important members of the organisation, such as China, among others. This is a consequence of the shift in the balance of power in the world economy, which has also been reflected in WTO negotiations.
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This study has the purpose to examine the judgments rendered on 29 September 2021 by the General Court of the European Union Front Polisario/Council (T-279/19 and T-344/19, T-356/19), from the wider perspective of the European Union case law concerning the territorial scope of agreements concluded between the Union and the Kingdom of Morocco. Thus, the judgments represent a continuation of previous cases Council/Front Polisario (C-104/16P) of 2016 and Western Sahara Campaign (C-266/16) of 2018. In those cases, the Court of Justice of the European Union interpreted ”neutral” territorial clause of two agreements between the EU and the Kingdom of Morocco as excluding the application of those agreements from the territory of Western Sahara. The Court of Justice relied essentially on interpretation in accordance with any other relevant rule of international law in force between the parties (rule reflected in article 31 (3) c) of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States) and invoked the principles of self-determination and relative effect of treaties. Subsequent to these judgments, the EU and the Kingdom of Morocco modified the respective agreements (the” liberalisation agreement” and the” fisheries agreement”) in order toprovide explicitly for their application to Western Sahara and its adjacent waters. Thus, the judgment of the General Court of 29 September 2021 were rendered following the action for annulment filed by the Front Polisario, against the decisions of the Council for the conclusion of those agreements.The study explores the legal questions that were necessarily examined by the General Court, including the locus standi of the Front Polisario, the concept of „people” as subject of international law, the rule „land dominates the sea” and the legal effect of the principles of self-determination and legal effect of treaties. Even if the General Court did not mention it, the study attempts to examine, also, the consequences of the fact that doctrine (including the International Law Commission) and a significant number of States consider the right to self- determination to represent a jus cogens norm.
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This article aims at addressing the legality of secession in public international law, building on the two opposing theories proposed regarding the international law applicable to secession. The principles of self-determination and territorial integrity are examined in order to determine their applicability in the context of each theory.
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Increased attention to foreign direct investment is justified by the fact that they are seen as the main factor stimulating economic growth. They are part of the class of financial flows that do not generate external debt and are considered to be a complement to domestic investments and, at the same time, a significant financier of the current account deficit. The article aims to address the complexity of the phenomenon of foreign direct investment, starting from the evolution of theoretical approaches and their practical dimension, connected to the processes of restructuring and economic development. Without neglecting the multitude of positive effects that foreign direct investment can generate, we did not exclude during the analysis, depending on the specific conditions of the economies in transition, the manifestation of certain negative effects. These negative effects may be all the more pronounced as countries receiving foreign direct investment, generally economies in transition, do not have well-structured economic policies and strong sectoral options.
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A trading strategy that applies in Foreign Exchange Market (Forex) represents a set of instructions which perform opening or closing the trading positions. The set of instructions is a numerical model of trading process. Both in the general case of applied numerical models and in the modeling of trading processes in Forex there is large errors of the parameters. However, these models are presented by continuous dependencies. To dealing with this problem in practice applies sensitivity analysis as local measure of the effect of a given input on a given output. The estimation is made by computing the sensitivity coefficients as partial derivatives at the input parameters. In this paper we evaluate the uncertainty in trading models when the calculations of model parameters are made. The main concept is based on the opposition of the principle characteristics in the modeling of processes in technics and in Forex. An example is made when the volatility is predicted by calculation with the formula of exponential moving average (EMA).
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The struggle for supremacy dates back to ancient times, and the conquest of new territories or the desire to regain former affiliations is not new. Consequently, the central objective of the paper is to understand and review current geopolitical and geostrategic issues. At the beginning, the general framework of the research is pointed out. Although contemporaneity offers countless possibilities for states to have a prosperous and peaceful inner order, their tendency is different, in fact it is the same as always: territorial expansion and the obtaining of the scepter of international power. This scientific approach captures analytically and comparatively the attitude of two major state powers, from the Euro-Asian space, Russia and China, on the one hand, and the efforts of international actors, USA and NATO, which promote peace and stability and counteracts hostile actions that threaten its values. Following the results of this analysis, the conclusions of the research are drawn, accompanied by personal contributions, issues addressed and identified limitations.
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The difficulties that arose during the German-Soviet negotiations in Moscow on the issues of repatriation suggest that we should look back to the period after the First World War, when there was also a repatriation problem between the Soviet Union and its neighboring countries. As is well known, the First World War, the wars with the newly formed western border states and the Russian Civil War ended with major territorial changes for the young Soviet Union, the successor state of the former Russian Empire: large areas of land were ceded to the new western neighboring states. It is extraordinarily remarkable that the peace treaties and other agreements concluded by Lenin, which had the aim of liquidating the war and its consequences, all provided for a very generous settlement of the population problems.
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ORIGINAL SOURCE: »The New York Herald Tribüne «, 28/29. December 1957 / ORIGINAL TITLE: »Russia Set to Give Brazil Aid «; Author: Joseph Newman // ORIGINAL SOURCE: » Neue Zürcher Zeitung“, January 19, 1958 ORIGINAL TITLE: » The Soviet economic offensive in South America « // ORIGINAL SOURCE: »The New York Herald Tribüne «, January 12, 1958 / ORIGINAL TITLE: »Red Bloc Offers Oil to Uruguay «; Author: Edward A. Morrow.
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The struggle for supremacy dates back to ancient times, and the conquest of new territories or the desire to regain former affiliations is not new. Consequently, the central objective of the paper is to understand and review current geopolitical and geostrategic issues. At the beginning, the general framework of the research is pointed out. Although contemporaneity offers countless possibilities for states to have a prosperous and peaceful inner order, their tendency is different, in fact it is the same as always: territorial expansion and the obtaining of the scepter of international power. This scientific approach captures analytically and comparatively the attitude of two major state powers, from the Euro-Asian space, Russia and China, on the one hand, and the efforts of international actors, USA and NATO, which promote peace and stability and counteracts hostile actions that threaten its values. Following the results of this analysis, the conclusions of the research are drawn, accompanied by personal contributions, issues addressed and identified limitations.
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The 21st century is characterized by conflicts and compromises related to the supply of food, water and especially energy. There is a real need to identify threats and causes that could be serious challenges that the world could face due to the coronavirus pandemic. The paper will try to determine the factual situation in the field of global energy security of 2021 and the relationship of energy policies to situations in various energy markets of major energy actors. Just several empirical studies investigate the impacts of epidemics or pandemics on energy security. This paper describes the multifaceted nature of energy security, offers several indicators for assessing changes in energy security and outlines a variety of policy options for enhancing energy security. In order to research the topic, the paper will include a methodology that will provide insight into the importance of energy security, its scope both on the global concept of understanding and its contribution to several conceptual frameworks. The justification of the research is reflected in the need to recognize the importance of the challenges to contemporary global energy security.
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In this paper we talk about creativity in public relations, that is clear that we need. For us, creativity in public relations can be a mean, a novel way to accomplish an objective more easily, more efficiently and more quickly. It is clear that every client appreciates creativity, but in many situations it does not translate into events or visible messages for a mass audience and then it is not visible. We also talk in our paper about the profile of a creative relationalist, that must be: involved, informed, avid after work, possessing theoretical knowledge, having flexible and positive thinking, being visionary. In this paper we will try to demonstrate that creativity can occur in one of the following situations: either in strategy (positioning, planning), or in execution (tactics, presentation materials, information).
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The year 2020 marked the 50 th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Nigeria and China. Despite the functioning of Sino-Nigerian bilateral relations, Nigerians have resented and criticized every socio-economic interaction. Concern was raised about the alleged disadvantages on Nigeria's fragile economy by the dumping of inferior Chinese industrial products in Nigeria. Some scholars claim that Nigeria's investment in China has less opportunities to survive due to the restrictions on employment and visa restrictions faced by many Nigerians to explore business opportunities in China. It is against this backdrop, this study examined the relationship between Nigeria and China, accessing their strategic relevance and the current challenges in their bilateral relations. The study also pinpoint into Sino-Nigeria relations during the novel corona virus. This work adopts the historical method of discuss and analysis in understanding the Nigeria-China bilateral relations from 2000 till the covid-19 era. In other to properly do this, this paper looks at primary and secondary sources such as books, newspaper reports, interviews, journal articles among others. The study adopted the Neoliberal Institutionalism theory to explain Sino- Nigeria bilateral relations. The findings from the study showed that the bilateral relations benefited China more in terms of trade, its unwillingness to assist Nigeria curb unemployment challenges and the failure to transfer technology to Nigeria. Given that the relationship is lopsided, the study concludes that Nigeria’s problems cannot be solved by China as the former must learn from China’s hard way to industrialization.
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This study examined the determinants of real exchange rate in Nigeria. To achieve the stated objectives, several empirical tests were conducted to ascertain the relationship among the variables under study. They include the descriptive statistics test, the ADF unit root test, the serial correlation and stability tests, the ARDL bound test and ARDL short run ECM test as well as the cointegration test. Analyses of th e results revealed that real government expenditure has a negative but significant relationship with real exchange rate. Both domestic money supply and nominal exchange rate both have a positive and significant relationship with the real exchange rate. The results further revealed that real trade restrictions and technological progress both have a positive but insignificant impact on real exchange rate. In conclusion, both real and nominal variables are the core fundamentals that determined real exchange rate in Nigeria mostly in the short run. Consequently, the study recommended that regarding the real terms of trade; since capital accumulation appreciates the real effective exchange rate, there is need for the creation of enabling environment that encourages investment in the tradable goods sector, rather than the non-tradable goods sector.
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The study utilised econometric techniques as data analysis technique and it is indicated that there is no significant relationship between real terms of trade and real exchange rate in Nigeria; there is no significant relationship between real trade restrictions and real exchange rate in Nigeria; there is no significant relationship between technological progress and real exchange rate in Nigeria. However, it is dem onstrated that ther e is a significant relationship between real government expenditure and real exchange rate in Nigeria and there is a significant relationship between nominal exchange rate and real exchange rate in Nigeria. Therefore, the study concluded that, at the long run level, the real variables alone that influences real exchange rate in Nigeria were insignificant. However, real exchange rate in Nigeria was determined by both real and nominal variables are the core fundamentals that determined real exchange rate in Nigeria mostly in the short run. It is therefore recommended that there is need for the monetary authority in Nigeria to create enabling environment that will encourage and attract international trade activities by investing in the infrastructure of the nation.
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The study is concerning contract of agreement in Nigeria, which had developed into an internet or electronic trade that parties to a contract do not need to have personal contact in transacting business. Despite the advantages e-contract provides, there is legal uncertainty as to whether there is a binding contract or it can be enforced in Nigeria. This is given the fact that where parties reach an agreement via the internet, and parties do not sign it, there is no contract. Given this, the study made use of online survey questionnaires sent to 406 respondents (randomly selected) residing in various states of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyse 406 respondents‘ responses to the questionnaire. The study found that information communication technology is a viable way of negotiating e-contract of agreement, but there is no primary legal framework to regulate e-contract of agreement in Nigeria. It was therefore concluded and recommended that there is a need for a practical legal framework to regulate e-contract of agreement in Nigeria to prevent lapses or challenges that may occur.
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Businesses that determine the areas that customers are not satisfied with or that want to make their satisfied customers more satisfied are making a great effort for this. It is not possible for businesses to establish good relations with customers they cannot satisfy and to gain their loyalty. Accordingly, learning what customers want and fulfilling these requests in the best way has become an issue that businesses need to focus on. The aim of the research is to examine the effect of customer satisfaction on marketing in the service sector. In this direction, it was aimed to determine the dimensions of customer satisfaction and to examine the relationships between these dimensions. At the same time, it has been analyzed in detail how the dimensions of customer satisfaction differ according to the characteristics of the customers, which customer characteristics and to what extent the customer satisfaction dimensions are affected.
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This paper aims to look into the challenges confronting seaborne cargo operations in Nigeria, using Lagos Port Complex (LPC) as a case study. The research adopted expository research design. Lagos Port Complex was the sample frame, and 230 questionnaires was administered using purposive sampling technique. Descriptive statistics was used for the analysis. Tables and the centre tendency to ascertain the opinion of the respondents were used. The results shows that the challenges confronting the maritime operation in Nigeria include the fact that foreign vessels berth more in LPC; import cost are very high; lack of export makes ships to frequently sail back on ballast; and finally, foreign dominance in Nigeria territorial waters. The respondents seems more indifferent about the adequacy or inadequacy port infrastructures in handling the cargoes at the port, with regards to mechanized as well as port-system upgrade to international standard. Respondents were also indifferent about foreigners manning the ships (meaning that if the CABOTAGE Act had not failed in its essence that should not have been a problem that needs attention or be spoken about after fifteen years of enacting the Act). It can be said that the CABOTAGE Act have not actualize its essence. These challenges confronting the maritime operations in Nigeria should have been addressed through the CABOTAGE Act.
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