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The article interprets the crisis of humanity at the end of the XX and at the beginning of the XXI century. It carries out the transition from the visible destruction of substantial human power, “splashing” out on the surface of global civilization, to the search of the deep grounds of contemporary tendency which causes chaos in the order. The dimensions of the post classical paradigm of thinking have been outlined, mainly through the effort to re-interpret the categorial apparatus of philosophical and scientific discourse. In the light of two peak achievements of modern philosophy new mental strategies have been pointed out, a new language and code of interpretation, revealing before knowledge untraveled roads towards making sense of God, Man and the world. The problems of human experience have also been examined - “the secret between the Being and me” as a crucial point in creating the human world through coding and decoding of sense-generating human beginning. In this way the mental preconditions of the arising new cognitive discipline “Spirit Ecology” are outlined.
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The article is an attempt to analyze the contemporary results of research on neurodevelopmental disorders in order to advance the search for various diagnostic approaches, predictors of a negative course of development, and changes in the dynamics of symptoms. The authors, based on a literature review, show that different levels of susceptibility to negative events are not a simple consequence of a specific NDD diagnosis [i.e., autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or ADHD] but also depend on the interaction of genetic factors (i.e., the general phenotype of NDD, which depends on spontaneous genetic mutations or changes in the number of copies of DNA fragments) and prenatal and perinatal environmental factors.
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In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of diagnosed cases of autism. In the case of a correctly made diagnosis, a positive effect of this phenomenon is the possibility of obtaining therapeutic intervention that is adequate for the patient. On the other hand, some researchers note the risk associated with overdiagnosis of these conditions. It is postulated that the diagnosis process should not focus only on the presence of individual symptoms, but also on understanding their meaning and the history of their occurrence. In addition, many mental, neurological and genetic disorders may have symptoms that are common to or mimic those of autism. A diagnosis of autism has specific psychological (immediate), social and financial effects, and incorrect diagnosis can delay the best intervention for the patient.
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As the population of children who are diagnosed as being on autism spectrum grows in number, so does the interest of scientists in this subject. Specialists in various fields increasingly not only focus on the children themselves but also examine their families’ situation and functioning. By doing so, they aim to understand the family as a system. Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that when a baby with a disability is born or when it develops in an abnormal way, this becomes a source of suffering, anxiety, grief, or hostility towards the outside world. Such a situation is viewed as a crisis, a loss, and a process of mourning; working through these experiences is difficult, requires tremendous work, and requires external support in many cases. For these reasons, this paper provides a brief overview of parents’ experiences in the process of diagnosing a child; it cites the literature on the topic and shows the different paths of these experiences.
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are disorders with a neurodevelopmental background. Their characteristic features are stereotypical: constant and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests, as well as difficulties in social communication and interpersonal relations. Research works on adolescents with ASD show that building relationships with other people is a challenge for them because – even though they might have very good general knowledge of social principles – they have insufficiently developed skills to recognize signals in human behavior and to respond adequately to them. Moreover, these difficulties in the emotional and social spheres are initially often overlooked in children who are on the autism spectrum but function on an average or high level. The main aim of the work is to present the situation of two adolescent brothers who both present the symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome (AS). At the time of the examination, the younger boy (Wojtek) was 14 years old and had been diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome. The older brother (Tomek) was 18 years old and had started a series of meetings with a psychologist. Both teenagers were tested with tools that assess the development of social competencies, intelligence and emotional intelligence. The conducted tests and interviews showed that the boy without a confirmed diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome had greater difficulties than his younger brother in understanding the emotions and intentions of other people. The younger brother felt much better in the interpersonal area and functioned more effectively in social situations, despite the fact that he also has intra- and interpersonal problems. Perhaps due to his timely diagnosis, the younger brother obtains more support from his family and probably also received support at key moments in his social and emotional development. The presented case study emphasizes the importance of the proper socio-emotional assessment of people in the diagnostic process. Its limitations are the lack of assessment of the boys’ mood and temperamental differences. These issues should be addressed in subsequent research.
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People with autism spectrum condition (ASC) sometimes mask the features of autism, and this could be related to their level of self-esteem. The aim of the research was to show the relationship between the intensity of autistic features, camouflage and self-esteem. Polish versions of the following tools were used in the study: the Short Autism Spectrum Quotient Test (AQ-10), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire-CAT-Q. The study involved 100 adults (aged 18 to 52) who were divided into two groups based on their ASD diagnosis and empirical AQ-10 indicators: an ASD group (N1 = 41, declaration of ASD diagnosis and indicator AQ ≥ 6; 31 females, 4 males, 6 nonbinary persons, mean age = 28.71, sd = 8.86); and a non-ASD group (N2 = 48, no ASD diagnosis and indicator AQ < 6; 29 females, 17 males and nonbinary persons, mean age = 26.14, sd = 9.64). The results revealed the existence of a linear relationship between the severity of autistic traits and the use of camouflaging strategies. No linear relationship was found between self-esteem and the other variables; however, some significant differentiation was identified due to the distinguished level of self-esteem (low, medium, high).
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For the last few decades, language teaching has been not only a matter of reasoning, but also a matter of emotional intelligence and it is now well known that success in teaching relies, at a high extent, on emotional factors such as empathy, self-esteem or inner motivation. Humor is an affect linked concept and its usage in the language class has great benefits, among which: increasing students’ curiosity, introducing variety and, maybe the most important, reducing speaking apprehension and encouraging the learners to get out of their comfort zone. A few humorous activities which can help develop the speaking skill are: tongue twisters, activities implying idioms, funny story telling or acting out play roles or hilarious dramatic fragments.
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The first Law on the Protection of Persons with Mental Disorders of the Republic of Srpska was passed in 2004 and in it the social interest (endangering others) and vital interest (endangering oneself) are emphasized as indications for involuntary detention of a person for treatment, and the new Law of 2020 puts medical indication (health condition) in the foreground which is in line with the humanization of attitudes towards those persons. In this paper, special emphasis is placed on the analysis of the applicability of the first adopted Law critically from the aspect of the profession which implemented it. In the empirical research we conducted on the frequency of involuntary treatment in the institution for mental disorders of the highest health level, which receives patients from all over the Republic of Srpska, we show that our data are not different from data in other European countries, according to the frequency of involuntary detention, the type of disease and the socio-demographic data of persons forcibly detained and then accommodated.. However, when viewed from the aspect of the Law, not all articles were respected, because it was influenced by objective circumstances and the impossibility of implementing certain legal stipulations. A special problem was caused by the impossibility of imposing medical measures on insane persons by the legislator. It remains to be seen whether the greater reorientation of the new Law from 2020 towards professional medical recommendations will affect better respect for the rights of those persons, but also reduce the need for their involuntary detention. What we assume is that moving away from clear legal guidelines will be as tumbling block in its implementation.
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Research related to contemporary trends in children's education point to the challenges faced by today's parents and the increasingly frequent occurrence of the so-called helicopter(overprotective) parents. The teacher, as another important adult for the child, can reduce and amortize inadequate parental influences, where the prerequisites for successful action are the recognition of inadequate parenting style and adequate cooperation with parents. The aim of the quantitative empirical study carried out in the Republic of Slovenia on a sample of 334 teachers was to examine in more detail the teachers' perspective on the characteristics of helicopter parents' upbringing and cooperation with them. An independently created instrument - a survey - was used to collect data. Statistically processed data indicate the fact that most teachers meet with helicopter parents at least once a year, adequately recognize their characteristics (they solve children's problems and homework on their own, worry excessively about children's safety and often talk to teachers). The results of the study indicate that teachers find adequate ways to cooperate with helicopter parents through effective communication.
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The article is devoted to selected socio-psychological aspects of excessive use of the Internet by young people. Spending free time online provides many benefits, but it can also cause new problems unknown to previous generations. Excessive use of the Internet can turn into a behavioral addiction and, like other addictions, lead to neglect of other spheres of life and serious health and social harm. The author presents the symptoms and criteria of problematic Internet use, some socio-cultural factors contributing to addiction, as well as statistical data from developed countries showing that excessive involvement in new technologies and transferring a significant part of life to the virtual world is becoming a serious social problem, which must not be disregarded.
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The main goal of this research is to provide an overview of the relevant body of literature into the area of the punishment of juvenile offenders and to analyze phenomenology i.e., the scope, structure, and dynamics of juvenile delinquency particularly the purpose of punishment in the Republic of Croatia. Empirical analysis is based on secondary data from registered crimes of the police, state attorney's offices, juvenile courts, and Croatian Bureau of Statistic in the observed period(2013 -2020). Juvenile offenders are analyzed in relation to gender, age, education, types of crimes committed, previous convictions, who they live with, imposed penalties and other relevant criteria to identify trends and crime patterns across the spanning decade. The paper discusses the obvious downward trend of reported, accused, and convicted juveniles, but also the relatively large number of dismissed criminal charges by applying the principle of opportunity as a rehabilitation approach of the State Attorney's Office to juvenile offenders. Although conditional opportunity as a measure of diversion relieves the courts and shortens the time from the commission of crime to the beginning of treatment, the simultaneous increase in the number of juvenile recidivists raises concerns, indicating that the current system of juvenile sanctions does not fulfill its primary purpose of special prevention. The research paper builds on the existing knowledge on the topic and addresses possible implications of future developments.
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Executive functions (EF) are purposeful, goal-directed activities. The developmental profile of a preschool child is created by assessment through five developmental areas: cognitive, communicative, socioemotional, physical and adaptive behavior. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of different components of EF on the developmental domains of preschool children with developmental disabilities (CDD) and compare them with children with neurotypical development (CND) and to examine the influence of the family’s socioeconomic status on the development of IF. Methods: The sample included 120 children from regular and specialized preschool institutions from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The children are five and six years old. Socioeconomic status was examined through parents professional education and the sample consists of CDD parents, 28 parents with higher vocational education (HVE) and 32 parents with secondary vocational education (SVE), and CND parents, 25 parents with HVE and 35 parents with SVE. Instruments: Children’s profiles were examined by Developmental Assessment of Young Children (DAYC-2, Swartmiller 2014) and executive functions by using the preschool version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF, Giola et al. al., 2003). Results: The obtained results indicate the existence of significantly lower statistical associations of IF with domains of development in DPR compared to TPR. In DPR there is a statistically significant association in favor of parents with VSS in the components: redirection (t=-2.53; p=0.01), emotional control (t=-2.46; p=0.01), and in DTR inhibition (t=2.26; p=0.02), emotional control (t=2.26; p=0.05) and working memory (t=2.51; p=0.01). Conclusion: Research shows a different relation between EF and developmental domains in CDD and CND. Children of higher socioeconomic status show a connection with more components of IF.
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Primary healthcare providers and the concept of early intervention are important segments in the field of primary healthcare. Early intervention involves rapid identification and intervention in the early stages of child development. The aim is to improve developmental outcomes and the quality of life for children with developmental disabilities and their families. Primary healthcare providers have a key role in ensuring timely action and progress in the early intervention process. Early intervention includes not only different assessments, treatments and services for children with developmental disabilities, but also different types of therapy, educational and social interventions as well as support for parents. Primary healthcare providers are responsible for identifying families with children who have developmental disabilities and then referring them for further assessments. This procedure is time-consuming and very complex. In terms of laws and regulations, it is important to consider how many aspects of early intervention exist and are mandatory, not only in Sarajevo Canton but throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina? The purpose of this study was to investigate views and opinions of service providers in the primary healthcare sector in the field of early intervention in Sarajevo Canton. An online survey questionnaire was used. The results show the need to transform the provision of an early intervention services in primary healthcare and to establish a system for improved communication among service providers.
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The influence of basic human values on citizens’ ideo-political orientation has been extensively documented in the literature. An important component of political orientation, attitudes towards immigrants in host societies are no exception in their dependence on some of the personal value categories identified by Schwartz in his Theory of basic values (Schwartz 1992). The results of two studies that employ Schwartz’s value categories and aim to explore the relationship between Bulgarian citizens’ values and their attitudes towards immigrants in the country are presented. Study 1 is a nationally representative sociological survey, and Study 2 uses qualitative research methods to examine the link between Bulgarian party members’ values on one hand and their political orientation and attitudes towards immigrants on the other. While Study 1 provides evidence of the dependence of Bulgarians’ attitudes towards immigrants on Universalism, Security, Tradition and Self-direction value categories, Study 2 results show a strong dependence of party members’ attitudes towards immigrants on political affiliation, and an insignificant one on individual values. Both studies contribute to ideology and immigration research literature in Bulgaria by proposing and empirically testing a values-based model of ideological orientation that is relevant to the Bulgarian context. Given the prevalence of the “conservative ideological and values complex” (Konstantinov 2022), in Bulgarian society and in other Eastern European countries, the findings could have implications for the analyses of negative
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This article aims at identifying coping strategies in mothers of children with disability. One should notice that mothers of children with disability are exposed to stress to a bigger extent than fathers, which may result from the fact that it is them who in most of the cases care for children (sometimes they do it around the clock). Frequently, it is mothers who bear the burden of organizing care, therapy and rehabilitation for their child. The level of stress depends on various factors and to a great extent, it is of a subjective nature. There is no doubt that the level of stress is affected by when and how parents are informed about their child’s disability as well as the disability itself and its type. Such factors as a child’s characteristics, behavior and degree of independence affect the level of stress in parents. What is of great importance in a stressful situation is the way of coping and choosing specific strategies. The method of diagnostic survey was used in the study and the study group constituted of 62 women who were mothers of children with disabilities. The results of the study indicate that the surveyed respondents use various coping strategies, but most of them are focused on emotions and their discharge. Planning and informational support are also frequent strategies.
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Self-esteem is thinking about oneself. It is an attitude that builds mood, shapes behavior or relations with others. The basis of self-esteem are judgments and opinions about oneself. Elements that construct self-esteem are primarily acceptance and repulsion. The article contains the analysis of the answers of three groups (the pupils of a correctional institution, the pupils of a sports school and the people over 60 years old) referring to appearance, perception of oneself (others), position in a group (perception of leader’s features), gaining respect. The article focuses on indicating the basic information, considering the differences that are important for each group. Self-image and self-evaluation through the prism of physicality is an issue that accompanies people of all ages and life situations. As a rule, however, there are differences in the perception of certain – important – features that influence the image. Every person, in their own way, processes information about reality and at the same time assumes its appropriate image.
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The purpose of this study is to characterize and analyze psychological safety in the organization. The first part defines the concepts related to security in the organization. The main part presents the essence and importance of psychological security in the organization, indicating that the concept of psychological security has gained popularity. The article also addresses the issues of broadly understood psychological security in relation to the enterprise. It was shown that psychological safety is an increasingly important element of overall security in a modern enterprise. It was pointed out that employees functioning in a group where they can speak without fear, share their concerns and ideas, are more creative and engaged in work, and teams are more effective and innovative. The main research problem was formulated: Does psychological safety affect the functioning of the organization? According to the research problem, the following hypothesis was adopted: Psychological safety not only improves team performance, but also increases employee involvement, thus affecting the functioning of the organization. Verifi cation of the above hypothesis and obtaining answers to the above questions required the use of qualitative methods. For the purposes of the research, the method of analyzing domestic and foreign literature, Internet sources corresponding to the analyzed subject, as well as the method of synthesis were used.
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Francis Fukuyama (born 1952) needs no special presentation; this American political philosopher became famous around the world with the thesis of “the end of history”. In this article the author discusses and criticizes the concept of Francis Fukuyama’s thymos. According to the author, Fukuyama simplifies reality when, from the concept of thymos, he demonstrates the transition of states towards democracy, because this practice is unjustified.
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