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Гроф Сава Владиславић Рагузински (1668-1738) неспорно je био један од најугледнијих људи у петровској Русији: заузимао je изузетан политички положај као царски саветник за питања право- славног Истока, и имао je видногучешћау дипломатским послови- ма у вези са Балканом, Турском и Италијом.
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In historical ages, speaking language of Turkmens was Oghuz Language, but the written Language was Chagatai language. Due to it’s characteristics of being between Eastern and Western Turkish dialects, Turkmen Turkish has always attracted the researchers with its characteristics from different dialects. Since 18th and 19th centuries, especially the great poet of classic Turkmen literature, Mahdumkuli, and poets such as Kemine, Zelili, Seydi, Mollanepes following him have connected the literary language to the public language in their works. One of the poets following Mahdumkuli, who created a new method and style in connecting the classical literature language to the public language, trained his followers and succeeded to impact them, is Gurbandurdi Zelili. In this study, firstly life, works, literary personality, subjects of poems of Zelili will be mentioned. Then the writing characteristics of vowels and consonants at the beginning, middle and end of words in his poems will be considered. Under the title of spelling characteristics in the attachments, writing and variances of derivational suffixes, name suffixes, verb suffixes and verbs; writing attached or separated in words; and language and spelling characteristics such as whether they are connected to vowel and consonant compliance will be evaluated.
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The paper offers the answer on the question how Dionisije Novaković (c.1705-1767) made so numerous and so rare classical references in his Slovo o pohvalah i polzje nauk svobodnih (Speech on the glory and usefulness of liberal arts, 1742), which is the basic document from the period when the tradition of the classical humanism was in process of adoption in the schools and the literature of the Serbs. Although Novaković was highly educated in the tradition of the classical humanism, the content of his library and his exclusively theological intellectual preoccupations do not suggest that composing this speech he used directly all of the classical sources. Previous researchers thought that Novaković’s model might be among the same type academic speeches delivered in the grammar school and the theological academy in Kiev where he had studied. The search for such works certainly will bring some useful information but the dilemma about Novaković’s knowledge of all classical data in his Slovo is to be solved first-hand on the other side, comparing this speech with the famous speeches with similar topic by the 16th cent, humanist Marcus Antonius Muretus.
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Le XVIIIe siecle a fait naitre l’esthetique moderne basee sur trois sujets majeurs : le beau, le gout, le genie. La nouvelle approche theorique a marque le passage de l’esthe- tique classique a celle des Lumieres. L’esthetique traditionnelle etait orientee vers l’objet contenant la verite universelle qui se montrait au genie createur dote d’une disposition naturelle de devoiler un absolu universellement valable. Tandis que le genie du classicisme ne figurait qu’un instrument de la Nature vehiculant la Verite, l’esthetique des Lumieres appreciait dans le sujet createur un individu unique qui, grace a son genie inne, dote de deux facultes particulieres : l’enthousiasme et l’esprit observateur, devenait un inventeur original et un poete sublime. Cet article offre un precis des theories sur le genie dans la France du XVIIIe siecle.
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Библијска друштва се јављају почетком 19. века у Енглеској, мада је и у 18. веку било друштава која су имала сличну мисију. Најзначајније библиј- ско друштво - Британско и инострано библијско друштво основано је у Лондону 1804. године. Оно је подстакло оснивање сличних друштава и у многим другим земљама. Друштво је испољило велики мисионарски жар у остваривању својих циљева, а то су: а) превођење Библије на националне језике; б) штампање превода; в) њихова дистрибуција; и г) подстицање маса да читају Библију.
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Ruđer Bošković and Iacopo Vittorelli published together in Bassano del Grappa in 1785 an occasional book of poetry Per le nozze faustissime dell ’egregio cavaliere Francesco conte di Brazza colla ornatissima dama Giulia contessa de’Piccolli, which comprises seven Bošković’s couplets in Latin and seven Vittorelli’s sonnets in Italian. Since May 1783 Bošković had lived in the little town of Bassano del Grappa, Vittorelli’s hometown. The encounter of the famous scientist and the famous and popular poet, both of whom were Jesuits, was inevitable in this little town. Bošković was famous for his verses and as a “poetic improviser or improvising poet”. Mario Guderco thinks that the meetings of Vittorelli with Ruđer Bošković and Ippolito Pindemonte were very important, practically fundamental, since they inspired him to shape his poetic style and bring it to perfection. This little book was published on the occasion of a wedding; Bošković’s couplets were a characteristic introduction to Vittorelli’s sonnets. Unlike Vittorelli, Bošković did not feel the need to change his verses which were composed in rapture, whereas Vittorelli did and published them again as a whole, but without Bošković’s couplets. It seems that the couplets were written before the sonnets and that Vittorelli strived to achieve the harmoniousness of both parts.
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A travers une analyse comparee des conceptions de Dubos, Batteux, Voltaire, Montesquieu, d’Alembert et Diderot, cet article a pour ambition d’offrir un precis des theories sur le gout dans la France du XVIIIe siecle. Son propos est egalement d’evalu- er diachroniquement les resultats de la pensee theorique des philosophes des Lumieres. La naissance de l’esthetique moderne a la fin du XVIIe siecle, et sa genese pendant XVIIIe siecle, se rapportent au terme gout, fonde sur le sentiment. Ainsi la philosophie de l’art devient-elle la theorie du sensible. L’esthetique du siecle des Lumieres affronte ainsi la problematique suivante: comment instaurer le gout en tant que jugement objec- tif en se referant au sensoriel et a l’emotionnel du sujet.
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Since the 18th C, when violin first started to be played in the Ottoman Empire, a number of changes have been made to its tuning process. This need for different tuning has been discussed both by musicologists and violinists but a general consensus explaining its reasons has not been reached. Therefore, the aim of the current article is to determine the past and present tuning practices employed in Turkish music violin playing and to reveal the positive and negative aspects of each of the types of tuning in relation to the performance of the violinists. To achieve these goals a screening model was adopted in the study. To determine the tuning processes followed in the past available relevant publications as well as existing documents (e.g., voice recordings) were scrutinised; while for the identification of the current practices a questionnaire including open ended items was e-mailed to five prominent Turkish music violinists. All of the performers filled in and sent the questionnaire including their views back. The findings of the study show that since the 18th C four different types of violin tuning have been used in the Ottoman-Turkish society. The results also reveal a number of significant reasons for the different tuning traditions in our culture.
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The working experience acquired in the Hungarian Court Office in Vienna (1792— 1798) led Sava Tekelija to concluding that for the survival of the Serbian nation not only warring skills (as the Serbian soldiers — including Sava’s ancestor Jovan Tekelija — saved the honour of Austria for many times), but also educational skills were important. Due to the insufficient number of educated men who could have protected Serbian nation from Habsburg and Hungarian Machiavellian-type manipulations, the Serbs in Austria were treated as a “necessary evil”, especially in the times when their warring services were not needed.
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The first Serbian drama in the genre of tragedy written by Jovan Rajic (1726— 1801) and published in 1798. under the title Tragedy or the sad history on the death of the last Serbian emperor Uroš V and on the fall of Serbian empire was originated as an adaptation of a stage play of Rajic’s professor Emanuil Kozachinsky Tragicomedy (1734). Kozachinsky’s play was typical school baroque drama and Rajic’s adaptation of it in a sort of classicistic tragedy was not only the simple changing the genre but also the changing the poetic. Unlike the general explanations of this poetical changing, proposed by previous reserchers, this paper tries to find the main source of Rajics’ perception of tragic poetry in the Neo-Latin poetic textbooks. Rajic wrote mostly under the precepts of these textbooks and as in the case of his other poetical works it is logical to expect the existing of connection between his drama and this poetic.
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Das Kindesmorderin-Motiv ist ein stromungsspezifisches Produkt des Sturm und Drang. Dieses Motiv entwickelte sich als eine Art der Reaktion der jungen Autoren auf die zeitgenossische soziale Problematik, und kann als positiver Beitrag zum Verstandnis und zur Rechtfertigung der Taterin bezeichnet werden. Als eine literarische Erschei- nung, kommt der Kindesmord in allen Gattungen vor, ist aber vor allem durch die dra- matischen Werke bekannt geworden. Das Kindesmorderin-Motiv wird in der Forschung als ein Teil des Motivkomplexes betrachtet, weil es fast immer zusammen mit dem Motiv der verfuhrten Unschuld vorkommt. In der Arbeit wurden die Merkmale der beiden Motive aufgefuhrt und die Abweichungen von diesen Charakteristiken in einzelnen Werken genannt.
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“Poetika”, which is a term firstly used in “Büyük Doğu” (Great East) Review in our literature, is derived from the word “poi ein” meaning “to do, to produce, and to create”. As a literary term, it expresses a poetry movement which poets belong to, or which they attach importance to. While the work titled “Poetika” written by Aristoteles is deemed to be the first work written in this field, this concept coming a long way on various occasions afterwards has started being applied as a method of research as of the 20th century. It is possible to encounter such poetic views in the divan poems, particularly in the collection of biographies, in some preambles, and in the copyright parts of the works. Besides, many divan poets expressed their thoughts in miscellaneous parts of their collected works relating to the poet and poetry. Revealing the opinions related with the poet and poetry is important in respect to how the viewpoint of a poet about poems is, and to evaluate the understanding of poetry of that period. It is also possible to see the opinions and comments on the poetry in general, and on the poet’s own poems, and on the poems of the other poets in the Divan (the Collected Works) of Sünbülzade Vehbi, who was one of the divan poets of the 18th century when there were many different trends and literary diversity.In this study, general comments related to poets and poetry taking part in the Divan (the Collected Works) of Sünbülzade Vehbi who adopted a different understanding of poetry. On this occasion, the poet’s viewpoint on the poem and poetry in general as well as on the Divan poetry in his period have been tried to be revealed.
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Industrial revolution had an impact on art as well as other fields of society in the years 1760-1860. The machines came to the front in together with bringing out production line to supply growing demand, and so the importance the art had diminished. The machines having some features like standard production, scales based on rules and geometric form having unnatural appearance caused the artists such as William Morris and John Ruskin to believe that the machine harmed the art. The artists such as Morris and Ruskin took a leading role in development of design idea by resisting the form of machine production devoid of art in the light of these ideas. The problem of design keeps as a current issue nowadays. That’s why, we could create a solution by having different perspectives based on previous experience and problems encountered nowadays. The problem of design keeps on up-to-date issue with the technology developing very fast today. So, this study was made with the aim to help us present right approaches towards today’s problems. This research, review of the literature obtained from architecture, history of art and industrial design on books- magazines the subject of the dissertation thesis Higher Education Center was formed with descriptive narratives. Another aim of the research carried out in this context the handmade, machine design is to examine the emerging issues in the transition to production.
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Tereke records are the sources that contain the properties that they leave behind after the death of people. Terrestrial records kept by Kassam are kept on certain conditions. Therefore, although they reflect the general public, they contain important data. In this way, it is of great importance for the socioeconomic history researchers. This data about the Ottoman society, which is handled from many directions, gives valuable ideas to the issues such as the culture elements of the society, life styles and livelihoods. It is also possible to make inquiries at this point by moving from a single focal point based on the terrestrial records. For example, immovable properties in a city, their qualities, values, types; like who owns what immovables. In this study, Manisa Şer'iye Register Book no. 171 will be used. The notebook is 286 pages. It is determined that the book covers between the years 1113-1118 (1701-1707). 110 bookkeeping records were found in the notebook. All of the terrestrial records that are scattered within this book will be scanned with the focus on the immovable properties of the persons. Those who do not have immovable property will be excluded form the study. As a result of this survey, you will have an idea about the values and types of the immovable properties of the Manisaites in the early 18th century.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the cultural significance of urban fortification structures. The methodology of the study includes the use of general logical methods of scientific knowledge: analysis, synthesis, analogy, as well as particular historical research methods: genetic, used to identify the causes and consequences of events, and comparative – to clarify the general and specific in historical processes; In addition, an essential methodological principle of research is the cultural contextualization of fortification monuments, which means treating them as part of the urban cultural landscape. Scientific novelty. The article shows how the urban fortification structures gradually, due to the complex interaction of political, social and economic processes, have become a part of the historical heritage worthy of preservation and study. Conclusions. The article reveals the importance of fortification structures in urban planning practices in Europe, mainly in the case of France, during the early modern times (XVII–XVIII centuries) and ХIX century, in a socio-cultural context. It is shown that in connection with the assertion of absolutist regimes in European states and the growing scale of urbanization, the concept of "open city", freed from fortifications, has spread. However, under the influence of romanticism in Europe in the XIX century fortification monuments were assessed as an essential part of the historical, cultural heritage. A particular methodology was created for the research, conservation, and restoration of such monuments.
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Russia followed the policy of landing on the Black Sea in the time of Peter the Great. However, Russia was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in Prut. Afterwards Russia turned to the direction of the Caspian Sea. At the beginning of the 18th century Russia started Iranian expedition in order to control the Caucasus and to the western coasts of the Caspian Sea. However, Russia encountered with the intervention of the Ottoman Empire. This article focus on Russian-Ottoman strugle in the Caucasus and Russia’s Iranian expedition of. In addition, the political and military actions of the Ottoman Empire against Russia’s Iranian expeditions were evaluated. Another issue that is emphasized is the role of the Lezgi issue in the Ottoman-Russian struggle in the Caucasus. On the other hand, the Istanbul Treaty which was signed at the end of the struggle and its results were evaluated.
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Penah Ali Khan was the founder of Karabagh Khanate. Penah Ali was a member of Cevanşir Turcoman’s Saricali Tribe which lives a nomadic life. Previously he had been under the service of Nadir Şah and occupied important positions. After execution of his brother by Nadir Şah he went to Karabagh and gave struggle against Nadir Şah. Establishment of Karabagh Khanate lies on this struggle. He declared himself as Khan in 1749, after his dead son of him İbrahim Halim became the khan. Predecessor of him was Mehdi Kulu and his khanate went on till Russian occupation in 1822. Susha city of Karabagh was capital of Penah Ali Khan, the city called also as Penahabad. He coined named Penahabadi. After dead of Nadir Şah, one of his commander Fetih Ali Khan from Urmiye occured by the idea of new state in the region. He sent some valuable gifts and wished be in alliance with Penah Ali Khan.
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The article based on a criminological analysis of penal transportation. The author talked over three main issues. Firstly, the paradigm of classical criminology that was valid in those days. Moreover, the researcher took into account substantive and procedural law, that is the applicable criminal regulations and the activities of the justice system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Thirdly, it was necessary to describe the living conditions in Australian and Tasmanian penal colonies. The author comes to the conclusion that penal transportation was testified about a punitive and inhumane law system. In addition, its effectiveness was questionable. Artykuł opiera się na analizie kary zesłania. Autor porusza trzy główne kwestie. Po pierwsze, omówiono aktualny w tamtych czasach paradygmat kryminologii klasycznej. Następnie wzięto pod uwagę prawo karne materialne oraz procesowe, czyli obowiązujące przepisy i działalność wymiaru sprawiedliwości w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii. Po trzecie, w opracowaniu powyższej tematyki niezbędny był opis warunków bytowych w australijskich i tasmańskich koloniach karnych. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że orzekana kara zesłania świadczyła o punitywnym i niehumanitarnym systemie prawa. Ponadto wątpliwa była jej skuteczność.
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The aim of the research was to performs a stylistic analysis of poems titled Dobrego zdrowia rządzenie (The regimen of health) published in Kalendarz Jatrologisty i Filoartysty na rok 1725 (Calendar of Iatrologist and Philoartist for 1725) and identify cultural references as exponents of style and manners of linguistic imaging. The selected research instrument was the cognitive text analysis model [Tabakowska, 2005]. Motifs of the mediaeval iconography of constellations accompanying the signs of the zodiac, hygienic, nutrition and medical advice drawn from Regimen sanitatis and forecasts related to the astronomical and natural year were found in the 18th-century poems for individual months. The structure of the images of “monthly works” is based on conceptual integration. The threads concerned with microcosm and macrocosm, linked with the astral ideology, were integrated and transformed. The long-term activity of the connections enabled specifi cation of a new meaning. A new logic applies in the poems: the monthly works are performed by personifi ed signs of the zodiac / months; cultural elements coming from court and nobility mores are introduced.
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