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Industry played an important role in the economy of Egypt during the Mamluk period. There were many kinds of industries which operated at the time, such as textiles, sugar, paper, glasswork and metalwork. Nevertheless, the period under discussion witnessed the changes in industries some of which were in a situation of malaise and were less busy. One of the important factors that has been identified as affecting industry during the time was the lack of technological innovation. This led to competition from Europe where technological innovation in many industrial sectors had been in progress from the end of 14th century.
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The author describes a collection of medieval coins found at the Dniester Riverside near Tarasova village (Resina, Moldova). Using medieval written records and maps and the folk toponyms, the author suggests that this settlement can be identified with the medieval town (market town) of Ustia.
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The paper introduces scattered materials found at Tarasova village (Resina, Moldova). The collection includes items made of base metals as well as of iron (mainly items of armament and household utensils). The items can be divided into several chronological groups. The earliest are items of late 9th-11th cc. finding direct analogies on sites of Echimauti-Alcedar type in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester Rivers, as well as among the antiquities of South-Eastern, Central and Eastern Europe. Rather more representative is the collection of items dated by 15th-17th cc., the time when an important trade and industrial settlement of Moldavia is thought to have existed here along with its necropolis. A certain chronological gap between the latter and the former group is filled by a number of crosses-enculpions of the Old Russian type, which are dated within 13th-15th cc.
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The article is dedicated to the most significant head-dress decorations typical of the population in the Carpathian-Danube Region in 13-17 cc. There are several main traditions in the jewelry art of the time. The Byzantine tradition was still one of the brightest. The Byzantine prototypes served as sources for specific variations of kolts and bead decorations, typical of the jewelry dress in the region. Another tradition surviving till 16 c. was wearing signet-rings, which may be characterized as a common Slavic one. Besides, some decorations are distinguished that find analogues in the Ancient Rus’ (some specific versions of plaques for head-dresses, kolts, bead decorations). As for the diadems, these items reveal Byzantine, West-European and Old Russian parallels. In late 13-14 cc. the head-dresses in the said region acquire decorations of the Golden Horde type (ear-rings shaped as “question mark”, rings with dragon head, ear-rings with teardrop-shaped pendants). Starting with 15 c., items of Turkish fashion were actively borrowed.
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“Voronoch” or “Voronach” – one of the suburbs of the Pskov Republic in XIV-XV cc. The town was situated in the South-Eastern part of the Pskov land, near the Pskov-Lithuanian border. The historical records normally mention the town of Voronoch in the context of military activities in XIV-XVII cc.The archaeological study of Voronoch knows a number of attempts – in 1951 (S.A. Tarakanova), 1956 (P.A. Rappoport and N.N. Gurina), 1969 (V.D. Beletskii), 1980-1981, 1998, 2002 and 2003 (S.V. Beletskii). It has been revealed that the City’s Kremlin in XIII-XVI cc. was a settlement near the village Voronich close to the manor of Trigorskoe. The settlement Voronich 1, almost equivalent in size to the existing village, was in XIII-XVI cc. a Great posad (settlement) of the medieval town; the modern set-up of streets in the village corresponds to the description of the Great posed from a scribe’s book of 1585-1587. Settlements Voronich 2-3 in XIV-XVI cc. made up the town’s posed of Cosma and Damian, set on the right bank of the Sorot’ in front of the settlement.The digging and the recovered finds documented presence of the artefacts of XIII-XVI and XVIII-XIX cc. on the town place and settlements, with very scarce materials of XVII c. This corresponds to the desolation of the city’s Kremlin noticed by the chronicles and a sharp decrease in the number of population on posads during the Livonian war (after 1581). The location of the town also yielded a scarcely preserved layer of the late I – early II millennia AD.
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The article addresses for the first time the military-administrative system of the Jurchen state Dong Xia (1215—1234), based on written and archaeological sources. This system played a dominant role in creation of the Jurchen state Dong Xia, and later became the prototype of the Manchurian Eight Banner Army. Dong Xia’s grassroots military organization was meng’an and mouke, combining military and civil power. These positions were inherited from father to son. Meng’an is a tribal administrative unit, mouke is a clan unit. Above meng’an and mouke, there were temniki, who were subordinated to military headquarters. The military headquarters reported to the military Governor and military administration. Above them, there was Dahulu Yard, Dufutong, Futong, Army General and Commander-in-Chief. The entire military-administrative system was headed by two bodies: “the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief“ and “the Supreme Privy Council”. The military and administrative structures of Dong Xia relied on those of the Jin Empire.
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One of the interesting details characteristic of the male multi-ethnic retinue culture of the 10th century are cone-shaped silver tops of headdresses. There are four specimens found on the sites of the North European, Hungarian, ancient Russian cultural circle. All of them come from the rich male graves of the 10th century, where they are combined with weapons (swords, sabers, spears, axes, scramasaxes) and horse and rider equipment. Presumably, they could decorate soft male helmets or round hats with a pointed top.As the closest analogy, we can point to silver cone-shaped top of headdress from a rich female burial dated by the 14th century and found in the Belorechensky Kurgans in the Caucasus region. It should be noted that the pointed helmet headdresses were represented in this region in male and female costumes, and earlier, in the 14th century, they were typical for female clothing and were accompanied, in some cases, by metal tops. Thus, in the period when men’s fashion in the Caucasus region is reoriented to a new oriental influence — orbelge hats, skullcaps, the shape of helmet-like headgear is preserved in female costume, with a specific addition of a crescent at its top, as if to emphasize that this was a female dress.
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The Ignominious Slavs, an Imaginary Founder, the Benedictines and a Wild Boar. A Foundation Tradition of the Cistercian Monastery at Pforta to the End of the Fifteenth Century.
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V prvej polovici septembra 2019 sa v Ružomberku, na pôde Filozofickej fakulty Katolíckej univerzity, prednášalo a diskutovalo o otázkach tvorby, praktizovania, prejavov, dôsledkov a o špecifikách kultového správania v priereze dejín. Dialosa tak na fóre 3. ročníka konferencie zameranej na kultúrne dejiny, ktorej organizátorom bola, okrem už spomínanej hosťujúcej Katedry histórie FF KU v Ružomberku, aj Česká společnost pro slavistická, balkanistická a byzantologická studia.
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The historians who studied the historical sources on the Battle of Kosovo, from Ilarion Ruvarac and Ljubomir Kovačević, the founder of critical historiography in Serbia, to Sima Ćirković, who studied the relevant sources during the last decades of the 20th century, concluded that there existed few reliable sources on it. In other words, the critical verification of the reliability of the documents about the Battle of Kosovo has resulted in the fact that we have increasingly less reliable knowledge about it. “
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The authors focus on the issue of urban elites in two Adriatic towns, Rab and Rovinj, which differ in their origins and development alike. Rab is an ancient civitas, while Rovinj was classified as a terra in the Venetian administrative system. The two towns also differ in the amount of their preserved written sources. Whereas the medieval sources for Rovinj are only sporadic, for Rab there are a number of notarial books from the late Middle Ages, which allows for a different approach to the spatial identification of urban elites than in Rovinj’s case. Based on the available sources, the paper compares the development, significance, and status of urban elites in both towns.
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This article aims at reviewing the effect of the so-called Black Death on the demographic structure of Byzantium and Byzantine world in the period between 1347 and 1453. Due to the extremely scarce information in the historical sources, the author does not engage in calculating human losses during the local plague epidemics. The text traces the main demographic tendencies in the course of the pandemic. First of all, the problem of morbidity and mortality rates in cities and the much less urbanized countryside has been analyzed. Secondly, by combining data from the historical sources available and the results of modern epidemiological studies, this work attempts to identify the population groups that were most frequent victims of the plague. In conclusion, the issue whether and to what extent the demographic damage in Byzantium and the Byzantine world are commensurate with those in Western Europe has been discussed.
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The paper analyzes the supine functioning in the Kazan Gospel, an ancient lectionary of the 14th century. The study aims to establish general patterns in the supine use, the description of its phonetic appearance, and the influence of the latter on the morphology, as well as in the gradual replacement of the supine with an infinitive. The focus of the study is the supine and its syntactical relations in the context. The research was performed with the help of simultaneous description of the phenomenon of historical grammar of the Russian language in a certain period and diachronic observation of this phenomenon in a number of similar texts, as well as linguistic methods of gospel textual studies. We revealed the signs of supine as a vanishing form (variations in different Gospel manuscripts, replacement with the infinitive, replacement with personal verb forms, errors in its use) and, thus, confirmed: firstly, the period when the text of the Kazan Gospel was written (no later than the end of the 14th century); secondly, the mixed nature of its text, namely apparent preservation of Old Slavonic protograph features followed by the evident text russification. The results obtained are important for the historical grammar of the Russian language and for the textology of the Old Slavic gospels.
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The article deals with the analysis of the formation and development of the Belarusian historiography of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Special attention is paid to forming of scientific schools for the study of history of the 13th – 18th centuries in Belarusian territory, a formation of a national historical narrative in textbooks and encyclopaedias, as well as a role of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the development of the Belarusian state and the Belarusian nation in the Middle Ages and early Modern times. The author offers a periodization of the studying history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Belarusian historiography. He estimates the current research level regarding the Grand Duchy of Lithuania' history in the different Belarusian scientific centers.
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The impressive size stronghold in Konopnica has raised the interest of many researchers since 1930. The object was repeatedly investigated by subsequent researchers such as: Jan Fitzke, Konrad Jażdżewski, Janina Kamińska and the others. Excavations on the earthwork castle and on the place so-called “mieścisko”, the results of which were presented in this article, conducted J. Kamińska in 1964. During the excavation they were made 2 excavations on the stronghold - No. 1 located on the plateau and No. 2 in the moat I. The next 2 excavation were located on the place so-called “mieścisko”. The chronology of artifacts was established by researcher for the time between the 13th - the first half of the 15th and the 16th - 17th century. After many years we can confirm the accuracy of her findings, both in terms of observation of layers in excavations and dating of archeological materials.
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Splendid Encounters VII: Conflict and Peace-Making in Diplomacy (1300–1800). Premodern Diplomats Network, Conference, 27–28 September 2018, Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania
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This paper presents examples from three representative mediaeval Bosnian manuscripts dating from the late 14th and early 15th centuries, with a view to identifying the distinctive features of the illuminations, the interpretation of the subject-matter and the context in which they were produced for a patron. The manuscripts in question are the Nikolje Gospels, Hval’s Miscellany, and the Venice Miscellany (hereafter: Nikolje, Hval and Ven.). Hval is the only one to bear an original date in the colophon (summer 1404); it also names the person for whom it was made, Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (ca.1350-1416), Grand Duke of Bosnia and Duke of Split, Hval the krstjanin, the scribe, and the head of the autocephalous Bosnian Church, djed Radomir. Ven., of which, unlike Hval, neither the colophon nor any marginalia on the authorship of the text or illuminations have survived, is similar in both text and typology of the illuminations.
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Goldschmiedekunst eignet sich besonders gut für die Untersuchung symbolischer Kommunikation, denn es war gängig, mit Hilfe von Schmuck seine persönlichen Eigenschaften, seine Ambitionen und dadurch auch den Status zur vermitteln. Der Aufsatz widmet sich zwei spätmittelalterlichen Revaler Agraffen aus dem franko-flämischen Zusammenhang und fragt nach ihren Besitzern, dem Kontext und ihrer Bedeutung.
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Dans la partie sud de l'Albanie, dans ce que l’on appellee communément « la Basse Albanie » les phénomènes culturels, et dans ce contexte même l’usage de la langue albanaise, ont connu un processus particulièrement difficile, surtout après le XVe siècle. Ici, le pouvoir ottoman semblait plus stabilisé et les effets des graves défaites que l'Empire ottoman commençait à subir sur le front du Danube, après le XVe siècle, étaient moins importants que dans les zones plus au nord.
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