We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
During the Renaissance in Italy, on the one hand, the physicians recognize the need for a practical study of human anatomy for the needs of medicine, and on the other hand, in the artists and sculptors arises the need to master the realistic portrayal of man. One of the means of achieving this objective is the knowledge of science anatomy, in particular – of the musculoskeletal system of man. The article deals with cooperation between artists and anatomists in this era, led to a number of discoveries in the anatomical illustration for scientific and didactic purposes of the muscular and skeletal systems and the emergence of a new model for anatomical illustration, called “Ecorche.” Outlined are the contributions of Leonardo da Vinci for anatomical visualization and prerequisites, which he created with his research in the field of anatomy, the emergence of a new model. It is noted that for centuries this model strongly influenced the teaching of anatomy, both painters and sculptors, as well as the medics, especially anatomists and surgeons. Presented are the most important authors, writings and illustrations (incl. statues) type “Ecorche” of those times that have affected anatomical editions over the next centuries. There is analyzed and commented upon the style of anatomical illustrations with figures “Ecorche” of the emblematic artists of the Renaissance and educational objectives that are placed through them.
More...
The term pallium derives from Latin and signifies “coat”. It is a strip made of white wool, worn on shoulders, used as an element of a liturgical attire of a Metropolitan Archbishop. The pallium is decorated with six Greek crosses, three pins and silk black trimmings. Its meaning is to emphasize the liturgical function and power of a Metropolitan Archbishop and his unity with the Holy See. The liturgical rite for imposing the pallium in the history had many modifications, and the present form was approved by Pope Francis in 2015. The rite itself underlines the pastoral responsibility of the Shepard towards his flock. It is a visible sign of unity, of the communion with Holy See and it is also a call for evangelical fortitude.
More...
The existence of a residence of the metropolitans of Gniezno in Cracow had been confirmed from the fourteenth till the end of the eighteenth century. Its beginnings, attested by documentary evidence, reach back to the foundation of Archbishop Jarosław Bogoria Skotnicki (1342-1374) who erected a stonework mansion located extrawaros, probably to the south of Wawel Hill. The building, neglected in the following century, was eventually pulled down in 1498. In the fifteenth century, a new residence was constructed. It was located immediately outside the city walls, in front of Brama Poboczna [Lateral Gate], next to Wawels north slope, on the grounds acquired by Archbishop Mikołaj Kurowski (1402-1411) that had been in the possession of the Gniezno archbishops until 1523. According to a description from the beginning of the sixteenth century, there existed an extensive residential complex made up of episcopal offices, a few buildings which housed the living quarters and some utility buildings in a garden.Since the late Middle Ages until 1621, the archbishops of Gniezno had also owned a plot of land located intra warns, i.e. within the city walls, in Grodzka Street, to the south ofSt Martins church. There stood a stonework mansion, mentioned in documentary sources as curia arcfiicpiscopaiis, whose appearance, however, is unknown. In the sixteenth century the buildings that stood there were used by the canons of Gniezno during their stay inCracow. Archbishop fan Łaski (1510-1531), who in 1529 acquired a conveniently located plot of land on the corner of Grodzka Street in the neighbourhood of St Giles church, moved the residence to a different location. The new grounds were situated opposite the former plot owned by the archbishops, at the foot of Wawel Hill and the royal castle (adradices arczs), close to its north-east corner which housed the kings apartments. It was there that - apart from a brief interlude when the archbishops lodged in Kanonicza Street - since the mid-sixteenth century for the following 250 years the last residence of the Primates of Poland in Cracows history had been located.The architectural forms of the building were irretrievably lost in the course of radical transformations the residence underwent at the beginning of the nineteenth century(it was dismantled down to the foundations, and replaced with a new construction that has survived to this day). Therefore it has remained virtually unknown because of the scarcity of iconographic evidence and insufficiently researched documentary sources from the period before the end of the eighteenth century. An interpretation of the newly discovered inventories from the years 1673,1767 and 1777, which contain the only known descriptions of the residence from the times when the Primates stayed in it, combined with an analysis of earlier source materials, has helped to recreate the architectural transformations of the building and precisely reconstruct its spatial and functional disposition, as well as to establish the dating and attribute its construction to particular founders.A particularly valuable source, which complements the inventories, is a survey of 1798, used as a basis for the reconstruction of the plan of the residence in the last phase before it was dismantled.The early modern forms of the residence (which since the second half of the seventeenth century had been known as a 'mansion) were shaped as a result of adaptation and extension of a house, formerly owned by a knightly family and later by the CracowChapter, which occupied the southern part of the plot acquired by the archbishops in 1529, facing the castle. The forms of the residence that had survived until 1670 arose mainly in the course of construction works undertaken by the Primates: Piotr Gamrat (1541-1545)and Wawrzyniec Gembicki (1615-1624). According to an inventory of 1673, the residence consisted of three one-storey buildings surrounding an internal courtyard: two stone workhouses (of medieval and sixteenth-century origins) joined on the corner, forming the south and west wings, and a wooden building on the east (erected in the mid-seventeenth century) which housed the main gateway opening to Grodzka Street. Between 1672 and1676 the complex was substantially remodelled in the course of a building campaign initiated by Primate Mikołaj Prażmowski (1666-1673) and completed by Andrzej Olszowski(1674-1677). The construction works, which cost 24 thousand zloty, were overseen by the Cracow city councillor Jan Pernus. The resulting complex consisted of a two-storey palace building made up of two wings meeting at the right angle with matching external elevations, but differing in plan and the spatial disposal of interiors. The third part of the complex - a one-storey wing facing Grodzka Street - was erected in 1765 by Archbishop Władysław Łubieński (1759-1767) and was the last element in this additive construction process. In the functional hierarchy of the residence it held the lowest rank, being merely a kind of outbuilding that housed the main gateway. The longest, one-aisle south wing played an important part in the communication system of the palace: it housed another gate and the stately main staircase leading from the courtyard up to the rooms on pńmonoMc. The largest, two-aisle west wing had the function of an actual corps de fog is -the main part of the palace - being at the same time its predominant element as far as its architecture and functions were concerned. It was on its upper storey that the apartment of the Primate (consisting of antechamber, bedroom and wardrobe) was located, together with a large reception hall (measuring 12 by 15 m) overlooking Wawel where Primate Olszowski hung a portrait gallery of his antecedent archbishops, including his own likeness provided with a following inscription: Andreas Olszowski, Sfernmate Prnsszns cam ^ascdn'sioannis iff. Coronator. Both the location and decoration of the stately hall in the residence of Polish Primates in the capital city of Cracow should be understood as the key elements of the iconographic programme of the palace: a seat of the interrex and at the same time primate-archbishop who crowned.
More...
The paper examines the texts encomia in the Slavonic copies that contain the First and the Second book of Euthymios Zigabenos’s 12th century Panoplia Dogmatike. The focus is on the following written evidence: the Slavonic translation of PD First book from the first to the 11th chapter included in two manuscripts: HM.SMS 186 – a 16th century copy from Hilandar monastery, and another 16th century manuscript – miscellany III c 16, Mihanovich collection in HAZU; the only copy containing the Second Book of PD in Slavonic – Ms. Slav. BAR 296 from the repository in the Library of the Romanian Academy of Sciences in Bucharest, dated from the very beginning of the 15th century; the famous Zagreb miscellany of Vladislav the Grammarian from 1469 with excerpts from PD. The texts of encomia are published as a complex for the first time. The author sustains the hypothesis that the Slavonic translation of PD had a close connection with the Athonite monastic brotherhood, whose orthodoxy and orthopraxy was the main engine for both the appearance of the translation, and its subsequent use and spread, especially in Ottoman times, when the Orthodoxy, more than ever, needed the dogmatic bases of its identity. The article tries to answer the question about the role of encomia in this process.
More...
Na odabir termina paratekst, kojim je moguće definirati specijalne žanrove u srednjovjekovnoj književnosti, filolozi su potaknuti definicijama i interpretacijama iz teorije književne kritike do kojih je došao Gérard Genette. Paratekstualnost je odnos između teksta i njegovog parateksta, koji okružuje glavni tekst, kao što su naslovi poglavlja, predgovor, uvod, pogovor, sažetak, napomene, ilustracije, sve što je pored teksta, s osnovnom svrhom da poboljša i prilagodi njegovu recepciju. U srednjovjekovnoj su rukopisnoj tradiciji naslovi poglavlja ili glave (capita), koje nose glavno (kapitalno) značenje sadržaja pripovijesti, potom popratni tekstovi u rukopisnoj tradiciji četveroevanđelja poznatoj kao sinopsis i hipotezis tipično paratekstualne prirode, a takvim se može smatrati i aparat koji je specijalno osmišljen za sinoptičko čitanje teksta četiriju evanđelja, naime Euzebijevi kanoni na hotizontalnim marginama. U Mletačkom i Hvalovom zborniku ta se pravila nalaze na istaknutom mjestu, na početku knjige a popraćena su tradicionalnim tekstom, Euzebijevom poslanicom Ciprijanu, u kojoj je objašnjena njihova svrhovitost. Riječ je o podjeli teksta četveroevanđelja na takav način koji omogućava usporedbu odlomaka u kojima su “evanđelisti jedno rekli.” Osim svih tih formalno uočljivih uputa redaktora oko, ispred, iza i iznad samoga glavnog teksta, kao paratekst se tumače načelno i svi parabiblijski tesktovi, koji se u odnosu na kanonski tekst mogu smatrati periferijskim tekstovima. Tekstovi ove vrste širili su se uglavnom sekularnim putevima i sačuvani su u zbornicima apokrifne literature. Nešto su rjeđi slučajevi kada oni ulaze u sastav kodeksa s primarno kanonskim sadržajem. Većina ih je prevedena u Preslavu u razdoblju od kraja 9. i početka 10. stoljeća. Obilježeni su intertekstualnošću, koja uključuje citiranje, reminiscencije i aluzije na kanonski tekst. Priređivači tih tekstova uživali su veću slobodu pri prepisivanju nego što je to slučaj s prepisivanjem kanonskih tekstova. Dijalektalne odlike lakše su prolazile u te tekstove, pa oni imaju poseban značaj i sa stanovišta historije jezika.
More...
The period of XIV and XV century is one of the most important for Balkan history. The Ottoman invasions of the Balkans predetermine the destiny of Bulgarians, Ottomans, Greeks, Serbs and a number of other nations, because Ottoman hegemony significantly alters the ethnic, religious and geopolitical outlook of Southeast Europe. One of the most memorable personalities of this period is the Byzantine Em¬peror Manuel II Paleologus (1391 – 1425), who in order to save his decaying state made a desperate move - on December 10, 1399, he sailed from Constantinople, aboard several Venetian galleys, to seek personal help from the rulers of the West. This adventure is one of the most romantic parts of Byzantium’s past, and to this day it is of great interest to historians. In this article we will explore some of the key points in this journey.
More...
The article discusses the history of Polish-Ottoman rivalry for influence in the Balkans and Ukraine during XVII century. After the peaceful government of the Jagiellonian dynasty this rivalry renewed at the end of the 16th century during the Ottoman-Habsburg war. Poland wanted to return positions in Moldavia, lost to Ottoman empire at the end of the XV and the beginning of XVI century. Thanks to the skillful Polish policy, Moldavian throne was occupied by the Movilă dynasty, friendly to both Poland and Ottoman empire. Unfortunately, in the first quarter of the XVII century the Ottomans established full control over Moldavia, after the Polish-Ottoman war of 1620 – 1621. The hostilities were resumed in 1672 – this time Ottomans sought to conquer Ukraine and partly got the chance (the truce with Poland in Żurawno of 1676 and the peace treaty of 1678). These losses gave Poland reason to engage in the war against Ottomans in 1683, as a result Podole and Ukraine were reclaimed. But the Polish attempts to conquer Moldavia remained unsuccessful. The Karlowitz Peace Treaty of 1699 put an end to the era of continuous rivalry.
More...
The paper presents the results of the visual clay and glaze analysis carried out on restored stove tiles and pieces safe-kept at the Museum of Moslavina in Kutina; these results indicate that for the making of all the analysed stove tiles, which were synchronously made, the same casts and two types of clay were used. The stove tiles of Garić grad are divided into twenty various types and compared with analogue finds of stove tiles originating from the area divided into the so-called western and eastern region of the stove-making production. Stove tiles with full decorative front plates have relief ornaments – presentations as found in bestiaries, mediaeval literary descriptions of monsters and animals. When comparing the illuminations in the subject manuscripts with the presentations on stove tiles, all the motives used and their symbolics may be unmistakably recognised. Further, when considering the motives on the front plates and comparing them with analogue material, the influence of the stove-making products from workshops dating from the era of Sigismund of Luxemburg (the first half of the 15th ct.) may be recognised.
More...
The monastery of St. Paul in Garić is one of the oldest Paulist monasteries in Croatia. It seems credible that the lord of Garić-grad, Henrik of Hungary (where the order was founded in 1215), invited the hermits there. Upon arrival to Moslavina, the hermits found peace and quiet they needed for prayer and contemplation. After having studied the documents, the author came to the conclusion that hermits came to Garić either at the same time when the Paulists came to Dubica (in 1244) or earlier, since – according to the documents available – the Paulists of Garić had already had a domicile in 1256, and a while later, they began building the monastery and the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary. They extended and added on them in the early 15th century, and thus created a complex that comprised all they needed for everyday life; thanks to the local aristocracy, they became rich landowners and, consequently, economically independent. The monastery in Garić was the locus credibilis – the place of credibility, in which local aristocracy used to keep their important documents and valuables. The church of the Blessed Virgin Mary was a well-known place of pilgrimage. 588 documents (deeds of gift, testaments, etc.) witness to the greatness and the importance of this mediaeval monastery. The last document from the monastery in Garić dates from 1520. As the danger approached, the Paulists moved their archives and valuables to Remete and Lepoglava; around 1543, together with the people, they fled from the Turkish army and the Armatoloi in search of a safer place. After the fall of Garić-grad (in 1544) and Moslavina (in 1545), neither the Paulists nor the people survived there. After Moslavina was freed in 1591, the Paulists of Garić endeavoured to revive the life in their monastery; however, they did not succeed.
More...
The article argues that speculation with the metaphorical use of the term “slavery”, which in recent years took over the Bulgarian public debate on the Ottoman past, is due not only to political and ideological reasons but also to the fact that the Bulgarian historical science does not pay enough attention to the study of the institution of slavery in the Ottoman empire. Very little, in particular, has been done for the research on domestic slavery, which was the most mass form of slavery in the Empire, including its Bulgarian provinces. Several themes are discussed in the text, the illumination of which undermines the popular myth of the total Bulgarian “slavery” during the Ottoman era: 1/ about the ethnic composition of slaves, its dynamics over the centuries and the exceptionally modest place of the Bulgarians among the slaves after the middle of the 15th century; 2/ about the significant difference between the status of slaves in the Ottoman Empire – on the one hand, and its non-Muslim subjects – on the other hand and 3/ about the presence not only of the non-Muslim but also of the Muslim slavery in the Bulgarian lands during the Ottoman centuries, as well as about slavery as an integral part of the history not only of the Ottoman Empire, but also of all southern Christian Europe until the beginning of the 19th century.
More...
This paper elaborates the genesis of the socio-historical development of local selfgovernment in the city of Sarajevo from the 15th to the 20th centuries. Sarajevo became the urban center during the Ottoman administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina, founded by Isa-bey Ishaković in 1462. The second period of Sarajevo's urban development dates from 1521 to 1541, when the role of the administrator of the Bosnian Sanjak was carried out by Gazi Husrev-bey. During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Sarajevo turned into a large city settlement under Ottoman rule. During the Ottoman administration, the City of Sarajevo was the center of trade and merchandise trade between the East and West. The turning point in the urban development of the city of Sarajevo entered with the Austro-Hungarian administration. From 1878-1914, Sarajevo got its own management and became a modern urban center like the towns in Central Europe. After the Second World War, the city of Sarajevo achieves a new rise in its development. The rise in the development of the City of Sarajevo will be especially confirmed during the preparation and maintenance of the 14th Winter Olympics. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the city of Sarajevo expanded its territorial coverage to ten municipalities with the inclusion of the city of Sarajevo: Trnovo, Hadžići, Pale and Ilijaš. The 1992-1995 siege of Sarajevo led to the destruction of the economy and social activities. After the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995, Sarajevo reintegrated its urban units that were under the siege of the Republika Srpska Army during the war in early 1996. In 1996, the Sarajevo Canton was established on the territory of the municipalities that were part of the City of Sarajevo. The Sarajevo Canton authorities have appropriated the property and jurisdiction from the City of Sarajevo. Since then, the City of Sarajevo has not completely solved the constitutional-legal and political status from the standpoint of autonomous competences and territorial organization on the whole of its urban space. The paper presents the prerequisites for changing the constitutional and legal status of the city of Sarajevo, which, as a local self-government unit, would have full competence on the basis of the European Charter of Local Self-Government.
More...
Reviews of: 1. Dr Nikola Žutić, RIMOKATOLIČKA CRKVA I HRVATSTVO, OD ILIRSKE IDEJE DO VELIKOHRVATSKE REALIZACIJE 1453-1941, Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd 1977, str. 335. Review by: Ljubodrag Dimić 2. THE SERBS AND THEIR LEADERS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (SRBI I NJIHOVE VOĐE U DVADESETOM VEKU), edited by Peter Radan and Aleksandar Pavković, Ashgate, Aldershot-Brookfield USA-Singapore-Sydney 1997, str. 260. Review by: Bojan B. Dimitrijević 3. NEPOZNATA STRANA KNJIGA О SRBIMA Meri E. Daram, KROZ SRPSKE ZEMLJE (1900-1903), Srpska Evropa, Beograd 1997, str. 338. Review by: Vujadin Milanović 4. Mr Nebojša Popović, JEVREJI U SRBIJI 1918-1941, Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd 1997, str. 231. Review by: Ivan S. Hofman 5. Dr Smiljana Đurović, S TESLOM U NOVI VEK, NOVA SINTEZA ISTORIJE, Izabrani članci iz ekonomske istorije Srbije i Jugoslavije 1918-1941, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, Biblioteka grada Beograda, Istorijski arhiv Beograda, Beograd 1997, str. 307. Review by: Miroljub Vasić 6. Dr Momčilo Pavlović, Mira Ninošević, Veroljub Trajković, IZBORNE BORBE U LESKOVAČKOM KRAJU 1919 - 1939. Knjiga prva (1919-1929), Narodni muzej, Leskovac 1997, str. 344. Review by: Ranka Gašić 7. Božin Jovanović, PRIVREDA TIMOČKE KRAJINE 1940-1990, Javno preduzeće štampa, radio i film, Bor, 1995, str. 400. Review by: Slavoljub Cvetković 8. POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CONFRONTATIONS IN TWENTIETH - CENTURY EUROPE: Essays in Honor of Milorad Drašković, priredili - Robert Conquest i Dušan J. Đorđević 1996 New York. str. 290. Review by: Predrag J. Marković 9. Dr Đuro Kovačević, IZGUBLJENA ISTORIJA, Ogledi i razmišljanja о jugoslovenskoj krizi 1988-1995, Akademija nova i Institut za evropske studije, Beograd 1996, str. 299. Review by: Miroljub Vasić
More...
The article aims to compare the titles of some dignitaries in the Bulgarian kingdom and the corresponding titles of the dignitaries in Wallachia and Moldova. The cited sources are mostly Wallachian and Moldovan documents from XIV–XV century, when the Byzantine-Bulgarian influence on the state regulations of the Danubian principalities is strongest.
More...
The Russian Chronograph is one of the most significant chronicles in Russian literature. It has several redactions – the First from 1512, the Basic from 1617 and the West Russian from the middle of the 16th century. Each of the variants contains information about Bulgarian history from the settlement of the Proto-Bulgarians in the Danube River area until the death of Tsar Mihail III Shishman. The West Russian version differs because of the distinct sources used in its compilation. This peculiarity is also noticed in the evidence on Bulgarian history, which has not yet been the subject of independent research.
More...
Documentary compilation review
More...