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Unemployment of the youth constitutes of the most crucial and painful problems on Polish labour market. The article is devoted to new and modified methods of occupational activation of the young unemployed in the light of the Act of employment promotion and labour market institutions novelized in 2014.
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The number of the elderly in the overall population is increasing, which poses a need to seek an adequate model of organizing social care of the elderly. Most of them get social safety through the social welfare system. A functional and sustainable social welfare system requires application of efficient management and technique models based on the theoretical premises of contemporary management. The role and the importance of old people's protection in a social welfare system is becoming a topic of great importance both for theoreticians and the practitioners in the social sector area. This research analyzes the management functions and the roles of managers in running social protection of the elderly in the example of the social welfare system in the Republic of Srpska. A decentralized system, such as the one existing in the Republic of Srpska, brings along a number of organizational problems which points out to a need to apply the theoretical bases of managerial processes. The results obtained via empirical analyses indicate a number of deficiencies and obstacles in the implementation of social protection of the elderly in the social welfare system of the Republic of Srpska which are result of the insufficient and inconsistent application of the basic managerial elements. The obstacles emerging from this analysis indicate that there are chances and opportunities to improve the system and enhance the development of new forms of protection by applying managerial theories.
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Analysis of ethnically mixed marriages in the Former Yugoslavia, for the period 1970—2005, shows that after 1990 in all former Yugoslav republics and provinces (except Montenegro) degradation of inter-ethnical relationships induced a fall of inter-ethnical relations, especially at the beginning of 1990. Vojvodina is still singled out (even if there is a decreasing trend after 1990) as a territory with the highest share of exogam marriages (around 25%), while Kosovo and Metohia represent a territory with the lowest shares during the entire period of observation. The most exceptional changes after 1990 occurred in Croatia where the share of ethnically mixed marriages decreased from 19% to around 7% which was mostly a reflection of changes in behaviour of the majority group towards ethnically mixed marriages. The group that was most „open" on the territory of the Former Yugoslavia were the Serbs in Vojvodina until 2001 and after that the Montenegrins, with the highest percentage of interethnic marriages (more than 15%) while all other majority groups are characterized by certain reticence in marrying other nationalities. Concerning the differences between men and women towards ethnically mixed marriages, it shaws that women are, in general, more endogam than men, meaning that they seldom marry outside their group. This is especially characteristic for the Montenegrin's women in Montenegro. When observing the degree of interethnic relations between minority groups and the majority group, it follows that there have not been any changes. In general, degree of integration is higher, meaning that the inter-ethnic relations are more frequent between nationalities that are closer in cultural, religious and linguistic way. Unlike that, during all the period of observation, there is a highly marked segregation between nationalities that belong to different cultural and religious circles, which is especially emphasised in Macedonia.
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The author analyzes statistical data on position of women in the EU and Serbia, which confirm that women in the EU, as well as in Serbia, are insufficiently represented in decision-making processes, are on average better educated then men, work more hours per day but that they on average earn less then men. Statistical Office of Republic of Serbia has published in 2005 a brochure Women and men in Serbia in which gender sensitive data were published in a coherent way and also data that they gather but do not represent in regular publications, or they do, but disorderly and not systematically. By publishing this brochure it was proved that there is interest and the need to better collect gender sensitive statistical data. Nevertheless, the brochure does not represent a radical breakthrough in methodology of data collection and analysis of new areas in statistics. There are still many "black holes" that Serbia will have to fill in if it wants to respond to its international obligations regarding reporting on position of women to international organizations and various bodies. This is why the author also represented gender sensitive categories which are gathered and published in Germany, Norway and Slovenia – a country where statistics is based on similar grounds which were built in former Yugoslavia and in short time progressed to European standards, proving that progress is possible, if there is political will.
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In order to find solutions for stopping negative economic processes in the Raška region, as well as land reclamation and depopulation of villages, one of the main activities is adequate restructuration of the economy, according to available resources. In this paper we analyze a place of tourism in the Raška region, as an activity to which is not given appropriate developmental role in the previous development policies, as opposed to diverse and attractive natural and anthropogenic values. In the paper we identify the most significant tourism potentials of the Raška region and their evaluation score. Special attention is given to rural tourism as one of the activities that can have a greater role in future plans for demographic and economic revitalization of this area. We analyze the current state of rural tourism in the Raška region, and indicate main limiting factors that prevent rapid development of this, in many ways, primary form of tourism.
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The local geographic milieu plays a significant role in development of every man because of its orientation in space, a sense of security and belonging to the community and the place where he lives or who perform his activities. In other words, one needs to fall in a particular social group that inhabits an area or to perform some activities able in a space, because that is something that stands out from the rest of the world and marking his individuality. The main long-term goal of development of each local community is to increase the quality of life of all its members, job creation, integration of the local community in a wider social system through health, educational and cultural institutions, creating a network of relationships and connections and correlations of all the actors from the state and public sector up to private enterprise, local authorities and local associations. Of particular importance for Serbia, is a question of development of local rural communities, which is closely linked to issues of sustainable and balanced spatial, socio-economic and demographic development. This issue becomes more important in efforts to prevent existing urban-centric trends and highlighted the economic and demographic polarization of Serbia.
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During the 90's, Serbia went through a difficult political and economic changes, which caused a radical decrease in the number of tourists, especially foreigners, as well as a negative perception of Serbia on the global tourist market. After 2000, with political and economic stabilization, Serbia enhanced opportunities for targeting tourists from European tourism market. Despite of its efforts, Serbia has been unable to consistently achieve its goals, which is reflected in the low income from tourism and a small share on the international tourism market. One of the consequences of this scenario might be attributed to Serbia's unfavorable image in the mind of world travelers. This study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the relationship between destination image of Serbia, overall satisfaction of foreign visitors and their destination loyalty. The survey examines the image held by tourists who visited Serbia during 2007. The data is analyzed qualitatively. The research is applied to event, urban and cruising tourism, as the most attractive forms of tourist movements for foreign visitors.
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This paper deals with cruises along Corridor 7 and the tourist offer of Serbia. The purpose of the paper has been to establish how international tourists see our country during their travels across Serbia on cruises along Corridor 7. The research has been based on the interviews with international tourists who participated in land tours while cruising through Serbia. The interviews, together with the structured questionnaire, were conducted from March to November 2007 with the objectives to establish the following: the structure of the respondents according to the country of origin, gender and age structure, as well as the social and economic structure; what their motives are for cruising along Corridor 7; what is their perception of the value obtained through the tourist product and services during the Corridor 7 cruises and during their stay in Serbia (what they liked best in Serbia; if they were dissatisfied with anything in terms of the tourist offer of Serbia; to what extent their visit complemented or influenced their personal impressions of this country - what their impressions were before and after the visit). The importance of this paper, above all, is in broadening our knowledge about the adequacy of the tourist offer in Serbia in the tourism segment which is the subject of study of the paper.
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This article presents the ethnic structure of the population of Vojvodina according to the 2002 census results. Also, there are analyzed the ethnodemographic changes in the period 1991–2002, caused by the following relevant factors: natural movement, migration and changed declaration on national affiliation. Ethnocentric migrations (voluntary and forced) primarily influenced the change of ethnic structure of the Vojvodina, in the sense of creating a nationally more homogeneous region, having in mind the national structure of refugee-population. On the other hand, the emigration of some other nationalities which migrated to their mother countries due to political and economic reasons influenced the ethnic structure of the population, too. On the whole, the ethnic picture of Vojvodina is a complex one and undergoing changes continuously. Having in mind that Vojvodina is a multiethnic and multiconfessional region, the question of minorities and interethnic relations is undoubtedly of great significance for the stability and demographic development of this region.
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Highly skilled employees are the most valuable part of the migrant labour force. This value is determined by employee’s professional competence, enabling them to contribute significantly to the destination and origin countries’ economic and social development. Global competition for states’ leadership, innovations, economic growth, the rapid and accelerating progress, unsatisfactory demographic processes and along the growing demand for highly skilled labour force impel rich countries to apply international recruitment strategies to attract and hire highly skilled foreign professionals. But what does the very term “abroad” mean to the highly skilled migrants? The research aim is to present the “abroad” image, its variability in time and space and its role in choosing the state of destination. The research object is an image of abroad, created and recreated by highly skilled migrants. This article also analyzes the distinctions between highly skilled migrants and other migrants’ groups, provides the origin of selective immigration programmes, and based on semistructured interviews with highly skilled migrants in natural sciences and technology fields presents the image of “abroad”, its different contents and meanings, depending on time, space and personal future experience.The article reveals that high professional qualification is a fundamental characteristic that distinguishes highly skilled workers from other migrant groups and determines their particular situation before and after migration. Other specific features flow from this fundamental characteristic. These are the high positioning of highly skilled migrants in the hierarchy of jobs, legal employment and social guarantees, less dependent on strong social ties and higher values of weak social ties, a high degree of integration in the country of destination and, therefore, more favourable attitudes of the local population toward highly skilled migrants. The significance of the image of abroad occurs through its power to shape the highly skilled professional’s general approach of abroad, to concentrate “abroad” only to a certain country or region of the world and to shape attitudes toward personal migration and potential country of destination.
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Fundort Grudine befindet sich neben dem Dorf Čipuljić unweit von Bugojno in Westbosnien. Zwischen den Jahren 1959. und 1968. wurden dort um 300 Gräber entdeckt. St. Klug (Anthropologisches Institut der Johannes Gutenberg Universität in Mainz) hat 256 Skelette anthropologisch untersucht und veröffentlicht (siehe Literatur). Danach, zwischen den Jahren 1970. und 1974., wurden noch kleinere archäologische Ausgrabungen durchgefuhrt. Der Verfasser hat im Landesmuseum von Bosnien und Herzegovina in Sarajevo aus diesen Jahren rund 20 Schädel, die fast vollerhalten sind, gefunden und untersucht. Diese Schädel sind schon im Laufe der Ausgrabungen als 1,2,7,11,12,13 und 15/1970,1,2 und 3/1971, dann 1,2,3 ,4 ,4 /1 ,5 und 6/1973 und schließlich als 1,2 und 3/1974 numeriert Alle diese Gräber, bzw. Schädel, sind im Zeitraum zwischen IX und XII, spätestens bis XV Jhr, zu datieren. Die Darstellung von Geschlecht und Alter, als auch die Schädelwerte zeigt Tab. 1. Die Taf. 2 zeigt geschlechtspezifische Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen des Schädels. Die T-Test Ergebnisse sind auf Taf. 3 geschildert. Die grösste morphometrische Unterschiede zwischen den Ergebnissen zwei Aiithoren haben sich bei der Schädellänge der Männern und bei der Obergesichtshöhe der Frauen (siehe Taf. 3) gezeigt.
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Parallel zur archäologischen Ausgrabung auf dem neolithischen Tell in Okolište wurden seit 2002 pollenanalytische und archäobotanische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Ziel der naturwissenschaftlichen Begleituntersuchungen war die Rekonstruktion der Landschaftsentwicklung und Landnutzungsgeschichte, sowie die Erforschung der Wirtschaftsweise und Ernährung der neolithischen Bevölkerung. Die pollenanalytischen Untersuchungen wurden im weiteren Raum des Visoko-Beckens durchgeführt. Nachdem eine detailierte Untersuchung von Sedimenten aus dem Grabungsareal aufgrund geringer Pollenführung und schlechter Pollenerhaltung aufgegeben wurde, konnte in einem Niedermoor nahe der Ortschaft Seoce, etwa 7 km nordöstlich von Okolište, eine Bohrung niedergebracht werden. Sie lieferte eine 450 cm lange Sedimentabfolge von organischen Mudden, Tonen und Torfen, wie sie trotz intensiver Prospektion in einem Umkreis von 30 km nicht wieder angetroffen wurde. Vorgestellt wird hier ein vorläufiges Pollendiagramm aus 70 Proben aus allen Profilteilen.
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Aufgrund der Prospektions- und Grabungsergebnisse eines bosnisch herzegowinisch/ deutschen Gemeinschaftsprojektes (Kujundžić-Vejzagić i dr. 2004.) besteht die Möglichkeit, demographische Variablen verschiedener Siedlungen im zentralbosnischen Visoko-Becken zu bestimmen. Aus der Rekonstruktion der Häuserzahl pro Siedlung ergeben sich einerseits Einwohnerzahlen von bis zu 1000 Einwohnern pro Dorf bzw. 31E/qkm in den Kernregionen der spätneolithischen Besiedlung, was einer Bevölkerungsdichte von ca. 1,8 E/qkm im gesamten Butmir-Einzugsgebiet entspricht. Diese Werte werden mit denen anderer demographischer Modelle für den südosteuropäischen und mitteleuropäischen Raum verglichen. Andererseits sind eine offene Kulturlandschaft mit einer durchgehend ausgeräumten Feldflur und Formen mobiler Tierhaltung im Gebiet Zentralbosniens zu postulieren.
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Political, social and economic changes that happened in Serbia and the Balkan region during the 1990s had a very visible and predominantly unfavorable influence on that region’s demographic dynamics during that period. Numerous adverse demographic trends were continued and further increased, and some previously overcome demographic occurrences became active again (intensified fertility decrease, slower decrease or even an increase in mortality, mass forced migration and economic migration with many characteristics of actual exodus). In the 2000s, the stabilization of political circumstances, which resulted in successful accession to the European Union for some countries and, for others, the intensification of activities related to European integration, was also followed by demographic changes. In Serbia, these changes did not have the same intensity or, in certain cases, the same direction as in the majority of other countries in the region. Unlike some other Balkan countries, where an increase in fertility, an intensified decrease in mortality by age and a significant decrease in international migration were recorded, Serbia was still marked by decrease in fertility, a slower increase in life expectancy, a significant decrease in immigration and increased emigration.
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In the valley of the Morava river, on the northern slopes of the Goc mountain, in the hinterland of southern slopes of the Gledicke planine, Kopaonik, Zeljin and Stolovi, is a municipality of Vrnjacka Banja, on an area 239 square meters, the most famous spa in Serbia. Vrnjacka Banja municipality consists of 14 settlements which are arranged in 13 cadastral municipalities where according to census of 2002, live 26 492 inhabitants or 111 people per square meter. The development of population and population density in the territory of communes Vrnjacka Spa is directly or indirectly caused by the geographic location, socio-economic development , historical processes, changes in components of the movement of the total population and its socio-economic structures, as well as the formation and differential morphogenetic, functional and territorial development of the village, a network of settlements and infrastructure.
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Under the conditions of low birthrate, as it is the case in Republika Srpska, mortality represents one of the key factors of total demographic development. Analysis of vital statistics for the period 1996-2010 indicates problems in demographic development, from which the most important one is permanent mortality increase. Therefore, extensive analysis is required which would imply problems and possible solutions for elimination of negative demographic image.
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The leading premise was that the demographic processes and phenomena are the basic factor and a determinant of geopolitical characteristics and position of Republika Srpska as an individual entity witin the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Within these circumstances, we shall indicate the relevant demogeographic potentials as a quantitative-qualitative cathegory, the consequences of which are crucial to the survival of Republika Srpska.
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This paper analysis the quality and reliability of existing migration data and the sources of their collection, considering the changes and necessaries in international migration flows. The first part of the paper provides detailed overview of the extent and significance international migration flows showing the importance of adapting the existing migration data collection mechanisms. The second part of the paper analysis the causes of the lack of migration data reliability and international comparability represents two the most important problems in using migration data.
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The paper deals with the overview of the demographic situation of France in recent history. Demographic factor is presented as of utter importance in the big power relations from the military, economic and political aspects. After nearly two centuries of the slower demographic growth, vis-à-vis Germany, after the Second World War, the France outpaced its neighbor in the terms of the demographic growth. This process is explained mostly by the higher emigration rate to France.
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