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The author – who is also the editor of this issue – presents findings of the synthesis report that summarizes the case studies elaborated within the framework of the “Know and Pol” European research project. The cases studies provide us with an in-depth analysis of public policies that have recently occurred in the education and health sectors in eight European countries, with special regard being given to the role of different degrees of knowledge and knowledge holders in the policy making process. The research utilized the notion of public action that underlines the participation of numerous actors in the elaboration of public policy. However, the author emphasizes that the analyzed public policies were initiated and carried out by different governmental institutions. Nevertheless, in one case a political reform emerged from the political agenda after a series of media events generated by parents and researchers focusing on the educational integration of children with special needs. It became evident from the case-studies that the bricolage of policy frequently relies on borrowing from across countries, this being facilitated by idea-brokers (researchers, civil-servants or politicians). The author stresses that from the perspective of the success of such borrowing, the adaptation of foreign models to the national context is a crucial issue. The last section of the paper describes how key actors in the political field gain much freedom by constructing new and different scenes (reform commissions, consultative bodies, etc.), which give a possibility for participating in the policy making process to a wider range of actors (civil servants, researchers, delegates of pressure groups, etc.). In the case of the two analyzed educational public ‘actions’ in France and Hungary – which we should see as a genuine “Coup d’Etat for modernization” – the creation of new bodies enables one to move beyond the traditional group of policy-making actors. Yet a Belgian educational case study shows us that in the context of “consensual” democracy pressure groups delegates are naturally included in the work of the new, important bodies (steering committee – Comité de Pilotage).
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Since the modern medicine cannot be imagined without utilization of modern and sophisticated technologies, the goal of this article is to attempt to provide a respond to the question can advancement in development of modern technologies in medicine justifies its consequences related to quality of human life in contemporary society? Beginning from dominant theoretical approaches in medical sociology considering the issue of technological advancement in the field of medicine, this article elaborates the ways on which innovative technology in healthcare moves the boundaries of perception the body, health and technological processes, with special focus on contribution of sociological critique to understanding of interactions between key actors in this process. As alternatives to the universal alienation caused by the domination of techniques that affected all segments of society, which is mostly represented in medicine, medical technology must be viewed not only from the biomedical standpoint but also multidisciplinary. It is necessary to open the dialogue in public discourse in order to take seriously into account the contribution of social science and humanities to analysis of the impact of modern technology on interactions between actors in health care system.
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W 1920 r. dla uczczenia stuletniej rocznicy urodzin Florence Nightingales (Pani z lampą), światowej sławy pielęgniarki pochodzenia angielskiego, ustanowiono medal jej imienia. Medal ten przyznawany jest co dwa lata przez Międzynarodowy Komitet Czerwonego Krzyża najwybitniejszym pielęgniarkom świata.
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The subject that we are considering is current and often discussed by the mass media. The problems is this: should the State offer financial support for «in vitro» pregnancies? For by so doing the state may be regarded as acting on an ideological level, because «in vitro» is not a treatment to cure sterility, but artificial fertilization. A doctor does not restore natural fertility to any women, and she will still be unable to give birth to a child as a consequent result of the marital act. Considering the above the State should only give support to medical resources which aim to cure sterility. All other programmes of treatment will be regarded as unethical.
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The paper discusses the phenomena of collecting of folk medicine materials by physicians who worked in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. These first physicians – ethnographers, along with their regular services in medical institutions, also begin collecting and recording data related to the folk’s forms of treatment of different diseases, popular beliefs about the causes of disease and ways of protecting. Their observations are published in the Glasniku Zemaljskog Muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini (Journal of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina). While on the one hand enthusiastically collecting data and material relics, thus endeavouring to preserve this part of the national culture, on the other hand, as representatives of the official medical system, challenge the value of the folk’s treatment methods and want to replace them with, as they stated, more rational methods of official medicine. The paper focuses on the two periods of operation of the aforementioned physicians, one during the Austrian administration and the other during the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Both periods are characterized by the interest of the physicians to the folk medicine, but also by their popular public education work, especially at the time of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in order to replace local folk healers with the medical professions and institutions who will be the only responsible for the issues of diagnosis and treatment of illness.
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For the last decades, Portuguese historiography has been well aware of republican movement and, subsequently, party, founded in 1876, analysing its complexities, ideological heterogeneity, political options and the nature of public intervention until 1910, being this a year decisive moment of institutional rupture in Portugal, by the rise of republican regime.Although the continuous efforts, some topics on Portuguese republicanism and Republican Regime remain not fully understood in a comprehensive manner, relevant in order to achieve a broader framework to Portuguese political ideas and opposition’s nature or practice to monarchical liberal system. One of these aspects is the construction of republican discourse on public health and, more particularly, on issues of mental sanity since July 4th 1889, year of mental illness bill, up to 1910. The present paper intends to give some contributions on the matters previously appointed. Structured in three parts, the text aims to provide a characterization of Portuguese situation on mental illness during the second half of 19th century. Based on institutional sources – government’ journals, diaries of legislative chambers, hospitals balances and documents from kingdom’ ministry – scientific reports and press, the first part introduces a global frame regarding data for people affected, specialized facilities, the insertion of psychiatric illness on general hospitals, the relation between mental diseases and charity institutions, most frequent treatments and financial resources associated. The second part relies on the analysis of republican propaganda and interventions on mental diseases, in order to understand the role and relevance played in the images built by Republic Party on Portuguese monarchical’ institutions. Special emphasis should be given to the works produced by eminent republicans, with degree in medicine, António José de Almeida (1866–1929), and others, specialized on mental diseases like Miguel Bombarda (1851–1910) or Egas Moniz (1874–1955), by a systematic use of scientific arguments to criticized the Portuguese political structures, considered as the result of straight relation with Catholic Church. On the other hand, the same kind of scientific arguments would be applied to underline the structural incapacities intrinsic to royal families and, for extension, the harmful associated to monarchist administration (Antão de Melo, A Imbecilidade e Degenerescencia das Famílias Reais, Lisboa, 1908). The third part is devoted to transformations projected on new institutional environment and those effectively executed on mental illness assistance after the proclamation of Portuguese Republic. Particular attention should be provided to bill approved on this issue in 11th April 1911, to underline main republican options, observing its implementation and limitations. The analysis ought to be also focused on controversial relations between laicist Republic and religious congregations, expelled out of the country in October 1910; the one of the exceptions being the order of Saint John of God, devoted to mental diseases patients.
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This article aims to shed light on the Portuguese army’s medical organization and action during World War One, and will be divided into three chapters. The first one presents a global context about Portuguese belligerency and how the Health Service worked during the war. The second chapter, describes the Service’s organization as well as its inherent difficulties to provide support to the troops in the operational theatre. In the third chapter, one can find a state of the art about the theme in study, specifically comprised of a panoply of texts and books written about health issues related to Portuguese belligerency in World War One.
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In recent years the approach to public health has changed, making the adoption of a uniform definition difficult. This is forced by the growing number of extraordinary dangers: terrorist attacks, natural disasters, dangerous invading microbial and virus diseases, bioterrorist, chemical and radiation threats, transport accidents and disasters. These threats create crisis situations which are very complicated and define new challenges for the authorities and public health leaders as well as for officials and health inspectors. In the speculation below, an attempt has been made to present a new pyramid of leadership in the public health sector in crisis situations, the assumptions and strategic objectives of a health security strategy are stated.
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The aim of this study is to present the issues of binding force statement of intent expressing objection to taking saving life actions in case of such a need in the future. This problem becomes current when a patient is unconscious and they cannot express their will basing on an assessment of all of the circumstances regarding their health. In the study the current legal status and judicature are being analysed. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the lack of legal regulations in Poland concerning the so-called statements pro futuro precludes a doctor from making a right assessment of his duties in the context of criminal responsibility for their negligence. It concerns both a duty to act and a negligence of life or health saving actions. The lack of legal criteria assessments of a doctor’s responsibility in the context of criminal responsibility for their negligence precludes from acknowledging statements pro futuro as obliging to negligence of treatment. The Polish law guarantees the patient the right to the self – determination in insufficient way but the constitutional principle of specificity of an offence (nullum crimen sine lege) does not give a permission to attribute criminal responsibility to the doctor for performing intervention despite the existence of such a statement, because the prohibition of undertaking the medical interventions in case of an objection raised before occurrence of the situation that needs such an intervention must have a source in the binding rules.
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The article is dedicated to pointing out and discussing the challenges which appear for epidemiological supervisory authorities in the face of globalisation. The research area determined in this way has necessitated the paper’s division in three parts. The first part offers analysis of the International Health Regulations (IHR) which are the basis of the global epidemiological supervision system. The decision instruments necessary to estimate the risk in case of infectious diseases will be determined in the light of these regulations. The deliberations will also touch upon the issue, interesting from many points of view, of a unilateral mixed act in case of which the international aspects are accompanied by issuing legally binding national decisions. These problems are well illustrated by the solutions contained in Article 32b(2) and Article 33 of the Act of 5th December 2008th on the Prevention and Control of Human Infections and Infectious Diseases.
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The present study deals with the history and applications of one of the spices, called in Greek malábathron (μαλάβαθρον) and malabathrum (or malobathrum) in Latin. It is nowadays called tejpat or tejpata. The researchers try to establish the time when it appeared in the Mediterranean and subsequently identify its medical and culinary uses, which were noted in Latin texts and first and foremost in Greek medical sources. On the way the authors of the study attempt to pinpoint the meaning of the term folium used in some recipes included in the collection entitled De re coquinaria. The researchers conclude that the history of the spice is an excellent example of globalization of ancient and early Byzantine trade. Though there is no argument for mass import of cinnamomum tamala to the Mediterranean, the spice had a tangible effect on medicine (including cosmetology) and culinary art over all centuries in interest of the article. The authors admit a failure in their attempt to pinpoint the exact moment since when the aromatic leafage of cinnamomum tamala started to be transported to reach the territories, where centres of the Mediterranean civilization were blossoming. On the other hand, they prove that a major growth in the interest in the plant dates back to the 1st c. BC., and they surmise that it might have occurred in the wake of the Roman conquest of the near East and incorporation of Egypt (which were both important points on the malábathron trade route). Anyway, the dietetic-pharmacological doctrine on the characteristics of the plant had been shaped to a commonly accepted form well before the 1st century. Subsequently (and for the first time in the extant sources) it was penned by Dioscurides in his De materia medica. The theory, after being supplemented with Galen’s findings became the cornerstone of medical deliberations on the spice composed up to the 7th century. Malábathron never became a common medicine nor a cheap culinary ingredient. The fact that it was imported from far away (precisely from China, via India, to Syria and Egypt, wherefrom it was later transported to the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea) contributed to its high price, which limited the number of its buyers and consumers. As for medicine, medical treatises suggest an unbroken use of the spice up until the time of Paul’s of Aegina medical encyclopedia (however, exclusively as a condiment utilized in medicines produced for the upper classes of society). In turn, the recipe given by Anthimus prove that cinnamonum tamala was profited from by Roman and Greek cooks, and that a taste for it developed even such barbarian as the Francs. As for the presence of malábathron-including recipes in De re coquinaria, having analyzed select Greek medical texts, the authors of the article came to the opinion that the term folium (with no adjective nor an adjectival phrase) used in the collection refers only and exclusively to cinnamomum tamala. Thereby, they support Andrew Dalby’s opinion on the subject.
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The establishment of surgical guilds in various towns and cities of east and central Europe was characteristic of a move throughout those territories in the 16th to 17th centuries to organize surgeons into professional bodies and to distinguish them from unorganized practitioners, e.g. barbers, quacks and itinerant operators on bladder stones, herniae and cataracts, that provided more of the surgical care of former times. One of the city ordinances dealing with the regulation of local surgery was the charter of surgeons’ guild and guild-like surgical apprentices’ fraternity of Thorn in Royal Prussia. The paper offers a vast edition of primary source documents that provided the organizational framework of both institutions.
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This study aims to gain a better understanding of the allocation of resources for social and health services. The research focused on the analysis of the personal and practical experiences of providers and beneficiaries of social and health services for elderly people and people with disabilities. We have developed a qualitative methodology based on a semi-structured interview guide to find out the views of key informants about the integrated health and welfare and well-being field, tackling service innovation and the opportunity for peer-to-peer involvement for the elderly and the disabled. We interviewed key informants from non-governmental organizations and representatives of childcare centers with deficiencies, namely homes for the elderly managed by local authorities and non-governmental organizations, as well as users and beneficiaries of social and health services (N=15). The results highlighted the need to modify the legal framework governing the provision of care services. The analysis of the data collected through interviews shows the willingness and willingness of the beneficiaries to get involved in the care process as peer peers. Future research will add more detailed arguments for this innovation in care: the involvement of former beneficiaries with multidisciplinary team experience as peer workers.
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Despite the fact that harlotry in the Second Polish Republic was legal, as long as it had been reported to the relevant institution, it was still on the moral margins of social life. Moreover, the residents of Cracow were very concerned about the issue of indecency in the city. The prostitutes and other individuals involved in the business of prostitution were stigmatized by the rest of Cracow’s society. Thus, the occurrence of prostitution permanently ingrained and present since the Middle Ages, was not only the everyday part of Cracow’s interwar urban landscape, but also a significant social issue, which the administration, police, but also ordinary residents were attempting to resolve. Hence, there are very opulent archival and press release materials preserved, such as statistics and other materials regarding the key causes and determinants of prostitution, but also the exact locations in the area around the Wawel Royal Castle in which the phenomenon took place on a regular basis and various materials related to the age and education of harlots, financial matters associated with prostitution and the issue of health of prostitutes, which allow us to perform a deep analysis of many socials problems related to Cracow’s interwar world of harlotry. Likewise, administrative and police measures against Krakow’s adultery underworld have been discussed.
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The article is an analysis of outbound tourism by those with locomotor disabilities living in Kraków. Two aspects were compared: their tourism activity before and after the occurrence of the disability. The article describes seasonality, length of stay and destinations, limitations encountered, preferred forms of tourism, organisation of travel, preferred accommodation, means of transport and expenditure. It also presents motivations, expectations and the impact of their experience on future travel behaviour.
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The Union of Pharmacists Employees of the Polish Republic (1919–1939) was a nationwide organization representing pharmaceutical staff employed primarily in private pharmacies. Its statutory objectives were: defense of material, moral and low interests of pharmacists working in pharmacies, laboratories, chemical and pharmaceutical factories, and institutions of a similar type, striving to achieve better working conditions, and improving the whole affairs of the pharmaceutical profession. In the interwar period, in Pomorskie voivodship existed local branches of this organization: Branch of Wloclawek, Branch of Pomerania, Branch of Bydgoszcz and Branch of Gdynia. Forms of their activities were: lectures and discussions about labor rights and of scientific issues, financial support for the poor people (mainly for pharmacists), and other social affairs, assistance in finding employment for pharmacists, and also striving for respected and improvement of working conditions in pharmacies.
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Według świadków z epoki zaraza morowa 1710 roku, będąca nawrotem epidemii sprzed dwóch lat, rozpoczęła się w Toruniu w Zielone Świątki 8 czerwca1. Świadczą o tym także liczne zapisy z zachowanych ksiąg kościelnych: zarówno metrykalnych, jak i rachunkowych, które jednoznacznie wskazują na drugi tydzień czerwca jako początek kataklizmu. Przy czym stan podwyższonego zagrożenia epidemicznego utrzymywał się w mieście od pierwszych dni roku. Przykładowo, 13 stycznia w trakcie posiedzenia Rady Miejskiej informowano o narastającym zagrożeniu dżumowym w okolicy: zarówno na przedmieściach, jak i w jurydyce2.
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Review of: Przemysław Wewiór -„Podłe ciała” jako zastosowanie socjologii krytycznejdo historii medycyny (Grégoire Chamayou, Podłe ciała.Eksperymenty na ludziach w XVIII i XIX wieku,przeł. Jadwiga Bodzińska, Katarzyna Thiel-Jańczuk,wydawnictwo słowo/obraz terytoria, Gdańsk 2012, ss. 424)
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