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The main contribution of this project is the study of collections of valuable documents related to the image of India in Bulgaria. Digital repositories of selected samples are constructed using modern information technologies. The results are presented in a virtual exhibition ‘The Image of India in Bulgaria: from the late 19th to the late 20th century’.
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Knjiga i biblioteka temelji su islamske kulture i civilizacije. U svetoj vjeri islamu knjiga i biblioteka imaju poseban značaj i vrijednost. Između svih Božijih poslanika jedino je Poslaniku islama (s.a.v.s.) darovana knjiga kao mudžiza/čudo a, pored toga, prva naredba koja mu je objavljena bila je: إقرأ , “Uči, čitaj!”. U predajama također iznimna pažnja je posvećena nauci i pismenosti, pa je stjecanje znanja smatrano vjerskom obavezom. Poslanik islama, čak i kada je bilo potrebe za borcima željnih šehadeta, neprestano je isticao prednost mastila učenih nad krvlju šehida.
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The Estonian National Museum (ENM), established in 1909 in Tartu, developed quickly and comprised a large membership in the country – the members living in Tallinn were active in heritage collection and awareness-raising activities, and formed a separate department which gradually gained independence. As an inevitable outcome, the Tallinn Department finally separated from the parent museum. Despite organisational difficulties and political circumstances, the department managed to supplement collections and arrange spectacular events. In 1919, the Tallinn Department of the ENM became an independent Estonian Museum Society in Tallinn, i.e. the Estonian Museum in Tallinn, which, in the course of time, became more inclined toward art and developed into the Art Museum of Estonia.
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This paper is intended to provide a possible scientific objectification of simulacra in contemporary Bosnian architecture, expressed in the form of copies, forgeries and fiction. By analyzing instances of the replicating the existing buildings of great symbolic value, of conjectural and fictive reconstructions of buildings demolished a century or more ago, and of architectural simulations of history that never was by the forms of the modern architectural hybrids known as ethno-villages, two key motives for the ethno-simulation of cultural heritage can be identified: 1) the financial gain to be obtained from large-scale ethno-branded tourism; 2) the supstitution or new construction of identity, exclusivist demarcation of ethnoterritory and remodelling of Bosnia’s historic urban landscapes. The definition of the different levels of borrowing or betrayal of the cultural heritage in Bosnia is based on the categories suggested by Jean Baudrillard in his list of stages of sign-order from faithful image to pure simulation. The appearance of ethno-simulacra in recent Bosnian architecture has a direct impact on the cultural heritage, being constituted on the distortion of the meaning of Bosnian cultural memory, on its devaluation and direct physical destruction (either by giving the archaeological remains of a building a veneer of fictive architecture or plundering the heritage sites for new simulations of historic architecture). This phenomenon, that has local attributes of a subculture, found its first major expression in Serbia in the early 21st century, and is based entirely on the context of the origins, content and sociological significance of the music known as turbofolk. Almost a decade and a half since significant forms of ethno-simulation were first registered in the Bosnian architecture, it is fair to describe is as an architectural and social trend and to consider its impact on the cultural heritage. The ethno-simulacrum trend in Bosnia is comparable with some on-going phenomena in various other parts of the world, particularly that of heritage copies and mimicry in the post-socialist countries of the former Soviet Union and post-communist China, but may also be set in the global context of events characterized as instigating a paradigm shift in cultural heritage protection in general.
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U Čapljini se, u posljednjih barem petnaestak godina, događa vrijedan, temeljit i promišljen iskorak u području kulturnoga djelovanja. Iskorak se u velikoj mjeri podudara s osnivanjem (1998.) i djelovanjem Založbe kralja Tomislava, zaklade koja, prema proklamiranim ciljevima, želi “pomagati ostvarenju kulturnog, gospodarskog i svekolikog napretka”.1 Zakladu je osnovala skupina čapljinskih kulturnih entuzijasta. Djeluje vrlo uspješno zahvaljujući zalaganju i fi nancijskim prinosima članova i podupiratelja. Važan joj je oslonac i prihod od poljoprivredne Veletržnice u Čapljini. No, što bi poljoprivreda imala s kulturom? I oni koji su skloni ideji gdjekad ističu njezinu neočekivanost, jer je riječ o doista originalnom načinu fi nanciranja kulturnoga djelovanja. Nije međutim na odmet početno podsjetiti kako iskonski pojam kulture zapravo potječe od pojma poljoprivrede.
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Česi su krajem devetnaestog i početkom dvadesetog stoljeća dali znatan doprinos u razvoju i osuvremenjivanju niza djelatnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Među djelatnosti u kojima su se posebno istakli svakako spada i farmacija. Međutim, već i ranije u turskom razdoblju u Sarajevu, u periodu od 1860. godine, djeluje jedini školovani apotekar mr. ph. Eduard Pleyer. Njegova apoteka nalazila se preko puta današnjeg hotela Evropa. Na poziv Pleyera u apoteci radi Samuel Sumbul koji preuređuje apoteku koju će kasnije otkupiti njegov sin Jozef.
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Na grobove svojih pokojnika Delmati su običavali nasipati velike hrpe kamenja i tako praviti ponekad čak i vrlo velike humke, od kojih su mnoge i do danas sačuvane (u cijelosti ili djelomično). Ta njihova grobišta od davnina su u narodu poznata kao gromile. Jednu takvu gromilu Delmati su načinili na glavici iznad današnjeg sela Grabovice (Gornje). Odvajkada su mještani taj lokalitet zvali (zovu ga i danas) Gromila. Na toj su gromili (kao i na dosta drugih gromila) i kasnija pokoljenja pokopavali svoje mrtve. Na njemu je pokopana i nekolicina svećenika rođenih u ovome kraju. U starini Gromila je bila zajedničko groblje svih sela na jugoistočnom rubu Buškoga blata (danas jezera) – od Kazaginca do Grabovice. “Na tom groblju, još dok su sva sela pripadala župi Livno (kasnije Vidoši) s ove strane Buškog Blata, govorila se Na groblju je bio postavljen za Božju službu prijenosni oltar, a kasnije je sagrađena i mala kapelica koja je služila za liturgijske obrede i za duhovne potrebe vjerničkoga puka. U blizini bio je i stan za svećenike –župnike koji su dolazili iz župe Vidoši obavljati svoju službu.”misa za narod. To je ujedno bila fi lijala te župe.
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U Bosni i Hercegovini je tijekom druge polovine XX. stoljeća djelovala plejada školovanih povjesničara umjetnosti koji su se, s manje ili više uspjeha, bavili istraživanjem povijesti likovnih umjetnosti (arhitektura, skulptura, slikarstvo, crtež, grafika) ovog prostora od vremena srednjjega vijeka bosanskih stećaka do suvremene umjetnosti nakon 1945. godine.
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Gábor Klaniczay in conversation with Pál Lővei on the dissolution of the Office for the Protection of Cultural Heritage
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Zahvaljujući zakašnjelom buđenju znanstvene savjesti, katalozi istočnjačkih rukopisa pojavljuju se i danas. Kompletna slika o njihovom broju i značenju bila je čini se, optimističnija u drugoj polovini devetnaestog stoljeća kada su se pojavili veliki katalozi Flügela ,. De Slanea i Ahlwardta nego što je danas. Pa ipak, zahvaljujući, između ostalog, naraslom interesu za historiju nauke, čije izučavanje ostaje nekompletno bez izučavanja arapskih naučnih rukopisa, u novije vrijeme oživjele su aktivnosti na njihovom katalogiziranju i prezentiranju I dok neki istraživači, kada govore o broju arapskih rukopisa, koji su se sačuvali do danas, navode cifru od 600.000 jedinica (Halidov)5 dotle drugi (Salahuddin Munaggid) smatraju da je taj broj daleko veći i da dostiže 3 miliona pojedinačnih rukopisa sadržanih u oko milion i po kodeksa.
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U radu je dat zanimljiv osvrt, vezan za primjenu novih pogleda i metoda u upravljanju ustanova kulture. Danas u velikoj mjeri status ustanova kulture ovisi od funkcionalnosti menadžmenta. Kao temeljne funkcije menadžmenta uzimaju se: planiranje, upravljanje ljudskim potencijalima, vođenje i kontroliranje. Autor u radu ukazuje na opće karakteristike navedenih funkcija i njihov značaj u cilju funkcionalnog djelovanja kulturne ustanove. Poseban akcenat dat je u potrazi zaokreta u oblasti djelovanja menadžmenta u ustanovama kulture, koji je sadržan u podizanju odgovornosti i kvalitete u upravljanju ovim ustanovama.
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Appropriate archival professional contacts, the rapid development of information technology, including the bulk of the corresponding record carriers and interleaving of individual professions, led to a series of new concepts to be included in the appropriate Slovenian archival technical terminology, and on the other hand are caused primarily wrong use of some technical terms that are common to different science disciplines and professions. Since archival profession in Slovenia has no monolingual explanatory or more language translation dictionaries, it is necessary to create such terminology and vocabulary. One should be aware that this is a multi-year project, which should be planned and shall include experts in the field of archival science, documentaristic, computer science, linguistics and lexicography, who know the areas to the theoretical as well as practical point of view, first of all expert tradition on Slovenian territory. It is a complex project, which will be much more difficult, if it is known that very little usable material, on which one could rely on. Activities on the Slovenian archival technical terminology must be exercised in the Slovenian archival termionology dictionary modeled on vocabulary library, archive or in sets of technical terms within the archival professional contributions modeled ZVDAGA, ETZ, etc. with these activities to formalize current archival technical terms. However, the development of the Slovenian archival terminology should not be a conclusion (end) of professional activities. The next step would represent the alignment and harmonization of concepts of different terminology solutions, which appear in other related professions and sciences, as it is done in an online dictionary for library and information science (ODLIS). The third step is defined as the implementation of standardized technical terms in different environments and professions in the field of cultural considerations, and other content, both in Slovenia and in other languages (Kolos, 2010.), which presents an extensive project in the international area (MDAT , DAT III).
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The dynamic development of science and technology, especially information and historical sciences, contributed significantly to enhanced role of the Archives of USC in all forms of contemporary social life. Enlightenment and cultural upliftment of man and the democratization and humanization of life ceased to be just a cultural issue, but has become a significant leverage for overall social progress. Hence the modern social development calls for the opening of archives to the wider public, and its transformation into a dynamic cultural center, adjusted and included in the system of effective public information about the contents and values stored archives, and possibilities that the material provided in the research of our recent and past history. Exhibition of archival documents that are organized by the Archives USC are very different depending on the content, purpose, time, place and manner of presentation. Their main division is the overall presentation of archival material of an event or fund and thematic: presentation of archival documents on a particular topic, occurrence, movement, personality, etc. For the purposes of education are preparing educational exhibitions (eg Krajina letters for students of the Pedagogical Faculty). Shows are set for a certain period of time in more općtina Canton. While preparing the exhibition takes special care that it be made of the original documents, to be scientific and professional, dedicated and systematic. It is certainly a complex and serious business that successfully realize until the end with a special emphasis on its aesthetic value. There is a substantial selection of documents (in terms of content and visual and aesthetic value), the mode of exposure (legends, layout, text) technical equipment not only exhibitions but also the space in which they are installed, making the catalog as a fair guide to the exhibition, as well as adequate propaganda through posters, invitations and advertising in the media.
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The archives and other institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina guard important archival material of oriental, Ottoman provenance. A significant portion of these types of historical sources were destroyed during the aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992 to 1995). In this area the greatest loss of archival material was sustained by the Oriental Institute in Sarajevo, with more than a hundred thousand of the original documents destroyed. Today, the most valuable holdings of this origin are located in several archives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Especially valuable oriental collections are located in the Historical Archive of Sarajevo (14,000 documents), a collection of “Acta turcarum» in the Archive Mostar with 1,116 documents and 754 catalog entries and Oriental Collection in the Archive of Tuzla Canton with 5,500 documents and dozens of manuscripts. This is a rather small number of documents, but very valuable historical sources of the utmost importance for the reconstruction of events from the period of Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463 to 1878). Among these documents special place is reserved for defteri and cadastral lists of mulk goods for community and individuals. Archives of Tuzla Canton have several dozen books of cadastral lists, a number of these valuable resources have been translated from the original language, old Turkish to Bosnian and these historical sources woven into publications that treat historical problems of this period of Bosnian history. But more use of these sources in historical and other scientific purposes prevented the poor knowledge of the letter were written defteri - cadastral records. But even so, defteri - cadastral lists in the Archive of Tuzla Canton are a valuable historical sources from the period of the last decades of the Ottoman period in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and are particularly important for the study of this part of the history of the Northeastern Bosnia. Historical facts contained in defters - cadastral survey were the subject of investigations of a number of researchers, during which they created an interesting historiographical works of local and national origin. A significant contribution to this was given by Archives of Tuzla Canton translating a number of cadastral list. In recent years this work has significantly increased, resulting in the realization of two important projects which helped the historical reconstruction and a better understanding of the past related to the period of Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Tuzla area. These results will be much better if they continue with the implementation of major projects, translating cadastral list.
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There are many things that do not function well in the archival profession in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is pointless to discuss the education, since there is no systematic solution. Individual cases are rare. We, ourselves, have not done much, within the profession, regarding a quality education of our staff. Due to these facts, I think that we are largely to blame for the devaluation of our profession. The Archives, as the core of our profession, should be the first instance in returning the dignity to our work and profession. We have to begin with agreeing on unified criteria as to who and under which conditions can deal with the archival materials. It is necessary to standardize the professional archivistic titles, how they are obtained, and how to go up the ladder in the profession, in accordance with the modern educational system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By changing the laws and general legal acts, the archival profession needs to be unified and standardized. Then, we have to turn our attention to the public and ask for the systematic solutions for education of the professional staff that would work with archival materials. Systematic education of staff that would work with archival materials, in all its shapes and conditions, is not the matter of solving just the problem of professional staff for archival work, but solving the problem of professional staff for all creators and possessors of archival materials.
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Issues of document digitalization are complex and broad, and tendency is to discover new solutions to overcome difficulties encountered. Nowadays, the most common manner of digitizing documents is batch scanning. That implies gathering all paper documents, transfer periodically to scanning location and capture by high volume digitizing devices. During this paper documents digitizing procedure there are many deficiencies. Transactional or contextual scanning is offered as solution that minimizes shortcomings of classical method of digitizing documents. Transactional or contextual scanning is capturing (scanning) of documents that happens simultaneously with the act of document creation. Context aware applications are able to monitor: who (identity), where (location and collaborators), when (time) and what (activity) the user is doing, while using this information to determine why the given situation is occurring. Within proposed solution the paper document is scanned as close as possible to the source of its creation or entering the organization. Only the innovative and comprehensive thinking may lead to solution that removes difficulties in operation. Documents’ scanning as a way of elimination paper documents from processes within organization or institution is a development leap requiring careful planning. Multiple problems named beforehand could be solved by using transactional or contextual scanner, made of hardware component and simple scanning application. These two components are encircling the complete computational solution for document capture. The scanner performs digital conversion of paper document and the software in harmony with context of operation being performed, enables the user to capture significant quantities of paper documents with minimum interaction. Introducing transactional or contextual scanner we may achieve: improvements of existing processes, lowering costs and increase of efficiency, minimizing additional labor and need for training, keeping existing IT infrastructure, minimizing technical support, increase of security and authenticity of digitizing, solving some future needs of organization or institution regarding digitizing documents. In this way, many obstacles that institutions or organizations are facing may be removed in attempt to archive in full extent its’ paper documents from the past, those that are generated presently and will be created in future.
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The article is the first Slovenian translation of the UNESCO Charter on the preservation of digital heritage. The translation is followed by the author’s commentary, which not only explains the charter’s key highlights but also describes the response that the charter has received thus far, the activities that have been taken to promote this charter and issues concerning the preservation of digital heritage in general, and the events that accompanied the adoption of the charter. The article identifies some of the other EU strategic documents aimed at solving issues of long-term accessibility to the European cultural heritage.
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Based on the above situation regarding the implementation and realization of Annex “D” Agreement of the former Yugoslavia, set priorities in the implementation, and financial and other conditions in which ABH carries out work on succession archives we made these conclusions: 1. Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina must intensify the exploration of archives in the former federal archives and institutions that have archives of cultural, historical and practical importance for Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2. To ABH program of research, copying or downloading align with the needs of the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, entities and expressed needs of researchers; 3. To enable appropriate adaptation for topics and tasks of ABH in connection with the downloaded or copied material and existing equipment, to form an information center and library; 4. To continue negotiations with the Yugoslav Film Archives about claims for compensation preservation and conservation of film material from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to seek the possibility of its acquisitions; 5. To ABH continue intensive cooperation with the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, particularly with the Department for the succession of the Ministry of Finance and Treasury; 6. The Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina supports and encourages ABH in the activities of the Annex “D” of the Agreement on succession of former Yugoslavia.
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After the agreement was signed on the issues of heredity former Yugoslavia in 2001. even before ratification talks and efforts began to harmonize his performance in the field of archives. In these events interesting two sides were shaped. Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenian National Archives aspired to: - The quickest and pragmatic measures aimed at meeting free access to every SFRY State archives, which includes all of the documents; - Deciding on what material will be transferred to individual successor states according to the principle of origin, benefits, and which will remain the country where it is already (in most cases Serbia) as a common heritage; - Accepting the agreement on the management of the joint archival heritage, especially in terms of access and use; - Facilitating the prompt use of archival materials, that individual states should be the successor to its business or citizens to achieve legal interests. Representatives of the Yugoslav and later Serbian-Montenegrin and Serbian sides at the end, apparently as a party with different interests all the time interpreted restrictively (ie still interpret) agreement on succession issues of former Yugoslavia. That is still in practice in individual cases, like in the case of Annex D of the Agreement, the terms of an international act, which is above and to the National legislation is performed directly. Even a concern to (partially) obstruct immediate rights and freedom of access to archives or in absolute terms (refusal composing individual ministries that service in its entirety) or restrictive (closing time, not giving a list of supplies and material, limiting the number of copies, etc.) After May 2006. the successor states of each country changed list requirements for the Archives, ie the one that would seem to the common heritage of discussions / negotiations on the performance did not occur. This is conditional on the one hand with those that had not yet been entirely possible immediate access to all the archives and records had not yet been registered, on the other hand the reason is in the interest of the successor too small individually to the appropriate diplomatic and political succession perform in a relatively short time frame. The author points out, that the efforts of the Slovenian archival profession in the area of succession were great, but what was missing was more prominent and continuous service engagement by the diplomacy and politics regarding this issue.
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