Virgin Marys of Medieval Livonia
The article presents the exhibition "Virgin Marys of Medieval Livonia" held in the Art Museum of Estonia - Niguliste Museum in Tallinn (25.10.2019-16.08.2020).
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The article presents the exhibition "Virgin Marys of Medieval Livonia" held in the Art Museum of Estonia - Niguliste Museum in Tallinn (25.10.2019-16.08.2020).
More...
The article discusses the migration processes in the territory of Northern Bukovina during the developed Middle Ages. This is the time of turbulent political events that subsequently influenced the further fate of the population inhabiting this territory.Local population developed in the mainstream of the evolution of ancient Rus lands. Intensive socio-economic development of the territory of Northern Bukovina in the 12th — early 13th century led to an increase in population and to episodic migrations.This picture changed in the late 13th—14th centuries. The Mongol-Tatar invasion negatively affected the development of the region. The population constantly suffered from the confrontation of Poland, Hungary, the Galicia-Volhynia principality, the Golden Horde and the Moldavian Voivodeship. Due to this (plus abnormal natural phenomena), these territories were sparsely populated. The majority of the population affected by the migration movement moved to the Prut-Siret interfluve or headed to the Carpathians.With the entry of this territory into the Moldavian Voivodeship, the situation changed. The domestic policy of the rulers and the change in the external international situation contributed to a significant re-emigration and re-settlement of the Prut-Dniester interfluve. Most settlements arise here in the late 14th — early 15th centuries. By the middle of the 15th century, the external reserves of colonization were exhausted, internal feuds intensified. All this led to a long decline in migration processes in the study area.
More...
Review of: Marcus Wüst - Stephan Flemmig: Zwischen dem Reich und Ostmitteleuropa. Die Beziehungen von Jagiellonen, Wettinern und Deutschem Orden (1386–1526). (Quellen und Forschungen zur sächsischen und mitteldeutschen Geschichte, Bd. 44.) Franz Steiner. Stuttgart 2019. 706 S., Tab. ISBN 978-3-515-12309-9. (€ 116,–.)
More...
Review of: Remigius Stachowiak - Václav Bok: Der Breslauer Stadtschreiber Peter Eschenloer. Übersetzung des Berichts von Robertus Monachus über den Ersten Kreuzzug. (Schriften zur Mediävistik, Bd. 26.) Verlag Dr. Kovač. Hamburg 2018. 473 S., 33 Ill. ISBN 978-3-8300-9282-7. (€ 129,80.)
More...
This essay is dedicated to some methodological, terminological and geocultural problems related to the model – image interactions in Byzantine, Western and Premodern art on the Balkans, commenting some differences in Russian tradition as well. The author supports the supposition of Robin Cormack that the Orthodox icon painters before 15th century have memorized the images by constantly drawing and copying them, while the memorized models were a testimony about the process of training the visual memory. In conclusion the author states that on the Balkans religious images of known and of acquired canonical status monuments were used as models. Unlike the Russian tradition, model books in the full sense of the term did not exist, but there were preparatory sketches or collections of images that were used for ideas or sometimes for icon templates.
More...
The article examines the iconographic version of the Vision of St Peter of Alexandria, which by painting liturgical text onto the saint’s scroll fits into the concept of the Adoration of the Sacrifice while also preserving its main symbolic meaning associated with the Tri-unity. This iconographic version of the Vision also includes the image of infant Jesus with a mandorla and a torn robe stepped on the Holy Table, and the depiction of the heretic Arius in the yawn of the infernal monster. The examined examples show that this is an innovative interpretation of the icon-painters of the Kastoria artistic circle of 15th – 16th centuries.
More...
U Arhivu Franjevačkog samostana Duha Svetoga u Fojnici, u fondu Acta Turcica, nalazi se listina signirana kao AT II, 85 (datirana 27. ožujka 1594.). Na njezinoj prednjoj, recto strani nalazi se tekst u 17 redova pisan arapsko-perzijskim pismom na turskom jeziku, a otraga, uz kraći regest na latinici zapisana je i vrlo kratka rečenica pisana također na hrvatskom jeziku ali ćiriličnim pismom tzv. bosančicom: „Ne služi aman sada ništa“. U ovom će radu o njoj biti govora.
More...
In this paper, I focus on the channels of communication between the free royal towns of Šariš and the county authority at the beginning of the 16th century. In this period, the towns of Bardejov and Prešov became feudal landowners in the county and, as a result, they had to develop a close relationship with the county nobility. Alongside the official documents of the county authority, the noble judges also often wrote letters to the towns, in which they often mixed official and private matters. There were also verbal lines of communication; the noble community of Šariš county frequently sent emissaries to the town, and these elected envoys were often chosen from the former or acting noble judges who lived in the villages neighbouring the towns. This had the added advantage, for the towns, that they could draw upon the legal experience of these former officeholders. Both Bardejov and Prešov employed former noble judges as town lawyers.
More...
This essay analyzes emotionally-charged descriptions of the Holy Land’s locations, composed by Byzantine and Slavic pilgrims, from the 12th to the 15th century. The author considers that such episodes were meant to assist the audience in their imaginary journey. By concentrating on curiosities, dangers, beauties of landscape, or physical efforts, the authors created a feeling of presence at the sites, here-and-now. On the other hand, the accounts of pious, bodily performances and the Erlebnisse of encounters with the Divine facilitated the audience’s access to the spiritual experiences and helped them to conduct the transformative journey mentally.
More...
The work of Theodor Anton Ippen (1861–1935), Orientalist and Consul of the Habsburg Empire in Scutari, presents a special interest for the Christian topography of north and central Albania. This article is a short critical approach on Ippen’s reports on six churches, with emphasis on their fresco decoration (Byzantine, Late Gothic, and Post-Byzantine one). Ippen’s contribution is still valuable, as it brings out documentation on previously unnoticed monuments and frescoes of medieval Albania, some of which have not even survived.
More...
This article deals with the existing assumptions about the occurrence and the layers of murals and construction works at the Chapel of the Holy Archangels in the Monastery of Bachkovo. Two Greek inscriptions found while carrying out restoration work are published for the first time: one above the window in the south wall, and the second inscribed on the basement of the drum on which the dome rests. The former is a donor’s inscription and the author deems it to have contained the name of the founder along with that of the painter, while the latter is hymnographical/liturgical and though surviving and uncovered fragmentarily until mid-2020, its content refers to the Archangels. Both inscriptions are palaeographically dated to the fourteenth century and are associated with the donation activities of King Ivan Alexander in the cloister. The deciphered inscriptions confirm the correctness of the assumption of some researchers that by the mid-fourteenth century the church was dedicated to the Archangels. The author inevitably addresses the question of the function of the chapel in the medieval period and how it correlates with the lower floor, the catholicon and the old gates. Here once again he argues that the Chapel of the Holy Archangels was not a mortuary one. In addition to the overall argumentation, Emmanuel Moutafov draws a number of parallels from the historical, theological, philosophical and artistic contexts of the age.
More...
Research into the reception of Albrecht Dürer's art is one more means of investigating the phenomenon of the artist who already in his lifetime enjoyed extraordinary reputation. Importantly, the analysis of the artistic reflections of his works occasionally uncovers new aspects of the very works. Such are the conclusions that can be reached when the echoes of the 16th century engraving by Albrecht Dürer showing St George (B. 53) are investigated. Identifying the sign placed on the Saint's standard as the emblem of the Chivalric Order of the Knights of St George, Campbell Dodgson revealed the peculiar historical and political context of the print. In the light of this observation, the discussed work did not prove to be an ahistorical presentation of the legendary vanquisher of the dragon, but a reference to the contemporary dimension of the cult of the patron of Christian knighthood. The historic importance of St George as the patron of crusaders and defenders of the faith caused that in the 15th century it was to him that in view of the intensifying conflict with the Ottoman Empire appeals were made. That is exactly what Emperor Frederick III Habsburg did when establishing in 1467 the Order of the Knights of St George. Furthermore, St George became a special patron for his son Maximilian I who made the figure of St George an important instrument of his political and artistic propaganda...
More...
U ovom radu želim izložiti kako je bosanski franjevac Juraj Dragišić (1444–1520), izbjeglica i prognanik iz Bosne, za vrijeme svoga cijeloga života branio izbjegle i progonjene, a to je činio odlučno i neustrašivo. Branio je kardinala Bessariona, Židove koji su doseljavali u Firencu, židovske knjige (zapravo, branitelja njihovih knjiga, glasovitoga njemačkog humanista i hebraista Johannesa Reuchlina), Giovannija Pica della Mirandolu (jednoga od najučenijih renesansnih filozofa i osumnjičenika za herezu) i Girolama Savonarolu (velikoga reformatora Katoličke Crkve, koji je također bio optužen za herezu). Iz Dragišićeva angažmana za izbjegle i progonjene zaključujem da je on bio vrhunski kršćanski humanist, čiji je sav život ispunjen temeljnim evanđeoskim principom što ga je formulirao Isus Krist: “Zaista, kažem vam, što god učiniste jednom od ove moje najmanje braće, meni učiniste!” (Mt 25, 40) A upravo se ovom rečenicom izražava vrhunac kršćanskoga humanizma. Prije pristupa temi valja sažeto predstaviti Dragišićev život i njegovo djelovanje.
More...
This paper highlights the significance of dates in the history of all settlements, and in particular an urban settlement, and the significance of introducing them into their chronological calendar. This is particulary significant for urban settlements and the dates of their gaining the status of a city, which is a very important historical and civilizational act by which the proper legal status of a settlement and its inhabitants would be acknowledged and verified. By this act, a settlement was singled out from a multitude of other populated places in its surroundings for its urban, social and cultural characteristics with regard to its status. This matter raises no questions by any means about the continuity of life in the wider area of an emerging or newly- declared urban settlement. However, the differences in status and socioeconomic aspects are clearly shown. A complex legal procedure for gaining, acknowledging and verifying the status of a city in the case of Sarajevo had to be observed. The motives for choosing the location for building a new complex were highlighted, the complex with suitable urban facilities and under the urban criteria that needed to be met in order to be able in any way to apply for the status of a city. A source on this matter, produced immediately after the foundation of the city and its legal verification, contains an answer to such questions. The careful selection of the location for the emerging city was made, namely the land for those facilities was chosen by the founder „ ... because he found it suitable for building a šeher (city) on it... “ This syntagm also answers the question of whether it is an entirely new or some earlier founded settlement. The Brodac Settlement, with a newly- formed city founded within its boundaries, appears in the sources in parallel with the name of the city of Sarajevo until the middle of the 16th century, which clearly confirms that it was a completely new settlement that had been founded within the boundaries of the Brodac village, and surely it had not been founded on a previously built rural or town settlement. Moreover, other settlements found in the vicinity of the city kept their names from the Middle Ages and throughout centuries to the present day they have been recognisable and distinguishable for those names as the parts of the Sarajevo city zone.
More...
In the area from Senj to Maslenica many mediaeval sites have been documented. They are fortresses, sacral buildings and cemeteries from 5th to 16th centuries. Archaeological localities and the related finds from the areas of Senj, Sveti Juraj, Senj Starigrad, Stinica, Prizna, Jablanac,Karlobag, Starigrad-Paklenica and Rovanjska, which belong to early Christianity and the Croatian Middle Ages will be elaborated upon. The contribution is based on the results of previous archaeological research and surveys, which are already known and their own research.
More...
One of the most important issues facing the Mamluk State since its establishment was to continue the struggle with the Crusaders who settled in the region. In fact, after the failure of the 3rd Crusade, Egypt became the new strategic target of the Crusaders under the Ayyubid administration. The developments that started during the reign of Sultan Baybars continued in the period of Kalavun and al-Eshref until the conquest of Akka. From this point on, ez-Zâhir Baybars marched at the head of a large army at the beginning of February 1265 and took over the cities of Kaysariyye, Yafa, Aslis, and Arsuf. In the summer of 1266, he tookover Safad and er-Remle. It caused a heavy blow to Armenia Minor. In 1267, Sultan Baybars looted the districts of Taberiyye and Akkâ and invaded the cities of Jaffa, es-Shakif, and Arnun the following year. Finally, he crowned the invasion wars against the Crusaders with the conquest of Antioch (April 1268). Baybars’ conquering of Antioch has been marked by contradictions. However, he will eliminate the crusader presence in Antioch and its surrounding by various methods and occupy the areas in the north of Syria, and finally narrow the area of the Crusader activity. It is an extremely important event that Antioch was conquered by Muslims in 1268. Because Antioch is the second principality established by the Crusaders in the East (1097) after Urfa, and the capture of this place is a piece of new evidence that the great structure that the Crusaders set up in Syria towards the end of the 11th century began to collapse.
More...
One of the topics that has not been sufficiently discussed in historiography so far is the question of who performed the important duty of a sanjak-bey in certain periods of time. Such is the case with the people who performed this duty in the Sanjak of Zvornik from its founding around 1480 until the end of the 16th century. Some of these people are originally from our regions, so it is a matter of studying our own history and not just studying the history of our region in the Ottoman period. Among them were those who left various endowments and thus directly influenced the economic and cultural development of our region.
More...
Die Slowenen sind das einzige südslawische Volk, das in keinem Teil seines Ansiedlungsgebietes jemals eine Okkupation durch den Osmanischen Staat und eine Einbindung in sein Verwaltungssystem erlebt hat. Obwohl in der Sphäre des Westchristentums und seiner Kultur fest verankert, lebten Slowenen bereits seit dem 15. Jahrhundert in unmittelbarer geografischer Nähe zum Osmanischen Reich mit kompakt siedelnder muslimischer Bevölkerung. Die Anwesenheit von Muslimen im behandelten Raum kann in drei Hauptperioden mit mehreren Unterperioden unterteilt werden. Die erste und längste Periode dauerte von 15. bis zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts: Muslime beiderlei Geschlechts waren osmanische Kriegsgefangene, von denen sich einige christianisierten und in slowenischen Raum dauerhaft ansiedelten. Ihre Taufe erreichte ihren Höhepunkt während des Große Türkenkrieg von 1683-1699. Die zweite Periode erstreckt sich über etwas weniger als zwei Jahrhunderte und kann als die „stille Periode“ der mehr oder weniger friedlichen Koexistenz des habsburgischen Imperiums mit dem Osmanischen Staat genannt werden. Die dritte Periode beginnt mit der österreichisch-ungarischen Okkupation von Bosnien und Herzegowina (1878), nach dem wird es einen Prozess der freien Einwanderung von Muslimen in die slowenischen Provinzen ankommen.
More...
The authors analyse the nobility’s rights of inheritance comprised in the Tripartitum and valid for the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom. For the process of inheritance, it was relevant whether the property to be inherited was hereditary property (bona hereditaria) or acquired property (bona acquisita). Furthermore, it was important whether the property was acquired by the charter of enfeoffment (royal donation) as well as what the gender of a potential heir was. This was due to different limitations with regard to the exercise of rights of inheritance by a female offspring, particularly concerning the inheritance of landed property. In particular, rules of prefection are analysed. The prefection was a legal instrument stipulating that in case of the extinction of the male line, the estate of the nobleman could be inherited by the daughter who was “promoted” to a son by a royal privilege. This was an example of the so-called special inheritance right and was seen as an institution damaging the interests of collateral branches. When it was introduced, the prefection was contrary to the customary inheritance law but was, nevertheless, applied in practice providing the possibility of keeping the property within the (nuclear) family by the female line and excluding the collateral branches of family.
More...
In this study, 15th century Ottoman period woman is examined. In order to give more detailed information about the social life and identity of Ottoman women in the 15th century, it was mentioned in the 16th century and the position of women in society and their rights were explained with examples. In Edirne, the formation of the miniature art was examined through the few 15th century manuscripts prepared by the teams of foreign-origin miniature artists, based on history, science, literature and religion, and how the female figure was included in the compositions in these works was evaluated. The compositions were explained by trying to make the relation of the female figure with other objects and figures, its depiction in the composition, its contribution to the narrative and its technical analysis. The stylistic features are discussed by trying to focus on the transition of color, line and pattern evaluations in the compositions.
More...