Mariusz Karpowicz (1934-2015) - In Memoriam
Memories about Professor Mariusz Karpowicz (died on 3/11/2015) an outstanding historian of 17th-18th century art with a bibliography of his publications (1954-2015).
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Memories about Professor Mariusz Karpowicz (died on 3/11/2015) an outstanding historian of 17th-18th century art with a bibliography of his publications (1954-2015).
More...
Beginning with the 12th century, universities became, gradually, the main centers for shaping European culture and civilization, European elites. The development of cities and states imposed the promotion of trained, capable individuals to administer business, to master the laws. Spiritual, religious and ethnic connections ensured for centuries the attending of universities in Europe by Transylvanian youths of Catholic, Lutheran, Calvin and Unitarian religion. Romanians, most of Orthodox religion, with a tolerated status in Transylvania, had a limited access to universities in the Middle Ages. However, in the context of the Council of Florence decisions, or by converting to the Catholic religion a part of the Romanian noble elite, in the fifteenth-seventeenth centuries over 20 Romanians studied at universities in Central and Western Europe, in Vienna, Rome, Trnava (Slovakia) etc. Some of them, after completing their studies, got to occupy important positions in the Catholic Church hierarchy in Hungary, like the case of humanist Nicolaus Olahus, and others to be promoted in leadership positions at universities in Vienna and Košice (Slovakia). Gabriel Ivul was for twelve years chancellor at the University of Vienna, and between 1669 and 1672 he was dean of the Theology Faculty in Trnava.
More...
This study is aimed at the publication and contextualization of the few tobacco clay pipes discovered in Rupea castle between 2010 and 2012. The small finds, dated from the 17th until the 19th century, are representative for a much controversial daily habit of the Early Modern that met great enthusiasm among the population and censorship from the official authorities. The rapid spread of smoking is not as much visible in the archival sources as in the number of smoking accessories excavated by archaeologists. The small lot from Rupea, even though fragmentary, contains ‘Turkish-type’ artifacts, possibly some hybrid ‘Turkish-Hungarian’ ones and late ‘Austro-Hungarian’ pieces.
More...
The paper is probe into the ecclesiastical and religious conditions at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries from the perspective of Prague archbishopric through the person of the tenth archbishop of Prague, Zbyněk Berka of Dubá and Lipá (1551-1606). The archbishop's family background, the positions of power of his closest relatives and his journey towards ecclesiastical benefices, which ends in 1592 and the acquisition of the See of St. John, are presented. The subsequent key passage deals with Berke's recatholization activities and the associated nuncio at the imperial court in Prague. The article outlines the complex religious situation of the time and the methods of recatholization applied, which tries to interpret the basis of analysis of the archbishop's correspondence.
More...
The article contains an analysis of the selected typographical elements (marginalia, illustrations, initials) of the sermon Castris et astris Marsowi i Jezusowi Hołdujący Kawaler J[aśnie] P[an] Władysław z Lubrańca Dąmbski by Alexander of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, published twice in the Michał Schedel publishing house in Krakow (issue 1. – 1684, issue 2. – 1688). The aim of the work is to present their correspondence with the content and the role they play in the transfer. A clear and rich example of the 17th century funeral sermon was based on the dualism of transfer – through text and graphics. As a result of the conducted research, in which the methods of typographical analysis and text analysis were used, it was established that, being a very important part of print, they fulfil the autotelic interpretative, argumentative and commentary functions. The marginalia (thematic, commentary, bibliographic – 239 altogether) additionally escort the reader, filling the contents and referring to sources. Illustrations (crest, initials, vignettes), through the symbolism used, strengthen the message of the sermon. kazaniu.
More...
The aim of the research realised within the project was to present the book culture in the Roman Catholic men monasteries existing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the elimination of the urban monastery network and the cassation of its individual outposts. An analysis was made of the literature created and used by these communities. The project assumed a multi-aspect presentation of the phenomena and processes of functioning of the texts in monastic environments. The research included an analysis of the formation and education of monks, the canon of the books created and stored by them, which were used in priesthood, education, but also scientific and readership work and the monastic publishing initiatives in the context of the social interactions of these monasteries.
More...
In the 17th century, Russia's identity began to be shaped by the interaction between the Slavic population and an increasingly structured multi-ethnic population. This situation amplified the tendency of the Russians to establish cultural borders with an imaginary Orient which included China. Therefore, the Slavic-Orthodox cultural space began to interact with the Sino-Confucian cultural space in a process that went through three phases until the 19th century: identification, activation, and adaptation. The Sino-Russian interaction, although mediated by the common cultural background with Mongolian origins, was shielded by a language barrier that affected Sino-Russian relations. As a result, Emperors Peter I and Kangxi, two great leaders of the era, initiated the first government measures to establish schools to train translators/interpreters for the Chinese (Manchu) and Russian languages. In this regard, at the beginning of the 18th century, the Chinese language was included in Russia as a field of study in the project of the future Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, and in China it was established the Russian language school, under the authority of the Palace Chancellery (Neige) and the Chamber for the Vasal Territories (Lifanyuan). Along with the schools of translators, a major role in the progressive elimination of the language barrier was played by the Russian Spiritual Mission in Peking, founded in 1715.
More...
The beginnings of the press in Lvov are related to leaflet and press-like publications which were published in 17-18th centuries (among other “Nowiny, “Relation aus Lamberg”, “Awizy”). After the first partition, when Austria created Galicia out of the seized territories, the family of Pillers came from Vienna, and Lvov inhabitants owed to them the press in: French ("Gazette de Leopol" 1776), Polish ("Pismo Uwiadamiające Galicji" 1784; "Lwowskie Wiadomości Tygodniowe" 1786), German ("Lemberger Wochentlishe Anzeigen" 1786). The first informative-political newspaper "Dziennik Patriotycznych Polityków" was issued in 1792-1798. In 1811, "Gazeta Lwowska" was established, which was originally an official journal, but with the lapse of time, it became the most important, long-lived newspaper of Lvov, gaining significance when edited by W. Łoziński and A. Krechowiecki. It published many supplements, including "Rozmaitości" (since 1817). Before 1848, numerous literary and social and cultural periodicals were published ("Pamiętnik Lwowski" - 1816, "Pszczoła Polska" - 1819-1820, "Pamiętnik Galicyjski" - 1821, "Lwowianin" - 1835-1842, "Biblioteka Naukowego Zakładu im. Ossolińskich" - 1842-1848, „Dziennik Mód Paryskich" - 18401848), specialist periodicals devoted to the national economy (e.g. "Ziemianin Polski", "Tygodnik Rolniczy i Przemysłowy"). During the Spring of Nations period, censorship was abolished, which brought about a dynamic expansion of the press, many newspapers appeared (e.g. "Telegraf", "Dziennik Narodowy", "Rada Narodowa"), periodicals of political nature (e.g. "Polska", "Postęp"), periodicals for the people (e.g. "Przyjaciel Ludu", "Nowiny Polityczne dla Ludu"), for children and youth ("Przyjaciel Dzieci"), for specialists (e.g. "Urzędnik Prywatny"). During the period preceding the Galicia autonomy, satirical magazines were published in Lvov: "Śmieszek", "Co kto lubi", "Kurier Lwowski". After the Spring of Nations period, press in Ukrainian was published in Lvov (e.g. "Dnewnyk Ruskij", "Wiestnik", "Zorja Hałyćkaja"), and Jewish press ("Cajtung"). During the period of reaction after the Spring of Nations, strict political monitoring impaired the journalist movement, and the number of published periodicals was diminished. "Gazeta Lwowska" continued to appear (edited by M. Sartyni), attempts were made to create economic periodicals (e.g. "Merkur", "Pamiętnik Gospodarski", "Przyjaciel Domowy" - edited by H. Stupnicki), women's magazines emerged ("Wianki", "Bławatek", "Dzwonek"), academic journals were published ("Tygodnik Lwowski", "Pamiętnik Literacki"), literary periodicals ("Dziennik Literacki", "Telegraf", "Nowiny"), political magazines of popular nature ("Przegląd", "Skarbiec Polski"). The political press was represented by "Dziennik Polski", "Gazeta Narodowa, "Głos", "Goniec". Magazines for youth (e.g. "Czytelnik"), and for children ("Przyjaciel Dzieci") were also published.
More...
A coffeehouse is a social institution that emerged in the Arab world at the beginning of the 16th century and spread very quickly to other parts of the Islamic world. The first coffeehouse in Istanbul was opened in the middle of the 16th century, and the number of coffeehouses just grew in the capital as well as in other parts of the Ottoman Empire. The first coffeehouses in the Bosnian eyalet were opened as of the last decades of the 16th century and very quickly became an integral part of public and social life of many towns. Coffeehouses or kahvas, as they were called in Bosnia, were opened in main streets, merchant quarters, neighborhoods, inns, as well as private areas such as state dignitaries’ courts and houses of wealthier citizens. Some were bigger, better decorated and classy, whereas some were just humble, and there were different types of coffeehouses to match the preferred style of customers. Like other towns, Mostar had a variety of coffeehouses, and therefore we plan to focus on the one described by two Mostar poets in their respective poems, written while the coffeehouse was being built. These two poems were found in a manuscript collection and from their content we can see that the coffeehouse was built at the beginning of the 17th century, and that it was built by the famous Mostar benefactor Ibrahim-aga Šarić. This paper plans to disclose more information about the coffeehouse, its possible location, its character, as well as its role in the social life of then Mostar.
More...
The origins of the Benedictine Nunnery in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) are connected with the Szaporowski family. Katarzyna Szaporowska effected founding of the Nunnery in 1595. The blessing of the first abbess took place on 4 October, 1599. From that moment on young ladies from wealthy families would come to the Nunnery, and contribute their dowries. The Nunnery’s riches and property increased thanks to many generous donations from both private benefactors and clergymen. The second abbess, Katarzyna’s sister, Anna Szaporowska, continued to develop the Nunnery. In 1623 it was joined by 35 new girls. The third abbess, Krystyna Szaporowska, who received her blessing in 1638, could not continue the work started by her sisters for long, as because of her age and sickness, she died two years later.
More...
A reconstruction of literary and imagination matrices of one of the motifs stubbornly recurring in mythological perceptions of Venice, thus presenting a version of the “back legend” of the lagoon town. Apparently, the majority of motifs re-enacted by contemporary popular literature and films (double agents, secret assignations, mysterious female characters, the fake occultist, conspiracies, intrigues, a general aura of uncertainty and threat, etc.) was supplied by literature from centuries past. The author discovers them in a laboratory form in Friedrich Schiller’s novel The Ghost-seer (end of the 18th century).
More...
The paper talks about the appearance of plague in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in town of Zavidovici, plague cemeteries and legends about the plague. The paper was written on the basis of published sources, oral traditions and field research. Cadastral parcels, geographic coordinates and photos of plague cemeteries are given.
More...
The text discusses the archival record from the mid15th century, which is known in the literature as a “catalogue” or “list” of parishes and villages of Šibenik diocese. It is not preserved in the original, but in transcripts from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. After introductory reminiscences of the existing literature, a review of the dating and provenance of the transcript and the manuscript tradition is given, followed by the analysis of the record content. Finally, the text brings the problem of its reception in the recent scientific and nonscientific public.
More...
The author discusses the concept of security in relation to that of sovereignty from the Peace of Westphalia up to the early Cold War period. In this context, it is shown that the existing theories related to sovereignty, tributary to determinism to a large extent, are also marked by dynamism, in order to meet the challenges specific to different periods in history. As for the beginning of the Cold War, the two different visions of security, which were dominant, are mentioned, namely security through cooperation and political-economic integration, obeying the right of peoples to self-determination, promoted by the Western world, and security through encouraging dissensions between the capitalist states, protecting the interests of the Soviets. Thus, the so-called security dilemma became a major concern, being mainly generated by the lack of trust between states in terms of ensuring security.
More...
Abundance of postmedieval glazed pottery was discovered in 1972 and 1973 at the underwater site of Mala Jana in the vicinity of Glavotok on the island of Krk. Total of 31 objects were inventoried in the Early Modern Period Collection of the Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral. Furthermore another 21 objects from the same site were recovered a year later and given to the Diocese of Krk. Presently they are on display in the exhibition room of the Frankopan citadel in Krk. Although certain finds have already been published individually, they have never been analyzed as a complete cargo, so this article offers the analysis of the entire assemblage of finds from the site of Mala Jana, dating the mentioned artifacts to the late 16th or early 17th century. The paper also analyzes potential trade routes possibly used for transport of such material.
More...
Thomas Hobbes’s England was deeply troubled by the successive plague visitations regularly occurring in the late 16th and 17th centuries. The catastrophic outbreak in 1625 found Hobbes working on the first ever direct translation of Thucydides’ History from Greek to English. This fact allows for the supposition that Hobbes paid special attention to Thucydides’ masterful account of the plague at Athens and its social and political consequences. These circumstances authorise the here proposed enquiry into the relation between Hobbes’s understanding of the state of nature in Leviathan and the epidemics, mediated by his experience of the plague and the translation of the plague narrative in Thucydides’ History.
More...
The study provides a new analytical model for interpreting early modern sacral architecture. Theexample of selected buildings from Moravia at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries shows thepossibilities of applying the „anachronistic model“, an alternative to linearly defined autonomist arthistory, especially in the case of Renaissance studies. In contrast, the buildings under study presentthemselves as objects with a specifically heterogeneous temporal identity that simultaneously appliesthe principles of historicity and modernity to the buildings in question.
More...
Paweł Szczerbic (1552–1609), a lawyer, owner of a publishing house in Lwów, translator of works on law and politics ("Speculum Saxonum", "Ius municipal", "Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex" of Justus Lipsius) is still a little-known figure who was considered a highly recognized scholar of his epoch; Bartłomiej Paprocki (c. 1543–1612), for instance, regarded him as a man of virtue and wisdom, while Szczerbic himself discredited his own abilities. Nowadays, on the one hand, Szczerbic is considered one of the most outstanding translators of legal, philosophical, and political works of the Renaissance, who skillfully manages the language, but on the other hand, in terms of legal matters, remains overshadowed by Bartłomiej Groicki and his translations, whereas in terms of philosophical and political matters his works are compared to the unrivaled model of Lipsius. Who exactly was Paweł Szczerbic? This article aims to delineate the figure of Paweł Szczerbic and his workshop on the basis of his own comments included in dedications, forewords or title pages of published works; documents or linguistic analyses of any sort are not taken into consideration.
More...
Naslov rada jasno govori o čemu je riječ kao i povod njegova nastanka. Profesor emeritus dr. Michael Ursinus već nekoliko godina neumorno istražuje Arhive franjevačkih samostana u Bosni osobito njezinu povijest osmanskoga razdoblja što mu je uža specijalnost. Rad je u neku ruku i najava opsežne knjige o istoj temi, a na kojoj je također aktivno radio, na žalost prerano preminuli fra Stjepan Duvnjak, bivši gvardijan ovoga povijesnoga samostana i profesor na Teologiji te jedan od osnivača časopisa Bosna franciscana i njezin član uredništva. Njemu u čast, kao i svim njegovim predšasnicima sutješkoga samostana matične provincije Bosne Srebrene, priređujemo ovu studiju.
More...
This article considers the role of the oath of Russian citizenship as confirmation that foreigners become naturalized as Russian citizens. The concepts of “cross kissing”, “cross-kissing record”, and “oath” are examined in relation to the procedure of citizenship acquisition in Russia from the 15th to the early 20th century. Particular emphasis is placed on the genesis of the essence and scope of the oath institution in Russia. A comparative analysis is performed on the oaths taken by foreigners to assume the positions of public officials and subjects of the Russian emperors. The obtained results show that the change of citizenship did not entail compulsory religious conversion as long as the 17th century. All applicants for Russian citizenship had the right to take the oath in their native language and in front of the clergy member representing the religion they professed. As the oath of citizenship gained legitimacy and popularity in Russia, the lawmakers tried to unify the procedure, while ensuring that the oath text and ceremony remain sacred.
More...